DOCSLIB.ORG

Cooling Tower Water Treatment Using Industrial Vortex Generator Technology for Water and Energy Savings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cooling Tower Water Treatment Using Industrial Vortex Generator Technology for Water and Energy Savings Energy Research and Development Division FINAL PROJECT REPORT Cooling Tower Water Treatment Using Industrial Vortex Generator Technology for Water and Energy Savings Gavin Newsom, Governor June 2021 | CEC-500-2021-035 PREPARED BY: Primary Authors: Mukesh Khattar, Ph.D. Sara Beaini, Ph.D. Aaron Tam Alekhya Vaddiraj Ammi Amarnath Electric Power Research Institute 3420 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94304 http://www.epri.com Contract Number: EPC-15-087 PREPARED FOR: California Energy Commission Michael Lozano, P.E. Project Manager Virginia Lew Office Manager ENERGY EFFICIENCY RESEARCH OFFICE Laurie ten Hope Deputy Director ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION Drew Bohan Executive Director DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, its employees or the State of California. The Energy Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors and subcontractors make no warranty, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission nor has the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researchers on this project first acknowledge and thank the California Energy Commission for supporting this research and development effort with technical guidance and funding. Additionally, the researchers would like to acknowledge and thank Southern California Edison, through the leadership of Paul Delaney, for supporting the project with cost share funding, customer engagement, technical support, and guidance. The researchers on this project acknowledge H2O Vortex who has supplied the Industrial Vortex Generator Technology. Additional acknowledgements go to the Cypress, Ltd. subcontractor team led by Tom Smolarek, Rich Minetto, Dave Evans and Scott Stroup that supported technology installation, field monitoring, and measurement and verification. Additional acknowledgements go to the Amgen and Marriott Hotel sites that hosted the technology testing and evaluation. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) acknowledges the input and guidance from the participants of the project technical advisory committee, including the California utilities Southern California Edison, Pacific Gas and Electric, and San Diego Gas and Electric, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, and Sacramento Municipal Utility District. The EPRI team acknowledges their colleague and dear friend, Dr. Mukesh Khattar, Principal Investigator and Project Manager, who guided the project team with technical rigor. Dr. Khattar passed away unexpectedly in February 2020. This and many other projects are dedicated to his memory and career legacy that included innovative work providing environmental and societal benefits through energy, water, and operational efficiencies. 1 PREFACE The California Energy Commission’s (CEC) Energy Research and Development Division supports energy research and development programs to spur innovation in energy efficiency, renewable energy and advanced clean generation, energy-related environmental protection, energy transmission and distribution and transportation. In 2012, the Electric Program Investment Charge (EPIC) was established by the California Public Utilities Commission to fund public investments in research to create and advance new energy solutions, foster regional innovation and bring ideas from the lab to the marketplace. The CEC and the state’s three largest investor-owned utilities—Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Diego Gas & Electric Company and Southern California Edison Company—were selected to administer the EPIC funds and advance novel technologies, tools, and strategies that provide benefits to their electric ratepayers. The CEC is committed to ensuring public participation in its research and development programs that promote greater reliability, lower costs, and increase safety for the California electric ratepayer and include: • Providing societal benefits. • Reducing greenhouse gas emission in the electricity sector at the lowest possible cost. • Supporting California’s loading order to meet energy needs first with energy efficiency and demand response, next with renewable energy (distributed generation and utility scale), and finally with clean, conventional electricity supply. • Supporting low-emission vehicles and transportation. • Providing economic development. • Using ratepayer funds efficiently. Cooling Tower Water Treatment Using Vortex Process Technology for Water and Energy Savings is the final report for Contract Number EPC-15-087 conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute. The information from this project contributes to the Energy Research and Development Division’s EPIC Program. For more information about the Energy Research and Development Division, please visit the CEC’s research website (www.energy.ca.gov/research/) or contact the CEC at [email protected]. 2 ABSTRACT The industrial vortex generator technology for cooling towers (IVG-CT) provides an innovative low-energy physical method for treating water in cooling towers for commercial and industrial applications, providing water, energy, and chemical savings. The researchers installed and evaluated the technology at two commercial building host sites in Southern California: a hotel (two 450-ton chillers) and large pharmaceutical company (two 1250-ton chillers). IVG-CT can supplement traditional water treatment practices with a more environmentally sound, repeatable, and efficient approach that achieves water savings by safely increasing cooling tower cycles of concentrations, a metric used to measure the amount of water being reused in the cooling tower, and energy savings by improving the heat transfer in the chiller heat exchanger. The IVG-CT is a plug-and-play side-stream water treatment unit combining multiple physical treatments. Reduction in scaling and fouling of heat exchangers, coupled with removal of microbubbles and hydrodynamic cavitation, helps increase the overall heat transfer of the cooling tower. Measurement and verification consisted of monitoring equipment