Excavation of the Dalladies long barrow, Fettercairn, Kincardineshire by Stuart Piggott

SITE ETH barroe Th w aboufardescribee e b Dalladiesf th m o o n t t o s di , Fettercairn ScotlanE N n i , d 15 km inland and NW of Montrose, on the edge of a fluvio-glacial gravel outwash terrace above the River North Esk, (NGwhic 627673)W O e t RthiN ha th s o t t poinI . m runnins i t0 40 , gS lies at a height of about 40 m, and the local coastal plain of which the terrace forms a part rarely rises above 100-15 Hil e excepridg 0e m Garvochf th o lth f eo n i t , which reache, betweem 0 s26 n Laurencekirk and the coast, while the foothills of the mountains forming the Highland Massif rise steeply 6 km inland to the W. The immediate vicinity of the barrow is flat, and hardly above 40-50 m in elevation, and much of it only drained to make effective agriculture possible within the last century and a half: surviving patches of bog such as that between Bogmuir and Moss-side of Eslie, 4 km from the long barrow to the N (NO 645712), indicate the former condition of parts of the area, which is now farm land or afforested. (Fig 1; Henshall 1972, ) 8. C 562KN , The long barrow was recognised as an antiquity only recently, by Dr Wilfred Dally of Edzell and the Arbroath Antiquary Club, having been marked on the Ordnance Survey large- scale mapovan a s ls a enclosur e containin antiquityn a plantation r 1960e s fi a th ga t y sB no . t bu , plantatioe th vanished nha d (though root disturbanced san s found during excavation confirmed formes it r existence barroe th grass-coveres d wwa an ) standind an d g largel pasturen yi , though ploughed at its W end. It was a conspicuous feature on a low local crest of land, some 65 m long textbooa endE d 2-d s higan ,it 5 m an t kha long barrofield-workey an wo t r familiar withr fo , instance monumente th , Wessee th f o sx downland t unfamiliabu , thoso rt e wit hknowledga e limited to local antiquities in a context where round or long cairns of stones, not earthen mounds, were alone immediately recognised as prehistoric burial monuments. This is not an unimportant fact, but one directly related to our knowledge of the distribution of antiquities, itself dependent on the standard of field archaeology in any given area. It is well shown again by the manner in whic lone hth g barrow Lincolnshire th f so e Wolds were only recognise sucs da h around 1930 thoug e typbeed th heighteente ha e n th f defineo d Wiltshirhn i en d centure th t ea y (Phillips face th t y thab 1933) td thosan , f eastero e n Scotlan onlbeginnine w dar y no seee a b s na o g t distinctiv realisee b y ecompariny b dtypema s a , mape gth Atkinson i s n 1962 with thosf o e Henshall ten years later (1970; 1972). In the past unrecognised as antiquities by antiquaries and peasantry alike vulnerabld an , agriculture th o et heavilo es thas ha ty exploite Scottise dth h east coascoupla r fo tcenturiesf eo knowr ou , n long barrow regioe welth y f nso lma represent onlya portiooriginae th f o n l total, though informed fiel dr photograph ai wor d o kan t wely d ad lyma their number. 24 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2

FIG 1 Location map, Dalladies and Capo long barrows

FIG 2 Dalladies long barrow: cuttings diagram and section lines 1970-71 PIGGOTT: EXCAVATION OF THE DALLADIES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIRN | 25 When discovered as an antiquity of outstanding importance, the barrow in 1968 was already onl yshora t distance fro encroachine mth g extensiv n edga f eo e are gravel-diggingf ao s wa d an , threatene immineny db t destruction. Onc archaeologicae eth l emergenc realiseds ywa ownee th , r of the land, Mr H J Kennaway, and Messrs Clark, the gravel extractors, offered every facility Departmene th o t f Archaeologo t Universite th f yo f Edinburgyo t onlno yy hgivinb g sanction excavateo t divertiny yearo b tw t t facs r workinbu e pi ,whil fo egth e th ef go thi s could take place. We are deeply grateful for this enlightened action, and for the continuous help and co- operation given us by Mr David Walker and the gravel pit personnel throughout our work. With financial provision from the Department of the Environment this was carried out under the joint direction of the writer, Miss M-J Mountain and Dr T F Watkins in two seasons; four weeks in 1970 and six in 1971, after which the site was finally removed (interim reports in Piggott 1972; 1973).

