Intensio: Leibniz in Creating a New Term for the Modal Logic Basil
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Some Strands of Wittgenstein's Normative Pragmatism
Some Strands of Wittgenstein’s Normative Pragmatism, and Some Strains of his Semantic Nihilism ROBERT B. BRANDOM ABSTRACT WORK TYPE In this reflection I address one of the critical questions this monograph is Article about: How to justify proposing yet another semantic theory in the light of Wittgenstein’s strong warnings against it. I see two clear motives for ARTICLE HISTORY Wittgenstein’s semantic nihilism. The first one is the view that philosophical Received: problems arise from postulating hypothetical entities such as ‘meanings’. To 27–January–2018 dissolve the philosophical problems rather than create new ones, Wittgenstein Accepted: suggests substituting ‘meaning’ with ‘use’ and avoiding scientism in philosophy 3–March–2018 together with the urge to penetrate in one's investigation to unobservable depths. I believe this first motive constitutes only a weak motive for ARTICLE LANGUAGE Wittgenstein’s quietism, because there are substantial differences between English empirical theories in natural sciences and semantic theories in philosophy that KEYWORDS leave Wittgenstein’s assimilation of both open to criticism. But Wittgenstein is Meaning and Use right, on the second motive, that given the dynamic character of linguistic Hypothetical Entities practice, the classical project of semantic theory is a disease that can be Antiscientism removed or ameliorated only by heeding the advice to replace concern with Semantic Nihilism meaning by concern with use. On my view, this does not preclude, however, a Linguistic Dynamism different kind of theoretical approach to meaning that avoids the pitfalls of the Procrustean enterprise Wittgenstein complained about. © Studia Humanitatis – Universidad de Salamanca 2019 R. Brandom (✉) Disputatio. Philosophical Research Bulletin University of Pittsburgh, USA Vol. -
Scaliger Conference Program (With Abstracts)
Julius Caesar Scaliger and Sixteenth-Century Natural Philosophy Radboud University Nijmegen, 26/27 June 2015 Organized by Kuni Sakamoto and Christoph Lüthy Program Day 1, Friday, June 26 Erasmusplein1, Room 15.39/41 09.00 - 09.15 Welcome 09.15 - 09.30 Introduction Session 1 09.30 - 10.15 The Scaliger-Cardano Debate Revisited Ian Maclean, All Souls College, Oxford Julius Caesar Scaliger’s hypertrophic Exercitationes exotericae liber XV de Subtilitate of 1557 provoked a riposte from Girolamo Cardano, the author of the impugned De subtilitate, which appeared in 1559 with the title Actio prima in calumniatorem librorum de Subtilitate. From the time of the appearance of this polemic, there have been attempts to adjudicate whether one thinker secured a victory over the other, and if so, in respect of which issues. This paper will not approach the debate from this point of view, but rather will set out to investigate the difference in intellectual habitus of the protagonists, and will further enquire whether Cardano modified in any way his philosophical positions as a result of this bruising encounter. 10.15 - 11.00 “The Element of Fire is Quite Put Out ...”: Girolamo Cardano’s Exclusion of Fire from the Elements, and Contemporary Responses John Henry, University of Edinburgh Writing about fire in the late 1590s, in his unpublished De mundo, William Gilbert wrote “That ‘subtlety’ of Scaliger does not counter Cardano’s subtle arguments…” By 1611, when the poet John Donne lamented the doubts wrought by the new philosophies, Cardano’s insistence that fire should not be included among the elements seems to have been well known. -
Semantic Analysis of the First Cities from a Deconstruction Perspective Doi: 10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-3-43-48
Mojtaba Valibeigi, Faezeh Ashuri— Pages 43–48 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CITIES FROM A DECONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-3-43-48 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CITIES FROM A DECONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE Mojtaba Valibeigi*, Faezeh Ashuri Buein Zahra Technical University Imam Khomeini Blvd, Buein Zahra, Qazvin, Iran *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: Deconstruction is looking for any meaning, semantics and concepts and then shows how all of them seem to lead to chaos, and are always on the border of meaning duality. Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to investigate urban identity from a deconstruction perspective. Since two important bases of deconstruction are text and meaning and their relationships, we chose the first cities on a symbolic level as a text and tried to analyze their meanings. Methods: The study used a deductive content analysis in three steps including preparation, organization and final report or conclusion. In the first step, we argued deconstruction philosophy based on Derrida’s views accordingly. Then we determined some common semantic features of the first cities. Finally, we presented some conclusions based on a semantic interpretation of the first cities’ identity.Results: It seems that all cities as texts tend to provoke a special imaginary meaning, while simultaneously promoting and emphasizing the opposite meaning of what they want to show. Keywords Deconstruction, text, meaning, urban semantics, the first cities. Introduction to have a specific meaning (Gualberto and Kress, 2019; Expressions are an act of recognizing or displaying Leone, 2019; Stojiljković and Ristić Trajković, 2018). -
