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Presentation of Build-Up Areas on Topographic Maps of Selected European Countries*

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Presentation of Build-Up Areas on Topographic Maps of Selected European Countries* Polish Cartographical Review Vol. 51, 2019, no. 1, pp. 5–18 DOI: 10.2478/pcr-2019-0001 WIESŁAW OSTROWSKI Received: 10.01.2019 Polish Academy of Sciences Accepted: 04.03.2019 Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History Warsaw, Poland [email protected] DARIUSZ DUKACZEWSKI, ANNA MARKOWSKA Institute Geodesy and Cartography Department of Geoinformation and Cartography Warsaw, Poland orcid.org/0000-0002-9885-2257; orcid.org/0000-0001-8446-6171 [email protected]; [email protected] Presentation of build-up areas on topographic maps of selected European countries* Abstract. The authors present a comparative analysis of presentation of build-up areas with conventional symbols on 60 civil European topographic maps. The above-mentioned maps are in different scales, from 1:10,000 to 1:100,000, and have been published in nineteen European countries and the autonomous com- munity of Catalonia. The analysis has proved that the scope of characteristics of build-up areas presented on the analysed maps was very diverse, from qualitative and quantitative point of view (e.g. there were between 2 and 25 different categories on 1:10,000 maps). The 1:10,000 and 1:50,000 maps generally contain more information on the characteristics of build-up areas than 1:25,000 maps. The characteristics themselves are also very diversified (e.g. only 6 of them appear on more than half of the analysed maps – most often churches). Polish maps stand out due to the fact that they contain particularly rich and consistent representation of both physiognomic characteristics and general functional characteristics of buildings and build-up areas at all the analysed scales. Keywords: topographic maps, build-up areas, European topographic maps, comparative analysis 1. Introduction The development of computer technology has modified somewhat the method of presen- The topographic maps have always been tation and selection of the presented attributes an expression of society’s spatial awareness of objects, but in many countries major changes (W. Żyszkowska 2005). Preparation of such occurred mainly in the last decade of the last century and were associated with political maps means structuring and arranging the changes taking place in the countries of Cen- space by depicting only those individual ele- tral and Eastern Europe. They led to develop- ments of it which are considered to be signifi- ment of (usually completely new) concepts of cant (T. Zarycki 2004). The organization and topographic maps. Western European countries structuring have evolved over time, following also introduced changes concerning the scope developments in the management and organi- of the content of these maps (e.g. United King- zation of social life and the subsequent changes dom, Switzerland and Germany), but these in 1the perception of geographical space. changes consisted only in certain modifications * The works on the database have been founded within the Ontological foundations of the historical GIS (Pol. Ontologiczne podstawy budowy historycznych systemów informacji geograficznej), contract no. 2bH15021683, financed by Narodowy Pro- gram Rozwoju Humanistyki (National Programme of the Development of Humanistics) under Bogumił Szady of Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences. 6 Wiesław Ostrowski, Dariusz Dukaczewski, Anna Markowska of the maps’ scope and graphic form which were 1:20,000, nineteen 1:50,000 maps and thirteen meant to increase their legibility (H.-U. Feldmann, 1:100,000 maps. N. Kreiter 2006, R. Harbeck 1985, A.J. Kent All characteristics of build-up areas on the 2007, D. Schmidt 1987). Thus, the concept of analysed maps are divided into two basic, West European maps constitutes both a con- conventional categories: physiognomic char- tinuation and a result of their gradual moderni- acteristics and functional characteristics. Phys- sation, while Eastern European countries tended iognomic characteristics include depiction of to opt for completely new approaches to crea- distinctive architectural forms of buildings, tion of topographic maps. The new concept of their state (e.g. destroyed buildings, ruins), Polish maps developed in the 1990s is a good their heights and (in relation to residential example of this trend (M. Kacprzak, W. Os- buildings) their character – single-family or trowski 1994). multi-family buildings. Functional characteristics Apart from the afore-mentioned historical and were further divided into two subcategories for political conditions, the content of topographic buildings’ general functions (public and indus- maps is also influenced, on the one hand, by trial buildings, outbuildings, agricultural and objective geographical