THE EXCAVATION A contoured survey of the barrow at intervals of 0-25 m reinforced the superficial impression that at the NE it had been partly destroyed by ploughing in the past at a point where a field wall runs NW-SE t thabu , t otherwis symmetricaa s wa t ei l moun longm 5 d6 , witE axin ° ha s75 f tru o , risin eN heigha o g t f 2- abovo t5m surroundine eth g groun deastere leveth t a ln end, wher maximus eit m widt s 18m taperind hwa an , g westward laterall verticalld yan widta o yt h wherm 9 t mergef ei o d int plough-soile oth . There were some minor irregularities, mainly along the crest, which excavation showed to be the result of rabbiting, burying sheep or cattle, or former tree-stumps. There wer detectablo en eflankine signth f o s g quarry-ditche expectee b o t s n do analogy with the English long barrows. anticipation I ground-plaa f no n involving linea axiad an r l features, agai analogyn no , excavatioe th plannes nwa gria f basi n dwido do m c5 e cutting f whicso (fi, hg2) Cutting2 1 s wer 4 longitudinaa 1 givo f et o d firsetransversg a an m du t0 1 ld sectionean , concurrently with a series of small cuttings (1-6) to establish the western end of the mound and to search for quarry-ditches concealed by ploughing. The absence of such a ditch in the S part of Cutting 6, and the failure to detect significant anomalies by geophysical survey, was simultaneously explained f quarrie o moun e e th b excavates s founo a d t dwa t an grave d4 no t 1 Cuttingn d i bu ld an 2 s1 of layer turtop-soif d so fan l evidently obtaine strippiny db glarga e superficial arerelativela o at y slight depth onle y.Th linear features encountered were lateral stone revetment walls outsidd ,an e thes epaia verf o r y small lateral ditches thesd an , e were followe Cuttingn di s 8-11, 15-179 1 , thes nwa excavated en E e whan di Th . t 20 eventuall d an y became Cutting anticipan i , 21 sd 1-8an tion of an axial funerary feature, but an unbroken crescentic dry-stone fagade was found, and whe nmassiva e mortuary structure indeed appeared lyins wa f g o t i eccentricall, W N e th o yt the facade (figs 2, 3). At the conclusion of the excavation, what remained of the mound W of Cuttings 18 and 19 was removed mechanically under archaeological supervision, but no further features were found except two secondary cist burials, A and C, B and D having been found previously in respectively9 Cutting1 d an 3 s1 .

STRUCTUREE TH SEQUENCD SAN E To anticipate an argument set out in detail below, a complex structural history must be assume accouno dt observee th r tfo d feature botn si mortuare hth y structur lone th gd barroean w c 26 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 within whic containeds i t hi former'e Th . s eccentric position relativ formae th o et l planninf go lattee th r might itself sugges differencta datn ei therd e an supporbetwee s ei o tw analoge y ntb th y for such a situation, while the fact that the mortuary structure has itself a complex history makes it credible that the first event on the site was the building of Phase I of its sequence, a structure probably roofed and presumptively funerary, carried on massive upright timbers set in large post-holes. This structure, some 8 by 5 m, lay on a NW-SE axis with its entrance to the NW. There follows an interval of unknown duration but probably of not less than half a century, at the end of which time the timbers had rotted and the site could be cleared and levelled. On e samth e basi r incorporatioc fo plan d an , a lon n ni g barro f quitwo e different orientation, Phas followsI eI , with boulde entranceW r paiN wall w poste f r o sidet ne th s backa ,t a d s a d san ,an builw f sandstonno o t e slabs integrally bonde witn di northere hth n long barrow revetment, itself built concurrently with the lower part of the mound, which can also be shown to have been tie wit n dmakini e Phashe th th f bouldeI geo I r walls buildine moune .Th th f gturtopf o d do fan - soil necessitated shallow surface stripping conditioe smalth o northere d tw th l an e ,f nth o f no ditches flankin barroe gth w suggest partls s thawa yt i t erase thin di s process, implying thae th t ditches were primara y featurbarroe th f o ew plan thereford an , e antedatine gth Phasf o I eI mortuary structure (itself strictly contemporary wit initiae hth l buildin barrowe th f g o how y )b - ever shor perioa t timef do . Within the boulder walls of the Phase II mortuary structure was a lightly built timber feature involving horizontal logapparentld san yligha t roofing largel birch-barkf yo . This swa deliberately burnt radiocarbod an , n date f 324o s 0 be ±105 (1-6113), 271258d an 05 0 be±5 be ± 55 (SRR-289, SRR-290) were obtained. The later pair is to be preferred. Meanwhile the mound of the long barrow continued to be built until it covered the burnt structure and boulder slopa t aboua f eo s wa wallt 30°d san , whe elaboratn na e stone settin quitf go e unknown purpose was constructed oveapproximateld an r mortuare th axie f th so n yyo structure, constitutinga Phase mounIIIe the.Th s dnwa complete sucn di hmannea coveo t facade s r a rth revetmen d ean t walls and the 'extra-revetment' slabs laid in front of them. After an interval of over a millennium, secondary burials were made alon barrowe crese th gth f o t , still evidently regarde sacrea s da d site, and Pit 2 may represent a grave with unaccompanied crouched burial of the same period. Finally, at a date which by analogy may be contemporary with the adjacent Dalladies II site, firse th t f centuro y AD 'Late th , et facade1e ,Ditch' Pi witth d f o h an , d containe, cuttinen N e gth d iron slag, were dug.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION: THE BARROW The barrow itself comprised two structural elements, the mound and the stone walling form- ing lateral revetments and a frontal facade at the E end. At the W end ploughing had progressively degrade moune dth destroyed dan revetmente dth thao terminae s th t l detail unknowne sar . Roughly parallel with the revetments were two small flanking ditches to N and S, the former almost obliterated for much of its length by what may be interpreted as the removal of turf and top-soil to provide material for the mound. On this assumption the flanking ditches were constructionally earlier than this process.

THE DITCHES The S ditch averaged c 1-5 m in width and 0-5 m in depth below the undisturbed gravel, shalloa d ha sectionw U d ditcN an e hth ; where apparentl samye th intac ed proportionsha t . PIGGOTT: EXCAVATIO THF NO E DALLADIES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIR7 2 | N establishes wa d en defaul y db W roundee s it t Th d an d E butt-enditc S foune s e th h wa t th da f do loss twa wherd en eE betwee modere th m0 N n n6 e away Cuttingdisturbanc5 th d n o ;an s4 e fiele th d d walmutilated an cornebarrowditcha e e E l progressivels th N th hf e wa d o rdth an , y degraded westwards t apparentlbu , y changed alignment between Cutting 15d .an 2 1 s The ditch filling was uniform and showed no coarse primary gravel silt, but was of dark soil with small stones throughout, from the plough-soil downwards, presumably as a result of earthworm action traco bana N .f eo k remaine eithen do r sid f eitheeo r ditch findo N . s were ditcheo e excavatee th tw th t e f apara s o m th wer d y 4 madd d2 tan an een c portions n eE i e th t .A W, c 10 m, running more or less straight on the S but with the change of course noted, of c 1-5 m, on the N. Basically then the ditches delimited a trapezoidal area 60 by 24 by 10 m, open at either end on the same long axis as the barrow.