The Modal Logic of Potential Infinity, with an Application to Free Choice
The Modal Logic of Potential Infinity, With an Application to Free Choice Sequences Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ethan Brauer, B.A. ∼6 6 Graduate Program in Philosophy The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee: Professor Stewart Shapiro, Co-adviser Professor Neil Tennant, Co-adviser Professor Chris Miller Professor Chris Pincock c Ethan Brauer, 2020 Abstract This dissertation is a study of potential infinity in mathematics and its contrast with actual infinity. Roughly, an actual infinity is a completed infinite totality. By contrast, a collection is potentially infinite when it is possible to expand it beyond any finite limit, despite not being a completed, actual infinite totality. The concept of potential infinity thus involves a notion of possibility. On this basis, recent progress has been made in giving an account of potential infinity using the resources of modal logic. Part I of this dissertation studies what the right modal logic is for reasoning about potential infinity. I begin Part I by rehearsing an argument|which is due to Linnebo and which I partially endorse|that the right modal logic is S4.2. Under this assumption, Linnebo has shown that a natural translation of non-modal first-order logic into modal first- order logic is sound and faithful. I argue that for the philosophical purposes at stake, the modal logic in question should be free and extend Linnebo's result to this setting. I then identify a limitation to the argument for S4.2 being the right modal logic for potential infinity. -
Matrix Decompositions and Latent Semantic Indexing
Online edition (c)2009 Cambridge UP DRAFT! © April 1, 2009 Cambridge University Press. Feedback welcome. 403 Matrix decompositions and latent 18 semantic indexing On page 123 we introduced the notion of a term-document matrix: an M N matrix C, each of whose rows represents a term and each of whose column× s represents a document in the collection. Even for a collection of modest size, the term-document matrix C is likely to have several tens of thousands of rows and columns. In Section 18.1.1 we first develop a class of operations from linear algebra, known as matrix decomposition. In Section 18.2 we use a special form of matrix decomposition to construct a low-rank approximation to the term-document matrix. In Section 18.3 we examine the application of such low-rank approximations to indexing and retrieving documents, a technique referred to as latent semantic indexing. While latent semantic in- dexing has not been established as a significant force in scoring and ranking for information retrieval, it remains an intriguing approach to clustering in a number of domains including for collections of text documents (Section 16.6, page 372). Understanding its full potential remains an area of active research. Readers who do not require a refresher on linear algebra may skip Sec- tion 18.1, although Example 18.1 is especially recommended as it highlights a property of eigenvalues that we exploit later in the chapter. 18.1 Linear algebra review We briefly review some necessary background in linear algebra. Let C be an M N matrix with real-valued entries; for a term-document matrix, all × RANK entries are in fact non-negative. -
DRAFT: Final Version in Journal of Philosophical Logic Paul Hovda
Tensed mereology DRAFT: final version in Journal of Philosophical Logic Paul Hovda There are at least three main approaches to thinking about the way parthood logically interacts with time. Roughly: the eternalist perdurantist approach, on which the primary parthood relation is eternal and two-placed, and objects that persist persist by having temporal parts; the parameterist approach, on which the primary parthood relation is eternal and logically three-placed (x is part of y at t) and objects may or may not have temporal parts; and the tensed approach, on which the primary parthood relation is two-placed but (in many cases) temporary, in the sense that it may be that x is part of y, though x was not part of y. (These characterizations are brief; too brief, in fact, as our discussion will eventually show.) Orthogonally, there are different approaches to questions like Peter van Inwa- gen's \Special Composition Question" (SCQ): under what conditions do some objects compose something?1 (Let us, for the moment, work with an undefined notion of \compose;" we will get more precise later.) One central divide is be- tween those who answer the SCQ with \Under any conditions!" and those who disagree. In general, we can distinguish \plenitudinous" conceptions of compo- sition, that accept this answer, from \sparse" conceptions, that do not. (van Inwagen uses the term \universalist" where we use \plenitudinous.") A question closely related to the SCQ is: under what conditions do some objects compose more than one thing? We may distinguish “flat” conceptions of composition, on which the answer is \Under no conditions!" from others. -
Julius Caesar Scaliger and Sixteenth-Century Natural Philosophy Radboud University, Nijmegen, 26/27 June 2015 Organized by Kuni