power consumption and chiller cooling capacity for a year. A comparison of kilowatt-hours per ton-hour for each chiller before and after installation of IVG-CT (following the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol) showed a reduction of chiller plant energy of between 5.4 percent and 6.4 percent at the two sites. The results confirmed substantial water and chemical savings at both host sites: 30 percent for the hotel site with typical practices and 15 percent for the pharmaceutical site with best practices. Chemical use cost reductions ranged from more than 30 percent at the hotel site to around 45 percent at the pharmaceutical site. Keywords: Physical water treatment, cooling tower, vortex, chiller, energy efficiency, water, chemical Please use the following citation for this report: Khattar, Mukesh, Sara Beaini, and Aaron Tam. 2021. Cooling Tower Water Treatment Using Industrial Vortex Generator Technology for Water and Energy Savings. California Energy Commission. Publication Number: CEC-500-2021-035. 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................1 PREFACE ............................................................................................................................2 ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 Project Purpose ................................................................................................................1 Project Approach ..............................................................................................................2 Project Results .................................................................................................................2 Technology/Knowledge Transfer/Market Adoption (Advancing the Research to Market) ........3 Benefits to California ........................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 1: Project Overview and General Project Tasks ......................................................5 Background and Motivation ...............................................................................................5 Cooling Towers ................................................................................................................5 Cycles of Concentration .................................................................................................7 Project Goals and Objectives .............................................................................................8 Project Scope ...................................................................................................................9 Project Specifics ...............................................................................................................9
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The American University in Cairo
    The American University in Cairo School of Sciences and Engineering Magnetic Treatment of Brackish Water for Sustainable Agriculture By Kareem Khaled Hassan A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Engineering Under the supervision of: Dr. Ahmed El- Gendy Dr. Mohamed Hamdy Nour October, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Dr. Ahmed EL- Gendy and Dr. Mohamed Hamdy Nour for their continuous support of my M.Sc. study and related research. Their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge were the main drive to finalize this work. They were supporting me by all means of technical support. In addition to their unforgotten personal advices that reshaped my mentality and personality. Besides my advisors, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Prof. Ashraf Ghanem, Prof. Basel Kamel and Dr. Sherien El-Baradei for their insightful comments, and their valuable questions which incented me to widen my research outcomes from various perspectives. I am very beholden to my fruitful parents Hanan Abdo and Khaled Hassan, who enlighten my life, and none of my achievements would have been possible without their love and encouragement. Also I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my sisters and brothers; Heba, Ola, Mahmoud and Abdel-Rahman. I warmly appreciate the generosity and understanding of my beloved family throughout this endeavor. I want to express my deep sincere and gratitude to Chemist Ahmed Saad for his help and technical support in the Environmental Engineering laboratory and for his appreciated advices.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Formation of Caco3 Scales of Groundwater by Magnetic Treatment
    International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 01,January-2015 Reducing Formation of CaCO3 Scales of Groundwater by Magnetic Treatment MA Tantawy, Abdulaziz A Alomari, HMA Alghamdi, M A Tantawy RSA Alzahrani and SMA Alsehami Chemistry department Chemistry Department Faculty of Science, Minia University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mukhwah, Baha University Minia, Egypt Mukhwah, Baha, KSA Abstract— The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of thermal transfer coefficient in heat exchangers. Scale can clog magnetic treatment on the ability of groundwater to form scales. pipes and fittings. Scale deposits can also increase corrosion Sample of groundwater was provided from well located at of metal pipes and fittings. Hard water can be treated by Ghamid Al Zanad district and used in this study. Magnetic chemical and physical methods to reduce the total dissolved treatment process was carried out using a laboratory made solids of water and scale. The chemical method such as soda- magnetic treatment system using three neodymium magnets of total magnetic strength of xxx tesla. Groundwater sample was lime softening, cation exchange and complexing agents are treated by passing it throw the magnetic treatment system with a very effective however employs chemical product harmful to rate of 10 liters per hour. The treatment was repeated twice. The the environment and human health [2]. The magnetic ability of scale formation of groundwater was assessed by treatment of water involves the use of magnetic field from measuring scale weight, hardness, total dissolved solids and pH strong magnets to intercept the water flow path.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduction of Scaling in Industrial Water Cooling Circuits by Means of Magnetic and Electrostatic Treatment
