Integrated Quantum Key Distribution Sender Unit for Hand-Held Platforms
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Security of Quantum Key Distribution with Multiphoton Components
Security of quantum key distribution with multiphoton components 1,2, 1,2, 1,2 1,2 Hua-Lei Yin ∗, Yao Fu ∗, Yingqiu Mao & Zeng-Bing Chen 1Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China 2The CAS Center for Excellence in QIQP and the Synergetic Innovation Center for QIQP, Uni- versity of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China ∗ These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.-L.Y. (email: [email protected]) or Z.-B.C. (email: [email protected]) Most qubit-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols extract the secure key merely from single-photon component of the attenuated lasers. However, with the Scarani-Acin- Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) QKD protocol, the unconditionally secure key can be ex- tracted from the two-photon component by modifying the classical post-processing proce- dure in the BB84 protocol. Employing the merits of SARG04 QKD protocol and six-state preparation, one can extract secure key from the components of single photon up to four arXiv:1607.02366v1 [quant-ph] 8 Jul 2016 photons. In this paper, we provide the exact relations between the secure key rate and the bit error rate in a six-state SARG04 protocol with single-photon, two-photon, three- photon, and four-photon sources. By restricting the mutual information between the phase error and bit error, we obtain a higher secure bit error rate threshold of the multiphoton components than previous works. -
Quantum Key Distribution Protocols and Applications
Quantum Key Distribution Protocols and Applications Sheila Cobourne Technical Report RHUL{MA{2011{05 8th March 2011 Department of Mathematics Royal Holloway, University of London Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, England http://www.rhul.ac.uk/mathematics/techreports Title: Quantum Key Distribution – Protocols and Applications Name: Sheila Cobourne Student Number: 100627811 Supervisor: Carlos Cid Submitted as part of the requirements for the award of the MSc in Information Security at Royal Holloway, University of London. I declare that this assignment is all my own work and that I have acknowledged all quotations from the published or unpublished works of other people. I declare that I have also read the statements on plagiarism in Section 1 of the Regulations Governing Examination and Assessment Offences and in accordance with it I submit this project report as my own work. Signature: Date: Acknowledgements I would like to thank Carlos Cid for his helpful suggestions and guidance during this project. Also, I would like to express my appreciation to the lecturers at Royal Holloway who have increased my understanding of Information Security immensely over the course of the MSc, without which this project would not have been possible. Contents Table of Figures ................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................... -
Basic Probability Theory A
Basic Probability Theory A In order to follow many of the arguments in these notes, especially when talking about entropies, it is necessary to have some basic knowledge of probability theory. Therefore, we review here the most important tools of probability theory that are used. One of the basic notions of probability theory that also frequently appears throughout these notes is that of a discrete random variable. A random variable X can take one of several values, the so-called realizations x,givenbythealphabet X. The probability that a certain realization x ∈ X occurs is given by the probability distribution pX(x). We usually use upper case letters to denote the random variable, lower case letters to denote realizations thereof, and calligraphic letters to denote the alphabet. Suppose we have two random variables X and Y , which may depend on each other. We can then define the joint probability distribution pX,Y (x, y) of X and Y that tells you the probability that Y = y and X = x. This notion (and the following definition) can be expanded to n random variables, but we restrict ourselves to the case of pairs X, Y here to keep the notation simple. Given the joint probability distribution of the pair X, Y , we can derive the marginal distribution PX(x) by pX(x) = pX,Y (x, y) ∀ x ∈ X (A.1) y∈Y and analogously for PY (y). The two random variables X and Y are said to be independent if pX,Y (x, y) = pX(x)pY (y). (A.2) © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 219 R. -
Intercept-Resend Attack on SARG04 Protocol: an Extended Work