Julius Caesar Scaliger and Sixteenth-Century Natural Philosophy Radboud University, Nijmegen, 26/27 June 2015 Organized by Kuni Sakamoto and Christoph Lüthy Day 1, Friday, June 26 Erasmusplein1, Room 15.39/41 09.00 - 09.15 Welcome 09.15 - 09.30 Introduction 09.30-10.15 Ian Maclean (All Souls College, Oxford): The Scaliger-Cardano Debate Revisited 10.15-11.00 John Henry (University of Edinburgh): “The Element of Fire is Quite Put Out ...”: Girolamo Cardano’s Exclusion of Fire from the Elements, and Contemporary Responses 11.00-11.30 Coffee break 11.30-12.15 Guido Giglioni (The Warburg Institute, London): Who’s the Real Averroist Here? Cardano and Scaliger on Radical Aristotelianism 12.15 - 13.45 Lunch break 13.45-14.30 José Manuel García Valverde (University of Seville): Cardano vs. Scaliger on the Conception of God and the Relation between Him and His Creation 14.30-15.15 Kuni Sakamoto (Radboud University): Anti-Naturalism and the “Religion of Form” in Julius Caesar Scaliger 15.15 - 15.45 Coffee break 15.45-16.30 Stefano Perfetti (University of Pisa): Julius Caesar Scaliger on Aristotle’s Animals and Theophrastus’ Plants Day 2, Saturday, June 27 Faculty Club Huize Heyendael Geert Grooteplein-Noord 9, 6525 EZ 9.30-10.15 Leen Spruit (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”): Roman Censorship of Cardano and Scaliger 10.15-11.00 Simone De Angelis (University of Graz): The Reception of J.C. Scaliger in Germany: Rudolph Goclenius’ Adversaria ad exotericas exercitationes 11.00-11.30 Coffee break 11.30-12.15 Andreas Blank (University of Paderborn): Antonio Ponce Santacruz vs. -
Linguistic Relativity Hyp
THE LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS by Michele Nathan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Social Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 1973 THE LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS by Michele Nathan This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate's thesis advisor, Dr. John D. Early, Department of Anthropology, and has been approved by the members of his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the College of Social Science and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: &~ rl7 IC?13 (date) 1 ii ABSTRACT Author: Michele Nathan Title: The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Institution: Florida Atlantic University Degree: Master of Arts Year: 1973 Although interest in the linguistic relativity hypothesis seems to have waned in recent years, this thesis attempts to assess the available evidence supporting it in order to show that further investigation of the hypothesis might be most profitable. Special attention is paid to the fact that anthropology has largely failed to substantiate any claims that correlations between culture and the semantics of language do exist. This has been due to the impressionistic nature of the studies in this area. The use of statistics and hypothesis testing to provide mor.e rigorous methodology is discussed in the hope that employing such paradigms would enable anthropology to contribute some sound evidence regarding t~~ hypothesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction • 1 CHAPTER I THE.HISTORY OF THE FORMULATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS. -
Probabilistic Semantics for Modal Logic
Probabilistic Semantics for Modal Logic By Tamar Ariela Lando A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Paolo Mancosu (Co-Chair) Barry Stroud (Co-Chair) Christos Papadimitriou Spring, 2012 Abstract Probabilistic Semantics for Modal Logic by Tamar Ariela Lando Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy University of California, Berkeley Professor Paolo Mancosu & Professor Barry Stroud, Co-Chairs We develop a probabilistic semantics for modal logic, which was introduced in recent years by Dana Scott. This semantics is intimately related to an older, topological semantics for modal logic developed by Tarski in the 1940’s. Instead of interpreting modal languages in topological spaces, as Tarski did, we interpret them in the Lebesgue measure algebra, or algebra of measurable subsets of the real interval, [0, 1], modulo sets of measure zero. In the probabilistic semantics, each formula is assigned to some element of the algebra, and acquires a corresponding probability (or measure) value. A formula is satisfed in a model over the algebra if it is assigned to the top element in the algebra—or, equivalently, has probability 1. The dissertation focuses on questions of completeness. We show that the propo- sitional modal logic, S4, is sound and complete for the probabilistic semantics (formally, S4 is sound and complete for the Lebesgue measure algebra). We then show that we can extend this semantics to more complex, multi-modal languages. In particular, we prove that the dynamic topological logic, S4C, is sound and com- plete for the probabilistic semantics (formally, S4C is sound and complete for the Lebesgue measure algebra with O-operators). -
Roman Reading Permits for the Works of Bruno and Campanella Leen Spruit
