Bakalářská Práce

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Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sportovních studií Katedra gymnastiky a úpolů Analýza somatometrických parametrů českých sportovních gymnastek Bakalářská práce Vedoucí bakalářské/diplomové práce: Vypracovala: Mgr. Petr Hedbávný, Ph.D. Alice Jáňová Trenérství Brno, 2018 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně a na základě literatury a pramenů uvedených v použitých zdrojích. V Brně dne 22. 4. 2018 Alice Jáňová Děkuji Mgr. Petru Hedbávnému, Ph.D. za cenné rady, trpělivost a odborné vedení práce v průběhu zpracování bakalářské práce. Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a příjmení autora: Alice Jáňová Název bakalářské práce: Analýza somatometrických parametrů českých sportovních gymnastek Pracoviště: Katedra gymnastiky a úpolů Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Mgr. Petr Hedbávný, Ph.D. Rok odevzdávání závěrečné práce: 2018 Anotace: Cílem bakalářské práce bylo porovnat somatometrické charakteristiky českých a zahraničních sportovních gymnastek prostřednictvím bioimpedanční analýzy a antropometrickým měřením. Sledovanými parametry byla hmotnost, množství svalové hmoty, tukové tkáně, BMI a svalové dysbalance. Zkoumaný soubor tvořil 29 (14 zahraničních, 15 českých) gymnastek (věk 19 +/- 8 let). Při hodnocení většiny komponent, byly zjištěny srovnatelné hodnoty bez výrazného rozptylu. Klíčová slova: somatometrie, gymnastika, antropometrie, In Body Bibliographical identification Autor’s first name and surname: Alice Jáňová Title of the master thesis: Analysis of somatometric parameters of Czech female gymnasts Department: Department of gymnastice and combatives Supervisor: Mgr. Petr Hedbávný, Ph.D. The year of submission of the final thesis: 2018 Annotation: The aim of the bachelor thesis was to compare the somatometric characteristics of Czech and foreign sports gymnasts through bioimpedance analysis and anthropometric measurement. The monitored parameters were weight, muscle mass, body fat mass, BMI and muscle dysbalance. The studied group consisted of 29 (14 foreign, 15 Czech) gymnasts (age 19 +/- 8 years). Most of anthropometric components were found without significant scattering values. Key words: somatometric characteristics, gymnastics, anthropometric, In Body Obsah 1 Úvod ............................................................................................................................ 6 2 Stav dosavadních poznatků ......................................................................................... 7 2.1 Charakteristika sportovní gymnastice žen .......................................................... 7 2.2 Faktory ovlivňující výkon ve sportovní gymnastice žen .................................... 7 2.2.1 Fyziologické aspekty sportovní gymnastiky ............................................... 8 2.2.2 Metabolická charakteristika výkonu ........................................................... 8 2.2.3 Somatické předpoklady sportovních gymnastek ......................................... 9 2.3 Tělesné složení .................................................................................................. 14 2.3.1 Aktivní tělesná hmota ............................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Pasivní tělesná hmota ................................................................................ 15 2.3.3 Voda v těle ................................................................................................ 15 2.4 Somatometrie .................................................................................................... 16 2.5 Metody měření .................................................................................................. 16 2.5.1 Metoda Sheldon ........................................................................................ 18 2.5.2 Metoda Heath-Carter ................................................................................. 19 2.5.3 Metoda Inbody 720 ................................................................................... 20 3 Cíl a úkoly práce ....................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Cíl práce ............................................................................................................ 29 3.2 Úkoly práce ....................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Výzkumné otázky ............................................................................................. 29 4 Metodika práce .......................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Charakteristika zkoumaného souboru ............................................................... 30 4.2 Metody měření dat ............................................................................................ 30 4.2.1 Antropometrická měření ........................................................................... 30 4.2.2 Analýza složení těla .................................................................................. 30 4.2.3 Zpracování naměřených dat ...................................................................... 31 5 Výsledky a jejich analýza ......................................................................................... 32 5.1 Porovnání hmotnosti ......................................................................................... 32 5.2 Porovnání tělesné výšky.................................................................................... 32 5.3 Porovnání tělesné výšky vsedě ......................................................................... 33 5.4 Porovnání rozpětí paží ...................................................................................... 34 5.5 Porovnání indexu tělesné hmotnost – BMI ....................................................... 35 5.6 Porovnání svalové hmoty .................................................................................. 35 5.7 Porovnání % tělesného tuku .............................................................................. 39 5.8 Porovnání tukové hmoty ................................................................................... 39 5.9 Porovnání tukuprosté hmoty ............................................................................. 40 5.10 Porovnání obsahu vody v těle ........................................................................... 41 5.11 Porovnání obsahu minerálů ............................................................................... 41 6 Diskuse ...................................................................................................................... 43 7 Závěr ......................................................................................................................... 46 8 Bibliografie ................................................................................................................ 48 9 Seznam příloh ........................................................................................................... 50 10 Přílohy ................................................................................................................... 50 10.1 Příloha č. 1 – DVD .............................................................................................. 50 1 Úvod Téma bakalářské práce jsem si zvolila nejen z důvodu studijní profilace, ale proto, že mám ke gymnastice dlouholetý vztah, který byl budován již od dětství. Vzhledem k tomu, že jsem měla tu čest reprezentovat svou zemi na dvou světových šampionátech, prošla jsem během dlouholeté přípravy řadou přístupů ke sportovnímu gymnastickému tréninku. Postupem let se zvyšovaly nároky na výkonnost a ty v mnohém souvisely se složením těla a jeho vývojem vzhledem k věku. Těžké tréninky, omezené prostředky regenerace, výživové nedostatky a tělesný vývoj tvořily tlak na výsledek několikaměsíčního snažení v závodním období. V gymnastice můžeme z hlediska vývoje disciplíny pozorovat zvyšující se nároky na sportovkyni. Mění se obtížnost gymnastických prvků a tím vzrůstají požadavky na schopnosti i dovednosti gymnastek. Složení těla a antropometrické parametry, jako například tělesná výška a hmotnost, jsou vnímány jako limitující faktory výkonnosti v současné gymnastice. Cílem této práce je srovnání tělesných parametrů českých a zahraničních reprezentantek v gymnastice. Jedná se o porovnání základních tělesných parametrů, které byly zjištěny pomocí bioimpedanční analýzy v průběhu závodního období. 6 2 Stav dosavadních poznatků 2.1 Charakteristika sportovní gymnastice žen Sportovní gymnastika žen je individuálním sportem, kde závodnice provádí, jak silové, tak švihové cviky na nářadích (Sarichev, 2014). Ženy soutěží na čtyřech nářadích přeskok, bradla, kladina, prostná, přičemž sestavy na kladině a prostných by neměly přesáhnout časový úsek 90 sekund. Ve sportovní gymnastice se kladou nároky především na koordinaci svalové činnosti v prostoru a čase. Je proto vyžadována velké míra flexibility v kloubech, pohyblivosti a síly (Bernaciková, 2010). Řadíme ji do skupiny koordinačně-estetických sportů. Je to esteticky a především technicky náročný sport, který vyžaduje dokonalé a čisté provedení sestav, jejichž struktura je obtížná, a proto je velmi důležitá vysoká úroveň motorického učení, s níž souvisí automatizace prvků. Variabilita ve sportovní gymnastice je minimální. (Korvas, 2014) Soutěže žen ve sportovní gymnastice můžeme rozdělit na dvě skupiny. Tou první jsou závody mezinárodní (olympijské, mistroství světa, mistroství Evropy, univerziády). Druhou skupinou jsou
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