THE MOUND earln a t yexcavatioe A stag th superficiae f th eo 4 1 f Cutting no d lan appearanc2 1 s f eo fine-grainee th d laminated mound material, showing horizontal bandin f yellow-browgo d nan grey-white layers , alternativelyor , f daro , k gre r blacyo k masse f similaso r structur crossn ei - section, immediately suggeste dstaca placen i f turfk d o f burn so an , t turf, consonant wite hth fact that flanking quarry-ditches had not been found. This impression was confirmed in detail by a pedological examination carried out by soil-scientists from the Macaulay Institute of Soil Research, Aberdeen, to whom our grateful thanks are due for their enthusiastic co-operation. They concluded (Romans, Durno and Robertson 1973) that the mound 'had been constructed of stacked-up turves presumabl t fro surface ycu m th e round abou sitee thad th t an 't there were 'patches of gravelly material, as well as of relatively stone-free turf, indicating the turf layer on e grounth s variabldwa depthn ei t nowherbu , e very thick': individual turfs averaged about 12-1 thicm 5c thein ki r compressed state blackenine .Th layere f somgo th f f stackeeso o d turfs duso smalt d wae an t sdu l fragment woof o s d charcoal, identifiabl (Quercusk Oa s ea sp. 'an )i n intimately naked mineral/humu horizon'sA botn i moune d hth an , d material buriee th d d an , soi whicbeen d o l ha n t h i built circumstancee th , s indicate 'tha surface th t e distributio charf no - coaslighd an l t translocatio claf no y took plac construco t et beforcu barrows e ture th teth wa f ' over a short time interval that might however have had a minimum duration of a dozen years. n sum I e situatioth , s interpreteni s tha a df 'a o t brown podsol forest soil developed under deciduous woodland in which oak was an important component' (although scanty pollen grains also attest Alder (Alnus sp.d Bircan ) h (Betula sp.) with fern spore s wella s ) whic d beehha n cleared by a process involving fire - some sort of 'slash-and-burn' or Brandwirtschaft. The implications of these important conclusions are discussed in a later section: for the present however accepn ca e basicalla tw , y turf mound. The three main components in the make-up - turf, burnt turf and sandy gravel - occurred in varying proportions and in no regular relationship, the barrow having evidently been built piecemea dumpn li varyinf so g sizes three Th . e section fign si sho 4 . w typical profiles lineae on , r transverseo (A-Btw d d en anrunnine an )E d on ,e axiath gt a lobliquel y ove mortuare th r y structur ecentralle (C-Don d yan ) acros moune sth (E-F)4 1 Cuttingn di d higheA . an 2 1 sr proportion of turf was unburnt rather than burnt, so that two areas must have been drawn on for mound material stile on l, containing charcoal from presumptive slash-and-burn clearance and the other clear of it and so presumably of longer standing as a cleared area. The only element of regularity observed was that the edges of the mound bonded into the revetments and facade of dry-stone walling were of burnt rather than of unburnt turf, and burnt turf was especially | 2PROCEEDING8 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 freely used at the eastern end and around and over the mortuary structure. One mass SW of this feature, at a point where cut in axial section, had a vertical face to the W held by presumptive wattle-work and at least one vertical stake driven into the old land surface and about 1 m high. The weight of the burnt turf E of this had apparently pushed it obliquely to the W, which would imply that that part of the burnt turf stack was temporarily free-standing for a short time at least. The feature could not, however, be traced on the N wall of Cutting 19, only a metre southwards. In the upper part of the mound above this area, in unburnt turf, were further traces of vertical stakes t thesbu , e coul relatee dstructuresb o n o dt . An inexplicable featur cornee W occurreN f Cuttine o r th n di g irregula16n A . r disturbed area 0-7 dee5m p belo t lesbarroe crese no sth w thath acrossf d m o wt an 2 t , overla yregularla y cylindrica t witpi l h vertical wall sdiameter n i nearl m 1 witd y an ,ha tota l depth beloe wth s fillinit f clea d go verticae an nTh t -7. cresturpi gravel1 d 5 m l f e an fsideo t th f , so onl y with care distinguishable fro undisturbee mth d mound section, sho filled wan beed d t thaha n cu t i t almost immediately. It contained no artefacts. Water-worn boulders similar to those forming mortuare walle th th f o s y structure occurred sporadicalld ol ture e th fth n moundyi n o d an , land surface and in the lowest part of the mound make-up in Cutting 16 was a large pile of such boulders, abou 1-2y b overall 5m t3 1- y t wit5b evidencbu o , h n functioy an f eo n other than perhaps representing surplus building stones . fro structure NE m th e awam th 0 o ye1 t Traceoriginae th f so l ground surface survived unde mounde th r , wit hprofila e similao rt that of the turf used in its construction, 'but the A/B horizon merges rapidly into more ochreous, very stony material' 'rather closer to the original ground surface than the condition of the stacked turf woulprofile expeco th t e d e havon ha tremaine d ele d subsequen burial'o t . This modifica- tion, it is suggested, could have come about 'by the action of a rising water table in the underlying terrace gravels' modere th r fo ,n water tabl bees eha n drastically lowere agriculturay db l drainage gravee th d l workinan barroe th gs a witself d woulan , d have bee nbeginnine builth t e a t th f go Sub-Boreal climatic phase (Zone Vllb) risina , g water table might result fro increasee mth d rainfall followin e climatigth c deterioratio e Sub-Atlantith f no c phase (Zone VIII) (Romans, Durno and Robertson 1973; Piggott 1973 on climatic change). The old land surface was examined for land mollusca by Dr J G Evans, but with negative results. At the time of excavation the mound was covered with modern turf and top-soil, and had suffered in places from rabbits (e.g. in Section E-F) and the burying of farm animals (e.g. a sheep Cuttinf o d en g S ancien12)e e 'Disturbee th .iTh nt th a t w secondarco da Pitd Section an i 'y D nC- pits or cists are described in a later section. Excep r thosfo t e associated wit e mortuarhth y structure artefacto n , s were e founth n di land ol d e surfacemateriath n o r ,o fragments lo exceptw r fo t , which re-united, struck froma small nodul f ochreoueo s pebbl moune ebase th flint th f eo Cuttint n d i a , . g14