    REDUCTION OF SCALING IN INDUSTRIAL WATER COOLING CIRCUITS BY MEANS OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTROSTATIC TREATMENT WRC Report submitted to the Water Research Commission bv PP Coetzee and J Haarhoff Rand Afrikaans University Department of Chemistry and Department of Civil Engineering WRC Report No. 612/1/97 ISBN 1 86845 326 X TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 The basic claims and effects 3 Crystal morphology Particle size Rate of crystallization Descaling Water structure Flocculation Impurities Biological effects Memory effect Zeta potential Infrared absorption of water Solubility of minerals Surface tension and viscosity Hydration of diamagnetic ions PWT functional types 6 Design details Operating conditions Industrial investigations 9 Mechanistic explanations 11 Model 1: The nucleation and crystal growth model Model 2: The water structure model LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 14 Experimental criteria and design 14 Parameters that were controlled Parameters that were tested Experimental procedures Cleaning procedures Preparation of test solutions The batch method for determining crystallization kinetics Determination of crystal morphology and crystal structure Physical water treatment devices Type: High frequency electric field Type: Permanent magnet Type: Catalytic converter Type: Permanent magnet with inert coating Typical laboratory test loops Results and discussion 22 Precipitation chemistry of CaCO3 Crystallization kinetics
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetics Report
    The Water Quality Association The Water Quality Association (WQA) is the not-for-profit trade association representing the household, commercial, light industrial, and small system water treatment industry. WQA’s primary objectives are to: • Ensure fairness in legislative, regulatory, and media coverage of the industry, • Foster dedication to integrity by expanding education opportunities, enhancing technical expertise, substantiation of product performances, and ethical standards in responsible marketing and advertising, and • Broaden acceptance of the industry through consumer confidence and trust in water treatment products and services. THE WATER QUALITY ASSOCIATION 4151 Naperville Road Lisle, Illinois 60532-1088 Phone: 630 505 0160 Fax: 630 505 9637 Web site Address: www.wqa.org i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Preface.................................................................................................................. 1 2. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 2 3. Summaries of 34 Scientific Papers ...................................................................... 3 4. Discussion............................................................................................................ 27 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 30 6. Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 32 ii PREFACE
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Treatment of Brackish Water for Sustainable Agriculture
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2015 Magnetic treatment of brackish water for sustainable agriculture Kareem Hassan Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Hassan, K. (2015).Magnetic treatment of brackish water for sustainable agriculture [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/122 MLA Citation Hassan, Kareem. Magnetic treatment of brackish water for sustainable agriculture. 2015. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/122 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Sciences and Engineering Magnetic Treatment of Brackish Water for Sustainable Agriculture By Kareem Khaled Hassan A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Engineering Under the supervision of: Dr. Ahmed El- Gendy Dr. Mohamed Hamdy Nour October, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Dr. Ahmed EL- Gendy and Dr. Mohamed Hamdy Nour for their continuous support of my M.Sc. study and related research. Their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge were the main drive to finalize this work. They were supporting me by all means of technical support. In addition to their unforgotten personal advices that reshaped my mentality and personality.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on the Influence of Alternating Electromagnetic Field on Conductivity of Hard Water
    Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 11 (2016) 3123 - 3136 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Research on the Influence of Alternating Electromagnetic Field on Conductivity of Hard Water Yong Han1 , Xiao Wang2 and Shutao Wang1,* 1Measurement Technology and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 Hebei Street, Hai Gang, Qinhuangdao 066004, China 2School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West street, Nan Gang, Harbin, 150001, China * E-mail: [email protected] Received: 15 January 2016 / Accepted: 22 February 2016 / Published: 1 March 2016 The influence to the conductivity of the hard water caused by alternating electromagnetic field was investigated. Through experimental research it was found that the hydrolysis reaction in the hard aqueous solution was promoted during alternating electromagnetic field treatment. The promoted hydrolysis reaction was considered as the main cause for the change of the conductivity, and further more was considered as the anti-fouling mechanism of alternating electromagnetic field treatment because promoted hydrolysis reaction decreased hard water's pH value. Through the experiment research the optimized frequency and output power of excitation signal were also investigated to make more promotion to the hydrolysis reaction in solution. Keywords: Alternating electromagnetic field; Conductivity; Anti-fouling; Calcium carbonate; Hydrolysis reaction 1. INTRODUCTION Scale problem is a key problem to the heat exchanger, such as cooling tower and boiler. The scale problem roots on using hard water. The alternating electromagnetic field anti-fouling (AEFA) technology is a very useful physical water treatment method to the scale problem. But to the best knowledge, the anti-fouling mechanism of AEFA technology is still not all clear as yet.
