EFFECT of MAGNETIC FIELD on SCALE REMOVAL in DRINKING WATER PIPELINE a Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for T

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EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON SCALE REMOVAL IN DRINKING WATER PIPELINE

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Environmental)

HON SIAU SHI

Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

NOVEMBER 2014

To my lovely God And my beloved parents, brother, friends and lecturers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with many people and parties as well as references. They have contributed so much towards my understanding and thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my thesis supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Johan Bin Sohaili, for the advices and guidance in this thesis. I would also like to thank the staffs in Laboratory Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering for their help.

Moreover, thanks to my friends Hoe Hsyiang Lung and Lok Siew Chin, brothers and sisters from IVCC who wouldn’t hesitate to lend me a hand whenever I’m in trouble in this project. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space. Finally yet importantly, I wish to extend my deepest thanks to my family members who have been always pray for me and supportive in every decision I made.

ABSTRACT

The presence of scale in drinking water pipeline causes economical and environmental problems. It caused the corrosion of water pipeline, affected the water pressure and distribution system. Magnetic field was proposed as a physical treatment method on scale prevention. However, there is minimal study regarding the removal of scale drinking water pipeline. This study also developed the magnetic devices with different magnetic flux orientation to determine the effect on scale removal, by determining the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the water. Several parameters were investigated for preliminary tests, which were pH, turbidity and total suspended solids. In preliminary test, three different of magnetic flux density were conducted in the experiment, which were 0.120 Tesla, 0.050 Tesla and 0.025 Tesla. The treatment system without magnetic field acted as control sample. After the preliminary test, two self-designed magnetic devices with the magnetic flux density of 0.4 Tesla, 0.3 Tesla and 0.1 Tesla were developed. Three different flow rates of 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s were studied throughout the experiments. The systems conducted in a circulation flow system. Magnetic field reduced turbidity and TSS of water sample around 50% and 20% respectively. In the outlet of water sample of the system with magnetic field, the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were 90% and 20% higher than the system without magnetic field. Besides, with flow rates of 1.5 mL/s, the self-designed inverted magnetic devices showed the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ of 13.45 mg/L and 4.91 mg/L respectively in the outlet of water sample. Its concentration was 40% higher than non-inverted magnet devices. The non-inverted magnetic devices were detected the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ of 9.51 mg/L and 2.57 mg/L respectively. Compared between different magnetic flux density, 0.4 Tesla inverted magnetic devices removed Ca2+ and Mg2+, which were 40% higher than 0.1 Tesla and 0.3 Tesla inverted magnetic devices with the flow rates of 1.5 mL/s. Investigation of the effect of flow rates, 1.5 mL/s showed higher concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in effluent of water sample compared with 1.0 mL/s and 1.3 mL/s. It can be concluded that the presence of magnetic field reduced the turbidity and TSS of water sample. It also enhances the removal of scale in drinking water pipelines. With higher magnetic flux density and higher flow rates, the removal of scale from the drinking water pipeline is higher.