REVETMENTE TH FACADD SAN E Both barro e sideth f so w were delimite thein do r oute rrevetmen w edgelo y sb t walls, built on the old land surface and integrally bonded into the lowest layers of blackened turf. In each, the outer wall face was vertical and hardly more than 0-75 m high, and of four to five courses at most of dry-walling made of Old Red Sandstone slabs. Above this, on the lowest slope of the turf mound roughla s t wa mas, yse f smalo s l water-worn boulder largd san e pebbles. Neither element coul existencdn a hav d eha e independen backine turth e f th f o t f gmoundo coloue Th . r contrast of the red dry-stone wall face and the grey boulders was striking; and could have been intentional, but the revetment could never in whole or part have been a feature exposed to view DALLADIES LONG BARROW EXCAVATIONS 1970-71

Fio 3 Dalladies long barrow: general plan of excavations. A—D, secondary burials. PIGGOTT: EXCAVATION OF THE DALLADIES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIRN | 29 for rapie longth s da , deterioratio collapsd nan excavatef eo d stretches left exposed betweee nth excavation f 197 so 197d 0an 1 showed. Outsid wale eareth n la stonf facas o ewa e pitchin frof go m one to three layers of slabs, running parallel with the revetment with an irregular outer edge and from 0- 1-o 5t 0 widthmn i . Careful examination slie showeth p e fro b collapsee mdo th t thit sno d upper part onca f so e higher wall t deliberatelbu , y laid 'extra-revetment' construction whicd hha been carefully built with its inner edge hard up against the lowest courses of the revetment wall, r occasionallo y against vertical slabs placed close agains wale th t l face .direc o Thern s tewa evidence as to whether this could be interpreted as a deliberate 'tidying-up' of originally fallen course f wallin so bees ha ns ga suspecte d elsewhere (Powell 1973, 11 ,whol e witth hn e o refs t )bu this appeared unlikely. The consolidation of the turf mound backing the wall, especially at the facade, tende causo dt backwarea d rather than forwar uppee d th tilf ro t courses) .5. (Fig, 4 , s3 Exactl same yth e constructional features obtaine shalloe th r dfo w crescentic facade except that it was more massively built, up to nearly a metre high with the upper courses tilted back as the turf behind them became compressed, and with the arc of its plan filled with 'extra-revetment' up to 2 m wide on the axial line (fig 5). Although ploughing round the edges of the barrow renders the situation uncertain, it appears probable that revetments and fagade alike were deliberately covered in antiquity, and facade th e concavity wit attendans hit t projecting 'horns' completely masked. The lateral revetments and facade together delimit the formal plan of the completed barrow. The south revetment was in a better state of preservation than that on the north, which beed ha n destroye end E t botN ,bu s hit becamt da e progressively ruine erodedd dan difficuld ,an t f preciso e definition movee on s da , westward whild an , e this mus parn i t t haveo t beee ndu ploughing, the revetments may themselves have deteriorated in quality towards the west end. Beyond Cuttin theig8 nature r th remain d ean , sN were absend th an e n exiguouS o t e th n o s terminae th f o l revetment f any i ,revetmen e unknowns i th , 0 t Cutting1 a t d t an Bu .wall 9 s s apartwerm 2 e1 , wherea positioe th mortuare t th sa f no y structurem 5 3 , 19 Cuttingsn i , d an 8 1 to the E, they were 18 m apart, N to S. E of this point the N revetment was destroyed or inaccessible under the field boundary, but on the S it took a turn outwards and continued for a further 10 m when it, and the accompanying 'extra-revetment', abruptly ended at a point at which, on the assumption of symmetry, the walls would have been 20-24 m apart. The surviving facade th f o e similarld en E S y ended without junction latera S wit e hth l revetmentW N e th t a ; end it was cut into by the ancient 'Late Ditch' and the modern field dyke. There was no entrance or break, nor signs of any symbolic entrance, in its massive structure. There was no evidence that revetment or extra-revetment originally continued to join the two features at the SE 'horn'. The walls ended cleanly and abruptly, and there were no remains of broken walling or scattered plough-soislabe th n si l coverin criticae gth l area 'horn e traco perceptiblth s . N f eo wa ' grouny eb d or air observation, nor was it shown by contouring, before the excavation. If it had been repre- sented by a three-dimensional turf-built feature, it had been obliterated by ploughing. The plan presented by the mound within its revetments and facade is that of a trapezoid or truncated triangle, the wider end of which, that at the ENE, takes on a characteristic form recognised in northern Scotland since the 1860's by Joseph Anderson - cairns which 'from their peculiar prolongations of the extremities I have called "Horned" ' (1866, 444). Comment on relatioe th thif no s pla t Dalladiena Scottiso st h 'horned cairns whola s a ' reserves ei latea r rdfo sectio 41)p n( . The source of both the Old Red Sandstone slabs and the water-worn boulders and pebbles was presumabl Rivee yth r North Esk, which cuts through laminated bed f sandstonso s ha d ean wide beache f bouldersso , pebble shingld san e alon bankss git . | PROCEEDING 0 3 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2