    [Show full text]
  • Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water
    water Article Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water Martina Sammer 1, Cees Kamp 2, Astrid H. Paulitsch-Fuchs 1, Adam D. Wexler 1, Cees J. N. Buisman 1 and Elmar C. Fuchs 1,* 1 Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (A.H.P.-F.); [email protected] (A.D.W.); [email protected] (C.J.N.B.) 2 Kamp Consult, Deventerweg 81, 7203 AD Zutphen, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-58-284-3162 Academic Editor: Wilhelm Püttmann Received: 21 January 2016; Accepted: 23 February 2016; Published: 3 March 2016 Abstract: In 2012 Coey proposed a theory on the mechanism of magnetic water treatment based on the gradient of the applied field rather than its absolute strength. We tested this theory by measuring the effect of very weak field magnets (¤ 10 G) containing strong magnetic inhomogeneities (DB = 770 G¨m´1 (WCM 62081992) and 740 G¨m´1 (WCM 62083545)) on tap water samples by the use of electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and laser scattering. Our results show an increased formation of nm-sized prenucleation clusters (dynamically ordered liquid like oxyanion polymers or “DOLLOPs”) due to the exposure to the magnetic field and thus are consistent with Coey’s theory which is therefore also applicable to very weak magnetic fields as long as they contain strong gradients. Keywords: magnetic water treatment; EIS; DOLLOPs 1. Introduction 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Water Treatment for the Mitigation of Mineral Fouling in Cooling-Tower Water Applications
    Refereed Proceedings Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications Engineering Conferences International Year 2003 Physical Water Treatment for the Mitigation of Mineral Fouling in Cooling-Tower Water Applications Young I. Cho∗ SungHyuk Leey Wontae Kimz Sangho Suh∗∗ ∗Drexel University, [email protected] yDrexel University zDrexel University ∗∗Soong-Sil University This paper is posted at ECI Digital Archives. http://dc.engconfintl.org/heatexchanger/4 Cho et al.: Physical Water Treatment PHYSICAL WATER TREATMENT FOR THE MITIGATION OF MINERAL FOULING IN COOLING-TOWER WATER APPLICATIONS Young I Cho1 , SungHyuk Lee1, Wontae Kim1, and Sangho Suh2 1 Dept. of Mechanical Eng. And Mechanics Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; [email protected] 2 Soong-Sil University, 1-1, Sangdo-dong Dongjak-Gu Seoul, Korea ABSTRACT Physical water treatment (PWT) methods include the use of magnetic fields, electric fields, alteration of surface The physical water treatment (PWT) device is defined as charges of water, and mechanical disturbance such as a a non-chemical method of water treatment utilized for the vortex flow device, ultrasound, and sudden pressure purpose of scale prevention or mitigation. Three different changes. The apparent PWT effect is to prevent the PWT devices, including permanent magnets, solenoid coil formation of scale on surfaces, allowing the dissolved solids device, and high-voltage electrode, were used under various to be carried along with the process water or removed in operating conditions. The present study proposed a bulk concentrating conditions, such as blowdown in cooling precipitation as the mechanism of the PWT and conducted a towers. number of experimental tests to evaluate the performance of Numerous researchers investigated the feasibility of the PWT.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Quality of Water Treated by Magnetic Fields
    University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Engineering and Surveying Investigation of the quality of water treated by magnetic fields A dissertation submitted by Craig Andrew McMahon In fulfilment of the requirements of Courses ENG4111 and 4112 Research Project Towards the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Environmental) Submitted: October 2009 i | P a g e ii | P a g e Certification I certify that the ideas, designs and experimental work, results, analyses and conclusions set out in this dissertation are entirely my own effort, except where otherwise indicated and acknowledged. I further certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for assessment in any other course or institution, except where specifically stated. Craig McMahon 0050041674 iii | P a g e Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the assistance of the following people and thank them for their professional advice, guidance, and continued support throughout this project. Supervisors: Dr Vasantha Aravinthan University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Mr. Daniel Eising University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Mr Nishant Pradhan University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Mr. Kim Larsen University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Mr. Garry McMahon Centenary Heights State School, Toowoomba iv | P a g e Abstract Passing water through a magnetic field has been claimed to improve chemical, physical and bacteriological quality of water in many different applications. Although the treatment process has been used for decades, it still remains in the realms of pseudoscience. If the claims of treating water with magnets are true, the process offers improvements on many of our applications of water in today’s world.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Investigations on the Claims of the Magnetic Water Conditioners
