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Gr Qkd 003 V2.1.1 (2018-03) ETSI GR QKD 003 V2.1.1 (2018-03) GROUP REPORT Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Components and Internal Interfaces Disclaimer The present document has been produced and approved by the Group Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG. It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership. 2 ETSI GR QKD 003 V2.1.1 (2018-03) Reference RGR/QKD-003ed2 Keywords interface, quantum key distribution ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. 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DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTM and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTETM are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. oneM2M logo is protected for the benefit of its Members. GSM® and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI 3 ETSI GR QKD 003 V2.1.1 (2018-03) Contents Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................................ 5 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Modal verbs terminology .................................................................................................................................... 5 1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2 References ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Normative references ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Informative references ........................................................................................................................................ 6 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.3 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 10 4 QKD systems .......................................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Generic description........................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Weak Laser Pulse QKD Implementations ........................................................................................................ 12 4.2.1 Generic Description .................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.2 One-Way Mach-Zehnder ............................................................................................................................ 13 4.2.3 Send-and-return scheme (Mach-Zehnder) .................................................................................................. 14 4.2.4 Phase-Intensity Modulator Implementation ................................................................................................ 15 4.2.5 Coherent One-Way (COW) ........................................................................................................................ 15 4.3 Entanglement-based QKD Implementations .................................................................................................... 16 4.4 Continuous-Variable QKD Implementations ................................................................................................... 17 4.4.1 Generic Description .................................................................................................................................... 17 4.4.2 Transmitted Local Oscillator: TLO-CV-QKD scheme ............................................................................... 17 4.4.3 Local Local Oscillator: LLO-CV-QKD scheme ......................................................................................... 19 5 Photon Detector ...................................................................................................................................... 20 5.1 Single-Photon Detector .................................................................................................................................... 20 5.1.1 Generic Description and Parametrization ................................................................................................... 20 5.1.2 InGaAs Single-Photon Avalanche Photodiodes.......................................................................................... 23 5.1.2.1 Generic Description .............................................................................................................................. 23 5.1.2.2 Gated-mode operation ........................................................................................................................... 23 5.1.2.3 Free-running operation .......................................................................................................................... 25 5.1.3 Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) .................................................................. 25 5.2 Photon Detector for a CV-QKD Set-up ............................................................................................................ 26 5.2.1 Coherent Detection ..................................................................................................................................... 26 5.2.2 Single-quadrature homodyne detection ...................................................................................................... 28 5.2.3 Dual-quadrature homodyne detection ......................................................................................................... 28 5.2.4 Heterodyne Detection ................................................................................................................................. 28 5.2.5 CV-QKD Detector Parameters ................................................................................................................... 29 6 QKD Source ........................................................................................................................................... 30 6.1 Single-photon source ........................................................................................................................................ 30 6.1.1 Generic Description and Parametrization ................................................................................................... 30 6.1.2 True Single-Photon Sources ....................................................................................................................... 33 6.1.3 Weak Pulses ................................................................................................................................................ 34 6.1.3.1 Weak Laser ........................................................................................................................................... 34 6.1.3.2 Intensity-Modulated Weak Laser .......................................................................................................... 34 6.1.3.3 Phase-Coherent
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