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Symbols of Hydraulic Engineering in Iran Archeological Perspective This Symbols of Hydraulic Engineering in Iran Archeological Perspective By: Dr. Ghada Abdel Moniem el Gemaiey Assistant professor, faculty of archeology, Cairo University This paper aims to clarify the role of Hydraulic engineering in Iran as a tool of water management, legislation, socio-culture change, by studying hydraulic engineering unites and compounds. Iran is located in an arid, semi-arid region. Due to the lack of water sources; like rivers and streams on it, Iranian architecture find new ways by creating new building to fulfill people demands through water facility under and above the earth. By this paper academic and nonacademic readers will be recognize the water buildings by referring to the most famous ways of hydraulic system and unites monuments in Iran, which also play a big role in water management, water law system, and climate change. Most influential buildings spread in Iran to water the land and the people, at the same time working as reservoir are: Qanat, Badger, Yakh Jal and Ab Anbar. ResearchU problematic: UDue to climate change, shortage of water and the pollution effect directly the water source under and above the surface of the land which could destroy the environment, thus, culture heritage and old monument can give us a glance to be able to mange water and preserve it, by revival those building and learn from them; not just preserve it. Hence, this paper will explain and clarify the role of water buildings in Iran by studying its structure and architecture which could help in water management, contribute of agriculture system, legislation, climate change and socio-cultural change. ResearchU Objectives: UBy studying the architecture of Qanat, Ab Anbar, Yakh Jal and badger we will be able to know its components, work system, distribution, if there is a relation between those unites together or not. Finally, can we use and develop them for the benefit of us and the coming generation, or not? ResearchU method: WillU follow the historical, archeological research method by description and analysis unites and elements which formed every building, Also the study aims to pursue the distribution of water buildings and their relation, and follow up the development of it at the time of its building until now, also, sustainability and if it's under use now or just the government preserve it as a monument or culture heritage. Alongside the study will refer to the role of socio-culture and legislation to ensure continuity. Therefore, the study will refer to the urban architectural to monitor the distribution of the buildings around the country as possible, and the reason of chosen location. Keywords: sustainable architecture- Water- Hydraulic -Iran-Qanat- Badger- Yakh Jal- Ab Anbar. 1 UIntroduction:- "No doubt Persian garden represent the paradise; called the paradise of all paradise" [1] one of most effective reason was knowing Qanat as a tool of irrigation. It's clear to all of us the bad effect of climate change on our planet, which could cost us our lives, one of its effects is lack of water. Thus we need to find new ways to reserve water and reduce evaporation which will lead us to dig in the past to find all the answers in our culture heritage. Many countries all over the worlds have an arid or semi arid climate and they suffer from the lack of water, so they create ways to keep water which could come through rain flaw, stream, river flood, groundwater, moisture air and snow, to use and distribute all over the country, what we need now to reuse those buildings again cause the new technology ruin our planet, many countries now use the old hydraulic engineering like hydraulic system in Iran and Qantas project ( activity report,vol.5, 2017), Morocco and Qana project, Algeria and USTO& SUD TIMMI project, Egypt and CULTNAT project, Palestine and VIA MARIS project, Jordan and PNT project, Syria and IPOGEA project, Greece and NAGREF project, Italy and IPOGEA project (Shaduf report, 2007, p.1]. Qanat system played a big role in local economy and social life to build and develop their own needs of water. Many projects in Iran aims for promote research and development to restore the Qanats and the other traditional historic hydraulic structure for sustainable development. The system of Qanat has underling many technological, social, moral, economical and legal principles that have formed an important an important part of Iranian culture. HydraulicU engineering unites in Iran: 1- Qanats : 1.1- Definition: one of the easiest ways to define Qanat by referring to it as a horizontal underground tunnel across tens of kilometers has many perpendicular tunnels "shafts" along its length; from surface to underground which used for digging the Qanat and ventilation it, beside using it for sustainable and preserve the Qanat (Fig.1) (Pic.1).the longest Qanat is at Gonabad in north eastern Iran, where a Qanat extends for over 70 km in length, and transport water from a mother well sunk to a depth of 400 m (Manuel, Lightfoot, Fattahi, 2017, p.6). the majority of Qanats are in smaller scale , most are roughly 5-10 km in length (Yazdi, Khaneiki, 2012, pp.169- 170) In 2014 there have existed some 37,000 active Qanats running all over Iran, discharging about 7 million cubic meters ground water a year (Ashghar & Khaneiki, 2017, p. 1). It's quite obvious that Qanat used for irrigation purpose and some of Qanat has very quality water used for water people with no charge, some Qanat stakeholders believe that the Qanat would continue flowing just as long as people would be allowed to collect drinking water free of charge, so they left one third of its water goes to drinking instead of being sold by its owner for agriculture. 2 1.2- Materials: the construction material used for water's buildings is always tough, used a special mortar called Sarooj made of sand, clay, egg whites, lime' goat hair and ash in specific proportions ( el Gemaiey, Ghada, 2014,p.60) 1.3- Qanat constriction: Qanat gallery runs through different type of geological formation from bed rock to surface. Some village built upon Qanat like Khalilabad village; which there is no evidence for this village existence before Qanat, which refer strongly to the role of Qanat in inhabitant some arid area. Fig 1: schematic vertical cross section of Qanat construction (From water history website) Most important city in Iran gave much attention to Qanats is Yazd [2] and Kerman province with the entire village around it. So we can see that most important Qanat located in Yazd like Shahik Qanat is running near the town of Ghaen, Pakam Qanat which situated in Bam city, Kerman province, this Qanat consider as Mirab due to the rate of water flow which increase more than 200 hundred liters per second. Pic 1: the entrance to Qanat, close to Meybod village 3 1.4- Unites: MotherU well:U dig deep into the water table, the diameter of mother well is usually around 1m. Qanat channel: " gallery or tunnel" excavated by hand, and its only large enough to fit one person who dig it; the size of the tunnel or Qanat channel is depend on the depth of water table and the slope of the ground surface; Qanat channel could extant more than 100km. the Qanat slopes down from the mother well to the outlet at a field or village. In every gallery there is many Payab according to its length (Pic. 2). Pic.2: Qanat entrance and Qanat gallery. PayabU :U some steps going down for access to sloping gallery connecting the ground surface to the Qanat gallery, this gallery has many steps; the deeper the Qanat the longer the Payab (Pic.3). The slope of the Payab is calculated so that the end of gallery meets the bottom of one of the Qanat's shaft wells. The Payab was perpendicular to the direction of the Qanat gallery in order to prevent the probable collapse of the gallery. Some Payabs were built for public use, near mosques, roads and caravansaries, but in some dry cities in central parts of Iran, many families had a private Payab; the designers divided the Qanat's main branch into several side branches inside the city. The houses neighboring the side branches had privet Payab. Also there was a public Payab in each part of the town. (Yazdi. Khaneiki, 2010, pp. 46-47). The Payab construction wasn’t complicated and the main part was like a room, which had a square or an octagonal plan with following unites: pool, terrace for people to sit or to put food storage. 4 Pic 3: Payab and water reservoir BooU kan:U as all of the Qanat excavate outside villages and cities in the middle of the desert, workers need places to accommodate near to the Qanat or inside the gallery, so they built this kind of chamber to sleep or rest in it (Pic.4, 5). So it could be a temporary houses or chambers for the workers. Its roof was at the same level as the ground surface; workers enter it by staircase. Depending on the number of the workers several niches were digging into walls, 0.5m. Above the floor, almost every 3km. along the gallery a new Bookan was digging. ShaftsU :U vertical channel linked surface to the underground gallery, used for removing excavated materials, and providing ventilation and access for repairing and maintenance activities. MazharU "Qanat outlet":U it’s the place where people obtain water and it's located mostly in the upstream; Mazhar is very important point where all the water ends to it.
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