conditions, and, on the residential buildings) and detailed functions other hand, by subjective approaches assumed (e.g. schools, hospitals, town halls, post offices). by creators of topographic maps concepts of Religious buildings were distinguished as a se- individual countries (W. Ostrowski 2008). parate subcategory (e.g. churches, chapels), because of their specificity and the particularly 2. Aim and scope of the analysis long tradition of their presence on topographic maps. Even though their physiognomy is usually The aim of the study was to conduct a com- also distinctive, their classification is defined parative analysis of how topographic maps primarily by their function. depict one of the most important categories of Only those signs which were listed in the elements, build-up areas. The research included legends of the analysed maps were included 60 series of contemporary editions of civil topo- in the analysis of the maps’ thematic scope. graphic maps at the scales of 1:10,000 (and However, it should be noted that sometimes 1:12,500), 1:25,000 (and 1:20,000), 1:50,000, legends did not include signs whose meaning and 1:100,000, published in nineteen European was assumed to be obvious, e.g. signs of indi- countries and in the autonomous community vidual buildings or built-up areas. What is more, of Catalonia. They were series of maps of eight the explanatory abbreviations may have a sig- Western European countries (Austria, Belgium, nificant influence on the scope of topographic France, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, maps’ content. This applies first of all to depic- Switzerland and United Kingdom), four Central tions of detailed functions of buildings, which European countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, for example on Polish topographic maps are Latvia, Poland), four Northern European coun- presented almost exclusively by means of tries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden) and explanatory abbreviations. Spain, as well as its autonomous community The comparative analysis does not include of Catalonia, Croatia and Portugal, which rep- additional information concerning objects clas- resented Southern Europe. The analysis was sified as tourist attractions. They are widely used carried out on the basis of maps listed in table 1. only on some maps: at the 1:25,000 scale in the In the case of the Czech, Catalan, German, case of the British and French maps, at the Norwegian, Polish and Swiss maps, the analysis 1:50,000 scale in the case of the British, French, included all four of the above-listed major map Catalan, Luxembourgian and Norwegian maps, scales. In the case of Belgian, British, Danish, and at the 1:100,000 scale, only on the Catalan Finnish, French, Luxembourgian, Latvian and map. Swedish maps, the analysis was conducted for three scales, and the Austrian, Croatian, Esto- 3. Results nian, Spanish, Dutch and Portuguese maps were analysed at two scales (tab. 2). In total, the 3.1. 1:10,000 and 1:12,500 maps analysis was carried out for twelve 1:10,000 maps and one map at the scale of 1:12,500, The analysis was carried out on the basis of thirteen 1:25,000 maps and two at the scale of the legends of topographic maps from twelve Presentation of build-up areas on topographic maps of selected European countries 7 Table 1. List of maps used as a basis for the analysis Country Publisher City Name of the map Map scale Bundesamt für 1:25, 000V UTM Austria Eich- und Ver- Wienna Österreichische Karte messungswesen 1:50,000V UTM L’Institut Géogra- topo10 1:10,000 phique National / Belgium Brussels topo50 1:50,000 National Geogra- fisch Instituut topo100 1:100,000 L’Institut 1:10,000 Cartogràfic 1:25,000 Catalonia Barcelona Mapa topogràfic de Catalunya i Geològic de 1:50,000 Catalunya 1:100,000 Državna Geodet- TK25 1:25,000 Croatia Zagreb ska Uprava TK100 1:100,000 Český Úřad Základní mapa České republiky (ZM 10) 1:10,000 Zeměměřický Základní mapa České republiky (ZM 25) 1:25,000 Czech Rep. a Katastrální, Prague Základní mapa České republiky (ZM 50) 1:50,000 Zeměměřický úřad Základní mapa České republiky (ZM 100) 1:100,000 Kortsyningen, Danmarks Topografiske Kortværk – DTK/kort25 1:25,000 Styrelsen for Denmark Copenhagen Danmarks Topografiske Kortværk – DTK/kort50 1:50,000 Dataforsyning og Effektivisering Danmarks Topografiske Kortværk – DTK/kort100 1:100,000 1:10,000 Estonia Eesti Maa – amet Tallin Eesti põhikaart 1:50,000 1:10,000 Taustakarttarasteri Finland Maanmittauslaitos Helsinki 1:20,000 Maastokarttarasteri 1:50,000 L’Institut national TOP25 1: 25,000 de l’information France Saint Mandé TOP50 1:50,000 géographique et forestière TOP100 1:100,000 Bundesamt für DTK10-V 1:10,000 Kartographie und Frankfurt DTK25-V 1:25,000 Germany Geodäsie and am Main DTK50-V 1:50,000 provincial (Lands) mapping agencies DTK100-V 1:100,000 LĢIA – Latvijas 1:10,000 Ģeotelpiskās Latvijas Republikas
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