Polytechnic Journal. 2020. 10(1): 88-92 ISSN: 2313-5727 http://journals.epu.edu.iq/index.php/polytechnic RESEARCH ARTICLE Intercept-Resend Attack on SARG04 Protocol: An Extended Work Ali H. Yousif*, Omar S. Mustafa, Dana F. Abdulqadir, Farah S. Khoshaba Department of Information System Engineering, Erbil Technical Engineering College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq *Correspondence author: ABSTRACT Ali H. Yousif, Department of Information In this paper, intercept/resend eavesdropper attack over SARG04 quantum key distribution protocol is System Engineering, investigated by bounding the information of an eavesdropper; then, the attack has been analyzed. In Erbil Technical Engineering 2019, simulation and enhancement of the performance of SARG04 protocol have been done by the College, Erbil Polytechnic same research group in terms of error correction stage using multiparity rather than single parity (Omar, University, Erbil, Kurdistan 2019). The probability of detecting the case in the random secret key by eavesdropper is estimated. Region, Iraq, The results of intercept/resend eavesdropper attack proved that the attack has a significant impact E-mail: [email protected] on the operation of the SARG04 protocol in terms of the final key length. Received: 28 October 2019 Keywords: Eavesdropper; Intercept-resend; IR; Quantum; SARG04 Accepted: 05 February 2020 Published: 30 June 2020 DOI 10.25156/ptj.v10n1y2020.pp88-92 INTRODUCTION promises to revolutionize secure communication using the key distribution. Nowadays, the information security is the most important concern of people and entity. One of the main issues Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two parties to of practical quantum communication is the information establish a secure random secret key depending on the security under the impact of disturbances or quantum principles of quantum mechanics. -
Gr Qkd 003 V2.1.1 (2018-03)
ETSI GR QKD 003 V2.1.1 (2018-03) GROUP REPORT Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Components and Internal Interfaces Disclaimer The present document has been produced and approved by the Group Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG. It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership. 2 ETSI GR QKD 003 V2.1.1 (2018-03) Reference RGR/QKD-003ed2 Keywords interface, quantum key distribution ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI. -
ETSI White Paper on Implementation Security of Quantum Cryptography
ETSI White Paper No. 27 Implementation Security of Quantum Cryptography Introduction, challenges, solutions First edition – July 2018 ISBN No. 979-10-92620-21-4 Authors: Marco Lucamarini, Andrew Shields, Romain Alléaume, Christopher Chunnilall, Ivo Pietro Degiovanni, Marco Gramegna, Atilla Hasekioglu, Bruno Huttner, Rupesh Kumar, Andrew Lord, Norbert Lütkenhaus, Vadim Makarov, Vicente Martin, Alan Mink, Momtchil Peev, Masahide Sasaki, Alastair Sinclair, Tim Spiller, Martin Ward, Catherine White, Zhiliang Yuan ETSI 06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX, France Tel +33 4 92 94 42 00 [email protected] www.etsi.org About the authors Marco Lucamarini Senior Researcher, Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge, UK Marco Lucamarini works on the implementation security of real quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. He has authored more than 50 papers related to protocols, methods and systems for quantum communications. He is a regular contributor to the ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) on QKD. Andrew Shields FREng, FInstP Assistant Managing Director, Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge, UK Andrew Shields leads R&D on quantum technologies at TREL. He was a co-founder of the ETSI ISG on QKD and serves currently as its Chair. He has published over 300 papers in the field of quantum photonics, which have been cited over 15000 times. Romain Alléaume Associate Professor, Telecom-ParisTech, Paris, France Romain Alléaume works on quantum cryptography and quantum information. He co-founded the start-up company SeQureNet in 2008, that brought to market the first commercial CV-QKD system in 2013. He has authored more than 40 papers in the field and is a regular contributor to the ETSI ISG QKD. -
Long Distance Free-Space Quantum Key Distribution
Long distance free-space quantum key distribution Tobias Schmitt-Manderbach M¨unchen 2007 Long distance free-space quantum key distribution Tobias Schmitt-Manderbach Dissertation at the Faculty of Physics of the Ludwig–Maximilians–Universit¨at M¨unchen Tobias Schmitt-Manderbach born in M¨unchen, Germany M¨unchen, 16. Oktober 2007 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Weinfurter Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Zinth Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 17. Dezember 2007 Zusammenfassung Im Zeitalter der Information und der Globalisierung nimmt die sichere Kommunikation und der Schutz von sensiblen Daten gegen unberechtigten Zugriff eine zentrale Stellung ein. Die Quantenkryptographie ist derzeit die einzige Methode, die den Austausch ei- nes geheimen Schl¨ussels zwischen zwei Parteien auf beweisbar sichere Weise erm¨oglicht. Mit der aktuellen Glasfaser- und Detektortechnologie ist