ABSTRAK

Kehadiran kerak dalam saluran air menyebabkan masalah ekonomi dan alam sekitar. Ia menyebabkan hakisan saluran paip air, menjejaskan sistem tekanan dan pengagihan air. Medan magnet telah dicadangkan sebagai satu kaedah rawatan fizikal untuk menyelesaikan masalah kerak dalam paip air. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat kajian yang minimum mengenai penyingkiran kerak dari saluran paip air minuman. Kajian ini juga membina peranti magnet dengan pelbagai orientasi medan magnet bagi menentukan kesan terhadap penyingkiran kerak, dengan menentukan kepekatan Ca2+ dan Mg2+ dalam air. Beberapa parameter telah disiasat untuk ujian awal, iaitu pH, kekeruhan dan jumlah pepejal terampai. Dalam ujian awal, tiga ketumpatan fluks magnet yang berbeza telah digunakan dalam kajian ini, iaitu 0.120 Tesla, 0.050 Tesla dan 0.025 Tesla. Sistem rawatan tanpa medan magnet bertindak sebagai sampel kawalan. Selepas ujian awal, dua peranti magnet telah dibina dengan ketumpatan fluks magnet 0.4 Tesla, 0.3 Tesla dan 0.1 Tesla. Tiga kadar aliran yang berbeza iaitu 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s dan 1.5 mL/s telah dikaji sepanjang eksperimen. Sistem yang dijalankan dalam sistem aliran edaran. Medan magnet mengurangkan kekeruhan dan jumlah pepejal terampai sampel air sebanyak 50% dan 20% maing- masing. Dalam outlet sampel air, sistem yang bermedan magnet, mangandungi kepekatan Ca2+ dan Mg2+ yang tinggi sebanyak 90% dan 20% daripada sistem tanpa medan magnet. Selain itu, dengan kadar aliran sebanyak 1.5 mL/s, peranti magnet yang songsang magnet menunjukkan kepekatan Ca2+ dan Mg2+ sebanyak 13.45 mg/L dan 4.91 mg/L masing-masing di outlet sampel air. Kepekatannya adalah 40% lebih tinggi daripada peranti magnet bukan songsang. Peranti magnet yang bukan songsang menunjukkan kepekatan Ca2+ dan Mg2+ sebanyak 9.51 mg/L dan 2.57 mg/L masing-masing. Berbanding kesan ketumpatan fluks magnet, 0.4 Tesla peranti magnet songsang menyingkirkan Ca2+ dan Mg2+ yang sebanyak 40% lebih tinggi daripada 0.1 Tesla dan 0.3 Tesla peranti magnet songsang dengan kadar aliran sebanyak 1.5 mL/s. Kajian atas kesan kadar aliran, 1.5 mL/s menunjukkan kepekatan yang lebih tinggi daripada Ca2+ dan Mg2+ dalam efluen sampel air berbanding dengan 1.0 mL/s dan 1.3 mL/s. Ini dapat membuat kesimpulan bahawa dengan kehadiran medan magnet dapat mengurangkan kekeruhan dan jumlah pepejal terampai sampel air. Ini juga meningkatkan penyingkiran Ca2+ dan Mg2+ dari saluran paip air. Dengan kepadatan fluks magnet yang lebih tinggi dan kadar aliran yang lebih tinggi, penyingkiran Ca2+ dan Mg2+ dari saluran paip air minuman adalah lebih tinggi.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Study Background 1 1.2 Problems Statement 2 1.3 Objectives of Research 4 1.4 Scope of Study 4 1.5 Significance Study 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Formation of Scale in Water 6 2.2 Effect of Formation of Scale 2.2.1 Physical Effects 9 2.2.2 Human’s Health 11 2.3 Traditional Scale Removing Method 12 2.4 Introduction to Magnetic Field 13 2.5 The Mechanism of Magnetic Field 2.5.1 Hydration Effects 15 2.5.2 Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) 19 2.6 Performance of Magnetic Field on Scale 22 Prevention and Scale Removal

2.6.1 Formation of CaCO3 23

2.6.2 Morphology of CaCO3 24 2.6.3 Solubility 26 2.7 Enhancement of Magnetic Field Treatment 26 2.7.1 Magnetic Flux Density 27 2.7.2 Turbulence 27 2.7.3 Velocity 30

2.7.4 Circulation Flow 31 2.7.5 Direction of Water Flow to Magnetic Field 32 2.7.6 Influenced of pH 33 2.7.7 Other Factors 34 2.8 Application of Magnetic Field on Commercial 34 Devices 2.9 Application of Magnetic Field in Other Treatment 37 System

3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Experiment Flow 39 3.3 Equipment and Instrumentation 39 3.3.1 Permanent Magnets and Magnet Devices 40 3.3.2 Peristaltic Pump 41 3.3.3 Rubber pipe 42 3.3.4 Glass Apparatus 42 3.3.5 FESEM Test 42 3.3.6 Analytical Method 42 3.4 Operational Procedure 43 3.5 Formula of Scale Removal Efficiency 45 3.6 Summary of analytical Method 46

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 The Effect of Magnetic Field on Characteristic of Water 4.2.1 pH 48 4.2.2 Turbidity 50 4.2.3 Total Suspended Solids 52 4.3 The Effect of Magnetic Field on Scale Removal 53 4.3.1 The Concentration of Calcium and 54 Magnesium ions

4.3.2 The Effect of Orientation of 58 Permanent Magnets 4.3.3 The Effect of Magnetic Flux Density 70 4.3.4 The Effect of Flow Rate 81 4.4 Analysis Summary of Study 86

5 CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion 87 5.2 Recommendation 88

REFERENCES 90

APPENDICES 96

LIST OF TABLES

NO. TABLE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Example increases in energy consumption as a function 10 of scale thickness 2.2 Category of Hardness level 11 2.3 Softening chemicals required to remove hardness from 12 water 3.1 Method and instruments used for considered parameter 43 4.1 The effects of geometric arrangement of 0.3 Tesla 60 permanent magnets on the concentration of calcium ions, Ca2+ in three different flow rates, which were (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.2 The effects of geometric arrangement of 0.1 Tesla 62 permanent magnets on the concentration of magnesium ions, Mg2+ in three different flow rates, which were (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.3 The effects of magnetic flux density in non-inverted 72 magnetic devices on the concentration of calcium ions, Ca2+ in flow rates of 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s 4.4 The comparison constant value a and b varying 1.0 83 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s with 0.4 Tesla inverted magnetic devices on scale removal