MORTUARE TH Y STRUCTURE mose Th t interestin mosd gan t complex featur howevesits e eth wa f eo r wha conveniencr tfo e has been designated the Mortuary Structure at the NW corner of the barrow in Cutting 18. bees Asha n indicated, analog suggested yha likelihooe dth axiaf do l features excavatioe th d an , n was planned accordingly, but in the event the eccentricity of its position, and the fact that in normae th l proces excavatiof so highese nth latesd tan t stone structure buildine th n si g sequence were encountere mortuare th do t first d yle , structure emerging reverspiecemeae th n i e d ordelan r originas ofit l building high-levee Th . l stone setting moune slope th th jus d f en o d san o t below assigneturfe w th no , Phaso dt e III, wer firse eth t intimatio unusuaf no l feature t thia s s point, t untino s l thes wa beed t i eha n d recordean removed dan d thalowea t a t r levee tope th th f l so boulder walls of Phase II, around 0-75 to 1-0 m above the old ground surface, emerged and indicate drectangulaa r arrangemen 7-, openinty pave5soma b m o m t ed3 n g o entranc e between paia , dowpost-holef o C) r whico nd t Phase an hth B I sstone( eII slopedd sha . This boulder enclosure once defined interios it , r coul excavatee db d wittransverso htw e baulks croslefr fo t s sections (fi , V-V g7 VH-VIII) d an Imase th f stones o sd an , , turburnd an f t materiae th f o l upper leve f Phaso l I (lib)eI , recorde ground ol removedd e dan dth surfacn O . e there then appeare burne dth t timber lowea Phas f t so a ra elevelH eventualld ,an yfurthea r pai entrancf ro e post-holes (A and D) and three very large D-shaped pits holding decayed posts (E, F and G) were found, belonging to a primary unburnt timber phase constructionally antedating the boulde burno r tw wall td levelsan Phasn si formino s I a/be I d , an Phasga . HavineI g described sequence th f excavationeo howeves i t i , r logica reverso t l e thistak d constructionae an ,eth l phase ordee th theif n o rsi r inferred original building (fig , 6-11)s4 . PhaseI The isometric sketch (fig 6) shows schematically the features of Phases I and Ha. The argument e separatioth r initian a fo s f s followso nla Phase ar .I e Structurally e bouldeth , r enclosure overlap D-shapeg bi e sth d post-hole , thougG F hsE this woul t precludd- no co s eit existence with the posts which had been held in them and which were distinguishable as areas of dark grey slightly greasy replacement soil thess a , e would have stoo bouldee d th fre f o e r walls. The single post-holes A and D, however, had the tail-end of the walls over them, and A had been cut through by Post-hole B. Most significant however was the fact that whereas all the woodwork assignable to Phase II was burnt (except the posts B and C), no trace of burning was seen in therefors i t I . G er o assume Post-holeF , E , dD tha , have sA tw primarea y unburnt phase con- stituted by these post-holes. The cup-marked slab overlying a soil stain in F was clearly secondary to it. t possiblno s deteco ewa t t i t D clea d ran post-coreA dimensionn e I th t sbu s would have , aboubeeC d n tdiameter n an i thos0- B 3m f eo . Ther howeves e wa poste sigth o rn f s no havin g been removed in antiquity. The packing was gravel and small stones. In E, F and G the packing was uniformly of dirty gravel without more than an occasional stone, and the pits, up to 2-0 by 1-4 m and 0-5 m deep, seem disproportionately large to take the not very massive posts indicate replacemene th y db t thersoilE n I e. appea havo t r e been three posts centrae th , e on l especially well marked and 0-3 m in diameter; that to the NE was c 0-4 by 0-25 m and that on WS ee diameter0-2n th i 5m . Betwee broaa poss centrae W ndS twa th laterad lan l stain suggesting horizontaa lsoie timberth l stainF n I . s were more vague, wit widha e shallow area wito hn distinct centra existed)e l on pos f t firme(i tbu , r indication 0-2a f diamete5o sm re posth t a t level o stainW tw sS t sa suggestine th t a d outward-leaninn ga an d en E N rottea g , postG d n I . rrrn IH Trii>' cot i' 111111!! nTTTTT ' *. i' !• : J <— r / 0 w I L '! Ii ; ;' '^ ',-.••.-•<>.