die Quantenkrypographie auf- grund von Verlusten und Rauschen derzeit auf Entfernungen unterhalb einiger 100 km beschr¨ankt. Prinzipiell k¨onnten gr¨oßere Entfernungen in k¨urzere Abschnitte aufgeteilt werden, die daf¨ur ben¨otigten Quantenrepeater sind jedoch derzeit nicht realisierbar. Eine alternative L¨osung zur Uberwindung¨ gr¨oßerer Entfernungen stellt ein satellitenbasiertes System dar, das den Schl¨usselaustausch zwischen zwei beliebigen Punkten auf dem Glo- bus mittels freiraumoptischer Kommunikation erm¨oglichen w¨urde. Ziel des beschriebenen Experiments war es, die Realisierbarkeit satellitengest¨utzter globaler Quantenschl¨usselverteilung zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde ein freiraumoptisches Quantenkryptographie-Experimentuber ¨ eine Entfernung von 144 km durchgef¨uhrt. Sen- der und Empf¨anger befanden sich jeweils in ca. 2500 m H¨ohe auf den Kanarischen Inseln La Palma bzw. Teneriffa. Die kleine und leichte Sendeeinheit erzeugte abgeschw¨achte Laserpulse, die mittels eines 15-cm Teleskops zum Empf¨anger geschickt wurden. -
Practical Qkd for Both Bb84 and Sarg04 Protocols
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 20, Issue 1, Ver. IV (Jan.- Feb. 2018), PP 37-47 www.iosrjournals.org Practical Qkd For Both Bb84 And Sarg04 Protocols Majdi Abdellatief 1,2 , Sellami Ali1, And Mohammed A Alanezi 1 1Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Shaqra University Shaqra, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2Department of Computer Science, MTC College, Sudan Technological University Corresponding Author: Majdi Abdellatief Abstract: A decoy state method based on one decoy state protocol has been derived for both BB84 and SARG04. This method can give a different lower bound of the fraction of single-photon counts (y1 ) and the fraction of two-photon counts (y2 ) , the upper bound QBER of single-photon pulses( e1 ), the upper bound QBER of two-photon pulses( e2 ), and the lower bound of the key generation rate for both BB84 and SARG04. The estimations have demonstrated that a decoy state protocol with only one decoy state ( v 0 ) can approach the theoretical limit, and the estimations have provided an optimal key generation rate, which is the same as having an infinite number of decoy states for BB84 and SARG04.This finding has led to the introduction of the Vacuum Protocol. We have simulated an optical fiber-based QKD system using our decoy state method for both SARG04 and BB84. The simulation has shown that the fiber-based QKD systems using the proposed method for BB84 are able to achieve both a higher secret key rate and greater secure distance than those of SARG04. -
Cryptography from Quantum Mechanical Viewpoint
International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2014 CRYPTOGRAPHY FROM QUANTUM MECHANICAL VIEWPOINT Minal Lopes1 and Dr. Nisha Sarwade2 1Department of Electrical Engineering, VJTI, Mumbai, India 2Department of Electrical Engineering, VJTI, Mumbai, India ABSTRACT Cryptography is an art and science of secure communication. Here the sender and receiver are guaranteed the security through encryption of their data, with the help of a common key. Both the parties should agree on this key prior to communication. The cryptographic systems which perform these tasks are designed to keep the key secret while assuming that the algorithm used for encryption and decryption is public. Thus key exchange is a very sensitive issue. In modern cryptographic algorithms this security is based on the mathematical complexity of the algorithm. But quantum computation is expected to revolutionize computing paradigm in near future. This presents a challenge amongst the researchers to develop new cryptographic techniques that can survive the quantum computing era. This paper reviews the radical use of quantum mechanics for cryptography. KEYWORDS Quantum cryptography (QC), Quantum key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Mechanics, Bell’s Theorem 1. INTRODUCTION In 1984, Bennett (from IBM Research) and Brassard (from University of de Montreal) presented an idea of using quantum mechanics for cryptography (Quantum Cryptography). They proposed an algorithm (BB84) based on Heisenberg’s ‘uncertainty principle’ for exchanging the key (QKD) along with a classical one-time pad (OTP) for information exchange [1]. After BB84, almost a decade later in 1991, Ekert reconsidered QC but with another unique principle of quantum mechanics known as ‘Quantum Entanglement’ [2]. -
Security of Quantum Cryptography Using Photons for Quantum Key Distribution Karisa Daniels & Chris Marcellino Physics C191C Quantum Key Distribution