LIST OF FIGURES

NO. FIGURE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Formation of scale in drinking water pipelines 8 2.2 Morphology of scale (a) hexagonal shaped of vaterite, 8 (b) trigonal-rhombogedral shaped of calcite and (c) needle-like shaped of aragonite 2.3 Severe reduction in water pipeline diameter due to 10 annual deposition of calcium carbonate 2.4 The model to illustrate how magnetic field can strain 14 the particles interface of a nucleus of critical size 2.5 Schematic drawing of reduction of zeta potential 18 2.6 The ion travelling through the magnetic field 21 2.7 Scheme of Lorentz counterious flowing around a 22 spherical dispersed particle in the case of positively charged solid surface 2.8 Morphology of precipitates (a) without magnetic field 25 (b) with magnetic field treatment 2.9 The inversion and non-inversion of permanent magnets 28 2.10 the variation of the magnetic induction in the gap for 29 (a) inverted pairs of permanent magnets and (b) non- inverted pairs of permanent magnets 2.11 Measured of magnetic field strength in the flow 30 direction three section 3.1 Experiment flow chart 39 3.2 (a) Permanent magnet with size L50mm x W50mm x T 40 10mm (b) and (c) the configuration of permanent magnet in magnet devices

3.3 The schematic drawing of self-designed (a) Inverted 41 magnets devices, (b) Non-inverted magnets devices and (c) cross-section of devices 3.4 The schematic drawing of circulation flow system 44 3.5 The schematic drawing of the orientation of magnet to 44 the sample flow 3.6 The circulation magnetic flowing system 45 4.1 Effect of magnetic field on pH of water sample 48 4.2 Comparison of turbidity with magnetic field and 50 without magnetic field 4.3 (a) Comparison of turbidity of water sample on 3 51 different magnetic flux density and a control sample without magnetic field, the water outlet of the treatment, and the comparison the outlet water sample (b), (c) and (d) with magnetic field (clear condition) and (e) without magnetic field (dirt condition) 4.4 Effect of magnetic field on total suspended solids 53 4.5 Morphology of scale sample from existing drinking 54 water pipeline 4.6 Effect of magnetic field on concentration of calcium 55 ions, Ca2+ on the water sample after circulated via water pipeline 4.7 Effect of magnetic field on concentration of 56 magnesium ions, Mg2+ on the water sample after circulated via water pipeline 4.8 The effects of geometric arrangement of 0.1 Tesla 59 permanent magnets on the concentration of calcium ions, Ca2+ in three different flow rates, which were (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.9 The effects of geometric arrangement of 0.4 Tesla 61 permanent magnets on the concentration of calcium ions, Ca2+ in three different flow rates, which were (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

4.12 The effects of geometric arrangement of 0.3 Tesla 64 permanent magnets on the concentration of magnesium ions, Mg2+ in three different flow rates, which were (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.11 The effects of geometric arrangement of 0.4 Tesla 66 permanent magnets on the concentration of magnesium ions, Mg2+ in three different flow rates, which were (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.12 Morphology of scale under influenced of 0.4 Tesla (a) 67 Inverted magnet device and (b) non-inverted deivce at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/s 4.13 The content of elements in the inner wall of drinking 68 water pipeline under influenced of 0.4 Tesla (a) Inverted magnet device and (b) non-inverted magnet

device at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/s, where C: CaCO3,

O: SiO2, Mg: MgCO3, Al: Al2O3, SiO2, Fe: Fe and Zn: Zn 4.14 The effect of magnetic flux density on the 71 concentration of calcium ions, Ca2+ inverted magnet devices in (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.15 The effect of magnetic flux density on the 73 concentration of magnesium ions, Mg2+ inverted magnet devices in (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.16 The effect of magnetic flux density on the 75 concentration of magnesium ions, Mg2+ non-inverted magnet devices in (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s 4.17 Comparison of three different magnetic flux density on 76 concentration of Ca2+ from duration of 10 hours to 40 hours with flow rates of 1.0 mL/s , 1.3 mL/s and 1.5

mL/s ( represented 10 hours, represented 20 hours, represented 30 hours and 40

hours)