N. DITCH 5. DITCH

MOR.TUAE.Y STRUCTURE

METREJ

FI G4 Dalladies long barrow: sections DALLADIES LONG BARROW EAST END

5OUTH REVETMENT

M$***WHa9>

Fio 5 Dalladies long barrow: plan of fa?ade a

o bS

I

I 1

FIG 6 Dalladie s long barrow: isometric sketc f mortuarho y structures , plano-conveA : x flint knife , cup-markeB ; d stone 32 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 posvers ywa t clearly visibl centraa s ea l feature, 0-0-y 5b 3 m, wit h thia t distinc nbu t stais na fro mthia n plan r hurdlko e partition touchinoutes it n ro (SEt gi ) sidrunnind ean lengte gth h of the hole, 2-2 m overall. The post-stain extended downwards for c 0-3 m; the central post in E for c 0-4 m. post-holee Th post-staind san s sugges structura t e rather tha unroofen na d settin freef go - standing uprights, though whether ridge-roofed or not it is impossible to say. The lack of evidence for wall posts could however be held in favour of a gabled arrangement in which the ridge was singl e centrae th th hel d e, n wit do posan G l hposf E o tpossiblf o t e intermediates represented by the less defined stains in F, with the roof sloping to the ground and with perhaps a span of 2-5 m and the ridge-pole 5 m long. The SE end would have been closed by a wattle (or less likely, t woulthii nW dplankN have th e)t a wallbee d ndifficuls an ,i opent i r incorporato t tfo , e posts structuras a D d an l onln elements A suggestee ca y b t i d an , d that they wer free-standinea g pair fronn roofea i f o t d structure. Suc hgablea d mortuary structur firss ewa t inferre firse th t n di phas t Wayland'ea s Smithy long barrow sincd an ,othe n ei r English sites with varying degrees of conviction Scotlandn I . Neolithie th , c barrow t Pitnacresa e (Perthshire Lochhild an ) l (Kirk- cudbrightshire) offer possible parallels, and the whole question, and those raised by Phase II at Dalladies, is discussed below (p 41). This first-phase structure, as we saw, was not subject to the burning which brought to an end Phas t precedeI . eII d this phase, whic integralls hi buildine lonth ye o tieth t g f n dgbarrowo i , Phas e t therreasoo th n bu y es I structurei nwh originalls ea y built should hav connectioy ean n with the barrow which only later came to incorporate it as an awkwardly skew feature, and it can therefore be regarded as free-standing, in a manner comparable with a group of broadly contemporary and probably related mortuary structures in Denmark, again discussed below. If adequately thatched or with a sod roof it could have had a relatively long life, especially if kept in repair, when a duration of centuries would not be out of the question. These are impon- derables, but a life of a generation or two - say 25 to 50 years - would be a reasonable minimum assumption. Although it cannot be directly demonstrated, the building must have substantially rottesite th e situ, n cleared i an d befor buildine eth enteres f Phasgo wa I eI d upon face Th t. that there was no sign of the removal of any posts, but that replacement soil representing timbers rotted as they stood was present in holes E, F and G implies such a situation. The features of the filling above Post-hole E recorded in Section V-VI (fig 7) are difficult to explain, but the loose and stony soil, with flat stones over it, which here breaks the collapsed turf of the mound between Phase th I bouldeeI r walls immediately la , y beyon centrae dth l post-cor thaf eo t hole. Phase II Whatever the function of the Phase I structure, it is hard to escape from the concept of some sor f mortuaro t y significance, Phasn sinci s sits eit I re-definee wa incorporatedd an d , however muc t variancha e with axial planning, withi nlona g barrow wit hquita e different orienta- tion direco N . t evidenc strictla f eo y funeral usag howeves ewa r found single th : e fragmenf o t unburne th t craniu childa f mo , found under slabs formin gfilline parth f go t ove collapsee rth d burnt roofin f Phasgo I immediatel eI centrat e onl onle th no yth f s yi o l , piec posE W f yN eo t of human bone, burn r unburnto t , fro mprimara y contex barrowe t th couli t n i t dbu , belong secone equallth firse r th o dt o phaseyt cup-markee Th . d stone overlying woods i stain F n i s certainly secondar plano-convee themo yth t t bu , land xol d fline th t n knifo E eS furthee th o t r surface is ambiguous (though probably of Phase II), and in any case neither can strictly be attribute buriaa o dt l deposit. The re-definition of the primary feature in Phase II seems then to have taken place on a WOOD (PROJECTED) FLINT KNIFE WOOD (PZOJEC TED)