    1. Ashraf KOTB, 2. A. M. Abd El AZIZ SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CLAIMS OF THE MAGNETIC WATER CONDITIONERS 1-2. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL POWER ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY, CAIRO, EGYPT ABSTRACT: A lot of study has gone into the principles and function of magnetic “Water Softeners” around the world. The results have been mixed, the tests run of the function of these devices by the device manufacturers usually turn out fine, while tests run by anybody else usually don’t. Although a variety of claims are made about magnetic water conditioners for softening water, through “Pre- precipitation”, changing the hardness in the water from “Sticky” crystals to “Non-sticky”, or somehow rendering the hardness ions inert. This article focuses specifically on the claimed benefits of magnetically treated water, by scientific investigation for five commercial water conditioners from different manufacturers and for different purposes, the manufacturer’s instructions are considered. The investigation is carried out based on measurable and analyzed parameters (pH, TDS, Hardness). After a lot of serious laboratory measurements and chemical analysis, it is concluded that; the magnetic water conditioners have no effect on the water pH, total dissolved salts, and hardness. KEYWORDS: Magnetic Water Conditioners Softener pH TDS Hardness INTRODUCTION According to the magnet vendors, magnets can be used to improve blood pressure, circulation, cure and prevent diseases, tooth decay and hair damage, increase vehicles mileage, reduce fuel consumption, control pollution, improve plant growth, soften water, prevent scale deposition [8], [13], [1], and even increase the strength of concrete by 23 % [5]. To many people, magnets are a complete mystery.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodologies Review of Magnetic Water Treatment As Green Approach of Water Pipeline System Athirah Othman*, Johan Sohaili and Nur Sumaiyyah Supian
    Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 27 (1): 281 - 296 (2019) SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Review Article A Review: Methodologies Review of Magnetic Water Treatment As Green Approach of Water Pipeline System Athirah Othman*, Johan Sohaili and Nur Sumaiyyah Supian Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia ABSTRACT This review is aimed to present an in-depth review of several methodologies on magnetic water treatment (MWT) that are employed as scale treatment in water pipeline and to critically discuss each method in order to determine the best outcome of MWT. The magnetically assisted water in pipeline in various applications are presented, argued and best variables are listed according to the performance of each MWT. The advantages and limitations of MWT are discussed and the main outcome from the review summarize the best method in MWT, especially in effectiveness of treating scale in terms of sustained environment benefits. Magnetic field application in water treatment has the potential to improve the water pipeline performance and lifetime. The application is also significant in controlling the growth of scale in upcoming system. Both of these benefits lead to healthier water treatment, increasing and maintaining the lifetime and performance of water system. Keywords: Magnetic water treatment, permanent magnet, pipe, scale, water INTRODUCTION MWT is an interesting research field because the treatment is consuming zero energy ARTICLE INFO Article history: (Esmaeilnezhad et al., 2017) and has high Received: 29 March 2018 Accepted: 12 September 2018 potential as physical water treatment, which Published: 24 January 2019 is more environmentally friendly compared E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Athirah Othman) to chemical water treatment, which is not [email protected] (Johan Sohaili) desirable (Simonic & Urbancl, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • EFFECT of MAGNETIC FIELD on SCALE REMOVAL in DRINKING WATER PIPELINE a Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for T
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON SCALE REMOVAL IN DRINKING WATER PIPELINE A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Environmental) HON SIAU SHI Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia NOVEMBER 2014 To my lovely God And my beloved parents, brother, friends and lecturers ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with many people and parties as well as references. They have contributed so much towards my understanding and thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my thesis supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Johan Bin Sohaili, for the advices and guidance in this thesis. I would also like to thank the staffs in Laboratory Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering for their help. Moreover, thanks to my friends Hoe Hsyiang Lung and Lok Siew Chin, brothers and sisters from IVCC who wouldn’t hesitate to lend me a hand whenever I’m in trouble in this project. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space. Finally yet importantly, I wish to extend my deepest thanks to my family members who have been always pray for me and supportive in every decision I made. ABSTRACT The presence of scale in drinking water pipeline causes economical and environmental problems. It caused the corrosion of water pipeline, affected the water pressure and distribution system. Magnetic field was proposed as a physical treatment method on scale prevention.
    [Show full text]