4.18 Comparison of three different magnetic flux density on 77 concentration of Ca2+ from duration of 10 hours to 40 hours with flow rates of 1.0 mL/s , 1.3 mL/s and 1.5

mL/s ( represented 10 hours, represented 20 hours, represented 30 hours and 40 hours) 4.19 The effect of magnetic flux density of inverted magnet 78 device (a) 0.4 Tesla, (b) 0.3 Tesla (c) 0.1 Tesla and (d) without magnetic field on morphology of scale sample at flow rates of 1.5 mL/s 4.20 The effect of magnetic flux density of inverted magnet 79 device (a) 0.4 Tesla, (b) 0.3 Tesla (c) 0.1 Tesla and (d) without magnetic field on spectrum of scale sample at flow rates of 1.5 mL/s 4.21 The results of (a) concentration of Ca2+ and (b) 82 concentration of Mg2+ in 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s with the application of 0.4 Tesla inverted magnetic devices 4.22 The plot constant value a and b varying flow rate of 83 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s with the application of 0.4 Tesla magnetic device on scale removal 4.23 The effect of flow rates of (a) 1.0 mL/s (b) 1.3 mL/s (c) 84 1.5 mL/s on morphology of scale sample with the magnetic flux density of 0.4 Tesla inverted magnet device

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

APHA American Public Health Association ANOVA Analysis of Variances AWWA American Water Works Association Ca2+ Calcium ions

CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate 2- CO3 Carbonate ions FESEM Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope H+ Hydrogen ions - HCO3 Hydrated carbonate ions Mg2+ Magnesium ions

MgCO3 Magnesium Carbonate MHD Magneto-hydrodynamic mg/L milli gram per Litre mL milli Litre mL/s milli Litre per second mm milli Meter mT milli Tesla MTD Magnetic Treatment Devices MWT Magnetic Water Treatment NdFeB Neodynmium-Feerrite-Cobalt Q Flow rates T Tesla TSS Total Suspended Solids WHO World Health Organization

LIST OF SYMBOLS

ψ Potential

ψm Potential after magnetic exposure B Magnetic Field C Concentration of the mineral in the water sample

Co Original of concentration of the mineral in the water sample

FL Lorentz Force R Concentration of Removal T Duration v Velocity

Vi Initial volume of water sample

V Volume of water sample

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study Background

Scale is a composed of calcite which formed from calcium carbonate present in the water. The soluble salt calcium carbonate sparingly presents in water. After a long time it flows through the water pipeline, the soluble calcium carbonate will form an encrustation on susceptible surface in the water pipeline (Baker and Judd, 1996; Alimi et al., 2009). Glater et al. (1980) stated scale usually forms in high temperature, different flow rate, high pressure and some very adherent conditions. Since the scale form in these critical conditions, it has strongly bond with the material of water pipe especially metal water pipe. Hence, it is very difficult to remove scale from water pipe.. Scale deposit in natural waters is a common problem that always leads to economical issues. In the review paper from Baker and Judd (1996) and Wu and Li (2011), there are many results that show the buildup of scale deposits poses costly problem. The buildup of scale on the internal wall of metal pipes will reduce the internal bore and ultimately restricting flow and reduce water pressure at the faucet. This will cause the wastage of water and influence the water quality.

The traditional scale control known as water softening method involves a lot of chemical reagents such as lime and soda ash. These chemical reagents are used to convert the soluble calcium carbonate compounds into insoluble calcium carbonate (Darshan, 2006). Another traditional method of scale removal is deposing water pipeline which is full of scale. Some mechanical methods such as drilling or 2 hammering have been used to remove strong bonded scale from metal surface (Glater et al., 1980). However, if the amount of chemical does not control or monitor properly, it will affect the drinking water quality. It is harmful to human and it will cause pollution. Deposing water pipeline or drilling methods are eventually very costly and not environmental friendly methods.

However, magnetic field in water treatment is a simple physical treatment. It is conducted by flowing water through magnetic fields. Baker and Judd (1996) suggested some possible mechanism in their review paper. They suggested that the magnetic fields able to change the electron configuration and coordination of the water ions. Besides, they also summarized that magnetic fields can also affect in zeta potential and dissolution. Many researchers such as Gehr et al. (1995) and Baker and Judd (1996) claimed that due to the characteristic of magnetic fields, it can change the physicochemical properties of the particles that exposed to it. According to Beruto and Giordani (1995), the magnetic fields able to redistribute the surface charge of the particles or molecules when it passing through the magnetic fields. Therefore, this phenomenon will enhance the coagulation and precipitation of the particles.