3 o 1a o FIRST PHASE POST-HOLE iII o

O

o u - SECOUD PHASE POST-HOLES 1 0 METRES

CUP-MARKED STOH£ FLINT KH1F£ S. WALL-r:-.?!S^S5!?S?'S? N.D1TCH ^iiisi; F

METE.ES FIG 7 Dalladies long barrow: sections of mortuary structure | PROCEEDING 4 3 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 cleared sit dimensionf eo orientatiod san n which were respecte repeatedd dan e th sidee d th , san beind SEen g marke rougy db h walls buil water-worf to n boulders. Their inner faces were more regular tha outee nth rlaterae edgesth d l an ,wall s averaged 0-7 mwidth5n 1 i mo t , standino gt a height of around 0-5 m. The end wall, at the SE, was more massive and incorporated larger stones, which were on the whole up to sizes within the lifting power of a single man. The fact that in the process of excavation the walls could be isolated from the turf make-up of the barrow moun stild dan l stand thad an distinctiv,a t e featur f theio e r constructio presence th s nf wa e o numerou ofted san n large air-spaces betwee boulderse nth , still voids whe surroundine nth g barrow material was removed, argues for the walls having an independent structural status for however shor buildine tima tth n ei g sequence t coulI . d howeve seene b r , especially wher relatione eth - ship of the NE wall to the mound construction could be observed, that the latter was piled up steeply from the outer base of the wall, so that there may have been a point in the sequence when the walled enclosure lay in a steep-sided trench as the mound rose above it on the NE, lattee th t r A poin . innee SE th t Sd rWwale edgan th lf eappeareo roughle b o dt y alon line gth e timbere th f wattlr o o e bac kt weri walf i Phasef s o lvisibla , t leasea II r eto respecte time th et da of construction. opposite th t A ebouldee (NWth d )en r walls were merged int oconstructioa sandstonf no e dry-walling aboudescribede b whico n t i post-holeoverla, posto d e D hth tw an , d se yan th sA had presumably rotted as no sign of damage to the holes by their removal was visible. The dry-stone walling forme elaboratn da mord ean e massiv lone th par gf o tbarro w revetment wall on its northern side, and consisted of a symbolic 'entrance' to the second phase mortuary structure, contrive buildin y 'door-jambsdo b tw p gu survivina o t ' g heigh 0-f abovo t5 m e eth ground ol d level apartm 1 , . These jambs were built from their basal courses lowee th t r ,parbu t of the opening, to a height of 0-25 m, had been filled with further stone construction, leaving straight joints with the jambs on either side. On the W, a width of about 0-35 m had been floored by dry walling on edge, the long axes of the component stones being laid parallel with the inner face of the jamb, while the centre and greater part of the threshold area was occupied by a single massive slab, its long axis of 0-8 m lying transverse to the revetment line. On the NE side was a narrow strip of flooring of edge-on slabs similar to that on the SW. At the inner edge of the entrance sla bf simila o werpost-holes o , B C etw r d d sizproportiond an an ean A B , e th o t s post-holes of Phase I but set slightly beyond and between them, with B cutting the edge of A. These B and C post-holes held posts whose cores, 0-3 m in diameter, were clearly detectable, wit hpackina stone-walliny f stonedr go e graveld th s an d beed an , gha n carefully skilfulld an y built around the standing posts: its unbroken preservation showed that the posts must have rotted in situ after its completion. Centre-to-centre the posts were 0-7 m apart, leaving an entrance gap between them of 04 m, bridged by a slab which continued the floor level of the 'false entrance' throug revetmene hth t just described post-holee Th . s contained replacement soil wit signo hn s of burning poste th t s wer,bu e unambiguousl yPhase parth f I constructioneo tI . The area within the boulder walls and the revetment threshold was filled with rather large stone burnd s an r unburno t t mound turf. Some stones were boulders t timea , s clearly tumbled in from the tops of the lateral walls (cf Sections V-VI and VII-VIII), but a large proportion, particularl lowee th n yri fillinge levelth f so , were sandstone slabs lying horizontally and, par- ticularly in the area around post-hole E and the entrance, on or nearly on the old ground surface. Burnt and charred material also occurred, in increasing quantity under the higher part of the thid moun san lase , eventuall th tenclosur e SE n thirdi th e f do th yo et resolved itself intoa lowe ground ol re leveldth surfacen o , f horizontao , l lengthways timber f variouso s scantlings (Phase Ila) and, predominantly over this, thin flat areas of burning which in places where flat PIGGOrr: EXCAVATION OF THE DALLA0IES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIRN | 35 stones protected it could be identified as sheets of birch-bark (Phase lib). The wood at the lower level included well preserved charred beams lying against the base of the lateral walls and up to diametern i 1m 5c heavilo s , y impregnated with hydrated iron oxidrendeo t s ea r identification speciee th f o s very difficultr HayeD t sbu , report angl possibls W S ewa se thath yn i tCherr y (Primus sp.), showing sign burrowinf so wood-feediny gb g mite beabeetlesr e so th md opposit,an e this walpossiblagainss E N wa l e th ty Birch (Betula timbere th sp.) l horizontally Al .sla d yan on the long axis of the enclosure and, apart from the two instances just mentioned, were of very slight scantling. There were no traces of transverse members, and traces of only a sporadic uprigh t(fio . stakgtw 9) r eo The stains and bark traces at a higher level (fig 10) included a couple of vertical stakes d soman e longitudinal e besstreaksth t d preservean , d piece f Birco s h bark (Betula sp.), still when found retaining silvee som pind th f ran eko colourin freshlf go y stripped bark undey la , r some massive sandstone slabs that overlay the boulder wall on the NE about midway along its length werd an , e separated ture fro th uppee f mf th 25-3o o t rp m u 0walstonee c th y b lf o s make-up of the mound, which had therefore, at this point at least, been built over the boulder wall befor depositioe eth charrind nan bare th kf g o sheets . circumstancee Th s described abov besn interpretee eca b t soms da e sor lighf o t t wooden framework lying within the enclosure, over which a very light roofing of bark was placed. The absence of any trace of transverse members (rafters) and the very light scantling of the longi- tudinal elements (purlins), together with the total lack of evidence for uprights of any size beyond thin sticks, preclud fory eridgemf an o gabler do d roof whild an , e some sor flaf to t bark covering seems demande e evidenceth y s difficuldb i t i , visualiso t t structuray ean l skeleton adequate to carry it, let alone anything heavier that might involve, for instance, the flat stone slabs found in the filling. The duration of the timber and bark structure is wholly unknown, but the latter t leasa t would hav eshora lowee th infestatiotf e r o lifeth timber e f i ; on f no s with mited san beetles took place after it was placed in position, this might argue a lapse of time. It is clear that the whole structure, however contrived, must have been deliberately burnt before the filling- mortuare th f o n i y enclosure with slabs, boulder tur topsoie d maie th an fth d nf o lsan barro w mound. However supported, the bark roofing must at one point at least have oversailed not only the NE wall, but a thickness of mound material above it as well. There was no evidence that the burning affected posts B and C, which as we have seen must have decayed in situ. Referenc alreads ha e y been fragmene madth o child'a et f o t s skull found unde slaa r b on the old ground surface and attributable to either Phase I or II of the mortuary enclosure. The only remaining finds were a stone slab bearing 9 cup-marks on its upper surface and lying flat, partly ove thie th rn soil stai Post-holn i f this, ando eF fina ,E , S e shortl e planoth o yt - convex flint knife lying on the old ground surface. They are both presumably to be assigned to t Phasneithebu I eI necessarils ri yfunerara y deposit pottero N . y whatsoeve founds rwa . Phase III After the burning of the wood and bark structure of Phase II the building of the barrow mound evidently continued, slopin southwardp gu s from behin stone dth e revetmen threshold tan d until it completely covered the walls of the filled-in mortuary enclosure. When it was practically at its final stage and at an angle which eventually consolidated to about 30°, a completely inexplicable stone setting was constructed on the slope, to be encountered in the excavation just below the modern turf of the barrow (figs 4, Section C-D; 11). Immediately within the revet- aren a mensmal f as o twa l rounded stone pebbled san s formin surfacga e tur e layeth f makeo rt - up, but beyond this, sandstone slabs were used for a quite different form of setting with no | PROCEEDING 6 3 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 understandable plan, with a dozen or so slabs set vertically, but the majority lying at angles so that they formed two sides of a trough or gutter-like formation into which they pitched from both sides, for a length of 3 m or so and with a width of about 1 -25 m. In the top soil at the upper end of this arrangement was a small abraded piece of the rim of a neolithic pot, the only primary sherd from the entire barrow. Beyond, after an interval of nearly 2 m, was an amorphous mas water-worf so n stones uppespreae th turn e rd o par th f f mouno t highess it t da t point. The slab setting overla mortuare yth t strictl ylons no sideit enclosur E t gn N yo ,bu s it n eo buildins time it axis f th eo t boulde e a : gth r walls would have been burie invisibld dan e th n ei barrow mound impossibls wa t I . decido et e whethe trough-like th r e arrangemen resule th s t wa t of deliberate buildin V-sectioa n gi n groov moune th n ei d material subsequenf o r o , t settlement, and the whole arrangement is not only without parallels but does not in itself suggest any likely utilitarian or ritual function. It is also impossible to know how long the posts B and C survived, but they must have stood up at the edge of the barrow after its completion for some time. With this final constructional phase of the mortuary structure we end the description of the primary barrow features. There remain for description the secondary burials, the late pits 1 and 2, and the transverse ditch at the E end.