Security of Quantum Cryptography using Photons for Quantum Key Distribution Karisa Daniels & Chris Marcellino Physics C191C Quantum Key Distribution • QKD allows secure key distribution • Keys are then used in classical cryptography • e.g. One-time pads (XOR with key ≥ length) • QKD is all about distributing random keys • Using the Laws of QM, an eavesdropper can be detected, and the key distribution aborted • Otherwise, the key is guaranteed to be secure, and used as OTP BB84 • First QKD algorithm • Most of QKD/Quantum Cryptography is derived from BB84 • Proven secure given some assumptions • Practically implementable! BB84 Review • Alice encodes random bits {0, 1} in random basis {0/1, +/−}, sends to Bob • Bob receives bits and measures in random basis • Alice reveals basis chosen, both compare to see which bits are viable • Sacrifice portion of successfully sent bits to detect Eve C. H. Bennet and G. Brassard, “Quantum Cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing”, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing, Bangalore, p. 175 (1984). BB84 Security Assumptions • Physical security of encoding/decoding devices • True source of random bits (e.g. Quantum) • Authenticated classical channel to compare bits • Reliable single photon emitters and detectors These last two requirements are hard! P. W. Shor and J. Preskill, Physical Review Letters 85, 441 (2000) D. Gottesman, H.-K. Lo, N. Lütkenhaus, and J. Preskill, Quant. Inf. Comp. 4, 325 (2004) Attacks • Practical photonic QKD implementations -
Enhancing User Privacy in SARG04-Based Private Database Query Protocols
Quantum Inf Process (2015) 14:4201–4210 DOI 10.1007/s11128-015-1091-0 Enhancing user privacy in SARG04-based private database query protocols Fang Yu1 · Daowen Qiu2,3 · Haozhen Situ4 · Xiaoming Wang1 · Shun Long1 Received: 24 June 2015 / Accepted: 4 August 2015 / Published online: 15 August 2015 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract The well-known SARG04 protocol can be used in a private query applica- tion to generate an oblivious key. By usage of the key, the user can retrieve one out of N items from a database without revealing which one he/she is interested in. How- ever, the existing SARG04-based private query protocols are vulnerable to the attacks of faked data from the database since in its canonical form, the SARG04 protocol lacks means for one party to defend attacks from the other. While such attacks can cause significant loss of user privacy, a variant of the SARG04 protocol is proposed in this paper with new mechanisms designed to help the user protect its privacy in private query applications. In the protocol, it is the user who starts the session with the database, trying to learn from it bits of a raw key in an oblivious way. An honesty test is used to detect a cheating database who had transmitted faked data. The whole private query protocol has O(N) communication complexity for conveying at least N encrypted items. Compared with the existing SARG04-based protocols, it is efficient in communication for per-bit learning. B Daowen Qiu [email protected] Fang Yu [email protected] Haozhen Situ [email protected] 1 Department of Computer Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China 2 Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China 3 The Guangdong Key Laboratory of Information Security Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China 4 College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China 123 4202 F. -
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Scopus Document details ◅ Back to results 1 of 1 Metrics Export Download Print E-mail Save to PDF ⋆ Add to List More... ▻ 0 Citations in Scopus View at Publisher 0 Field-Weighted International Journal of Theoretical Physics Citation Impact Volume 56, Issue 7, 1 July 2017, Pages 2231-2242 The Probe Attack on the Bennett-Brassard 1984 Protocol in the Presences of Noisy Amplitude Damping Channel (Article) Abdel-Hameed, H.F.ab, Zidan, N.a , Wahiddin, M.R.c PlumX Metrics a Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt Usage, Captures, Mentions, b Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Education, Al-Khurma Branch, Taif University, Al-Khurma, Saudi Social Media and Citations Arabia beyond Scopus. cDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of ICT, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), P.O. Box 10, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract View references (23) Cited by 0 documents In this contribution, we investigate the effect of the generalized amplitude damping as Eve’s strategy to cause an error on the received signal during generating a quantum key distribution between Alice and Bob using Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. For small values of the channel strength and larger values of the decay parameter, the Inform me when this document entanglement decays gradually. The phenomena of the sudden changes of entanglement are observed for smaller and is cited in Scopus: larger values of the willing initial error. These changes of entanglement decay gradually when Alice prepares her qubit in horizontal-vertical basis. While the sudden changes are depicted if the initial state is prepared in the diagonal-anti- Set citation alert ▻ diagonal basis.