They are many researches regarding the effect of magnetic fields on scale in the water distribution system. Their researches mostly focus on scale prevention. Barrett and Parsons (1998), Parsons et al. (1997), Kozic and Lipus (2003) and Fathi et al. (2006) claimed that magnetic fields can change the physicochemical properties of water molecules when the water sample passed through a magnetic field. Therefore, it will help to prevent the crystallization of calcium carbonate in water sample and this leads to prevent the formation of in water pipeline.

1.2 Problems Statement

Hardness in water is caused by calcium and magnesium ions resulting from water coming in contact with geologic formation (Warren Viessman and Mark, 3

2005). This condition can cause increased soap consumption and scale deposition in the water distribution system (WHO, 2011). When calcium carbonates formed in the water pipelines, it reduces the efficiency of the water pipelines. This will lead to corrosion tendencies of water pipelines. Corrosion can be associated with health risks.

From year 2003 to year 2005, Johor state consumed at least RM 155.3 million in pipe replacement (Ranhill Utilities, 2006). A total of 222,741 m of water pipes were replaced. Ranhill Utilities (2006) estimated another 620km of pipelines need to replace until year 2008. Most of the pipe had been deposed due to the condition of installation, environment of the pipe being exposed and the water pressure during distribution. Formation of scale affects the pressure in water distribution system. It leads to the damage of the water pipe. To overcome the formation of scale issues, some chemicals such as strong acids or polyphosphates have been used in the water treatment. However, over usage of chemical is harmful for human and deleterious for the environment (Fathi et al., 2006).

Many researchers are conducting the researches mostly concentrate on the effects of magnetic fields on scale precipitation. In another words, most of the researches are focus on scale prevention. Saksono et al. (2009) applied magnetic fields in high super-saturated calcium carbonate solution, to determine the effects of magnetic fields on reduced precipitation of calcium carbonate. Alimi et al. (2007; 2009) also conducted experiments on increasing precipitation by using magnetic fields with different pipe materials. Furthermore, magnetic fields can reduce 99% of water hardness by using weak magnets (Banejad and Abdosalehi, 2009). Another precipitation research by using magnetic field is conducted by Dong et al. (2011). They found that magnetic field can promote the precipitation of aragonite polymorph of calcium carbonate precipitation (Dong et al., 2011). From their observation, the crystal shaped of CaCO3 completely changed from hexagonal crystal calcite to needle-like aragonite.

However, all of the studies mostly point to scale prevention in water distribution system. In Malaysia, there is lack of studies regarding the application of 4 magnetic fields in water treatment. In addition, there is no study regarding the magnetic fields on scale removal in existing drinking water pipeline. Therefore, this study is important to determine the effects of magnetic fields on scale removal.

1.3 Objectives of Study

(i) To determine the effects of magnetic field on characteristic of water (pH, turbidity and Total Suspended Solids) in water pipeline. (ii) To determine the effect of magnetic field on scale removal (concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+) in the water pipeline. (iii) To determine the effect of two different magnetic devices unit (Inverted permanent magnets and non-inverted permanent magnets) o from drinking water pipeline. (iv) To determine effects of flow rates, Q and magnetic flux density, B on concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ removal from drinking water pipelines.

1.4 Scope of Study

This study was conducted by using the permanent magnets to determine the effects of magnetic field on water characteristic and scale removal. Self-designed magnet devices, which categorized into inverted and non-inverted magnet devices, were used to determine its on scale removal. Furthermore, this study continued with the determination of effects of magnetic flux density and flow rates on scale removal. All the samples were passing through circulation system with attachment of magnetic field. The circulation system without magnetic field was used as control sample. 0.1 Tesla, 0.3 Tesla and 0.4 Tesla magnets were used in the experiments. Flow rates from 1.0 mL/s to 1.5 mL/s were estimated. Besides, the parameters of this study are calcium ions, Ca2+ and magnesium ions, Mg2+. The analysis was conducted at Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 5

1.5 Significant Study

When the drinking water pipelines, which contained scale, exposed with magnetized water, it will reduce the turbidity and total suspended solids of the water. By passing through magnetic field, the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the outlet of water sample will increase due to the removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the drinking water pipeline. Furthermore, the inverted magnetic devices will increase the efficiency of Ca2+ and Mg2+ removal due to its variation of the magnetic induction in the gap for inverted pairs. Besides, as magnetic flux density increases, the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ removal also will increase in the outlet of water sample. From this study, the flow rate also has been investigated. It expects with a higher flow rates in the circulation system, the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in effluent of water sample is higher. This study can be a potential finding for real application in solving scale problem in drinking water pipeline.

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