ROMAN READING PERMITS FOR THE works OF Bruno AND Campanella Leen Spruit Summary Since the second half of the sixteenth century the Roman Congregations of the Holy Office and the Index granted licences for reading forbidden books. As a rule, reading permits for books by authors who were condemned for heresy, could not be issued. However, after the promulgation of the Clementine Index in 1596, the congregations gradually attenuated the total prohibitions, and started to issue licences for books prohibited in the first class of the Index. Here, the cases of Bruno and Campanella are discussed. eading permits started being issued after the Church of Rome had R begun to systematically censure ideas and works. The grant of licenc- es for reading forbidden books was not the effect of an official decision, issued on a certain date, but rather a practice that arose with individual epi- sodes related to quite dissimilar cases. The licences granted by the Roman Congregations of the Holy Office and the Index are the main, or rather the only, instrument for assessing the difference between the hypothetical and the real efficacy of ecclesiastical censorship, and this is because the inten- tional or casual inobservance of the prohibitions, the other factor determin- ing this difference, can only be measured in an indirect way and solely for individual cases. Initially, the prohibition to grant licences for works that were considered heretical, due to the author or the content, was total. Considering that the reading of suspect or prohibited works granted to confutate « haereses et errores » frequently led to contrary results, in 1564 the licences were limited to Inquisitors only. -
Logic-Sensitivity of Aristotelian Diagrams in Non-Normal Modal Logics
axioms Article Logic-Sensitivity of Aristotelian Diagrams in Non-Normal Modal Logics Lorenz Demey 1,2 1 Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; [email protected] 2 KU Leuven Institute for Artificial Intelligence, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Aristotelian diagrams, such as the square of opposition, are well-known in the context of normal modal logics (i.e., systems of modal logic which can be given a relational semantics in terms of Kripke models). This paper studies Aristotelian diagrams for non-normal systems of modal logic (based on neighborhood semantics, a topologically inspired generalization of relational semantics). In particular, we investigate the phenomenon of logic-sensitivity of Aristotelian diagrams. We distin- guish between four different types of logic-sensitivity, viz. with respect to (i) Aristotelian families, (ii) logical equivalence of formulas, (iii) contingency of formulas, and (iv) Boolean subfamilies of a given Aristotelian family. We provide concrete examples of Aristotelian diagrams that illustrate these four types of logic-sensitivity in the realm of normal modal logic. Next, we discuss more subtle examples of Aristotelian diagrams, which are not sensitive with respect to normal modal logics, but which nevertheless turn out to be highly logic-sensitive once we turn to non-normal systems of modal logic. Keywords: Aristotelian diagram; non-normal modal logic; square of opposition; logical geometry; neighborhood semantics; bitstring semantics MSC: 03B45; 03A05 Citation: Demey, L. Logic-Sensitivity of Aristotelian Diagrams in Non-Normal Modal Logics. Axioms 2021, 10, 128. https://doi.org/ 1. Introduction 10.3390/axioms10030128 Aristotelian diagrams, such as the so-called square of opposition, visualize a number Academic Editor: Radko Mesiar of formulas from some logical system, as well as certain logical relations holding between them. -
The Scaliger-Cardano Debate Revisited
1 The Scaliger-Cardano debate revisited Many people have been drawn to comment on the debate between Scaliger and Cardano over the De subtilitate. It was one of the polemics of its day most commented upon over the century following its occurrence, for a variety of reasons, some to do with debates within neo-Aristotelianism, some to do with the development of natural philosophy, some to do with pedagogy in reformed and Lutheran universities. It was still of interest to Pierre Bayle and his contemporaries practising historia literaria in the late seventeenth century.1 In 1982, I discussed it in the context of a much later but equally energetic polemic over the history of the new science of the seventeenth century and the different theories about its relationship to the intellectual outlooks of various groups of medieval and early modern thinkers. Brian Vickers brought together a range of scholars to examine his own strong views in this debate about the distinction between occult and scientific mentalities, in the light of the accounts published by Lynn Thorndyke and Frances Yates on a range and importance of modes of occult thought, including magic and natural magic, hermeticism, neoplatonism, irrationalism, demonology, cabbala, mysticism, numerology, alchemy, astrology, and divination. Vickers characterised these modes of thought as analogical, and denied that they had anything to do with the emergence of the new science.2 In my own contribution to this conference, I examined the different senses of subtlety espoused by Cardano and Scaliger, one being a sensible and intelligible ratio or relation between substances, accidents, and representations; the other locating subtlety in the human mind as a faculty; this distinction being clearly close to the realism-nominalism debate and the sharp distinction made between nature and human perception of nature.3 I set out to 1 Pierre Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique, Rotterdam, Reinier Leers, 1697, pp.