THE SECONDARY BURIALS The position of these is shown on the main plan, fig 3. Burial A was found in the final remova moune th f mechanicay o ldb l means, between Cutting Cuttin n i 13d B an ; s8 g 13C ; agai clearancn i e jus shora t y beyonla t Cuttinl n distanci Al dD . Cuttind g19 ean belo, g14 w the present surface of the mound on its crest. In addition, a disturbed pit at the highest point of the mound, intersected by Cuttings 18 and 19, must be mentioned as a possible fifth burial site (fig 12). Burial A massiva This swa e cist approximatel 0- y witb 6m lon s y1 hit g axis nearly E-W, formed fouf o r upright slabs with multiple overlapping slab covera s deepabousd a m c ,an 5 . 3 tCentrall y on the floor formed of undisturbed barrow material was a scattered cremation, and in the SE angle was a crushed beaker which seemed originally to have contained or have been lying on a grou f workepo d flints, comprising three small thumb-nail scrapers smalo tw , l broken blades with steeply retouched edgessmala d lan , water smoothed pebble wit hmottlea d grewhitd yan e surface, resemblin gbird'a s egg. Ove crematioe th r slopind nan g diagonallf o p y to fro e mth the E end-stone of the cist down to its floor at the E was what appeared to be a burnt plank of wood (Oak; Quercus thick m sp.wholc e 2 )widTh . somm d ec ebeecisan d 5 e2 ha tn filled with replaced mound material abov belod ean planke wth . BurialB A small square cist 45 cm across with in places reduplicated side-slabs, and complicated overlapping roof-slabs, and a floor of barrow material. It was filled with replaced earth and scattered cremated bones, among whicminuta s hwa e fragmen f highlo t y oxidised bronzr eo copper, possibly from an awl. Burial C smalA l oblong cis f ratheo t r rough construction, 0- 0-, y wit5b 3m lons hit g axis nearly E-W, with capstone, and earth filling which could have been accidental or deliberate, with fragments of an unaccompanied inhumation. IM. FI G8 Dalladie s long barrow: Phas mortuarf o eI y structure, with post-hole post-cored san s FI 0 GDalladie1 s long barrow: Phase li mortuarf bo y structure, with upper level burnf so t birch bark (lines probablr )o e bark (stipple)

FIG 9 Dalladies long barrow: Phase Ila of mortuary structure, with section lines; a, cup-marked stone; b, plano-convex flint knife; burnt wood FIG 11 Dalladies long barrow: Phase III of mortuary structi re, with stone arrangements on sloping mound land ol d n surfaco e PIGGOTT: EXCAVATION OF THE DALLADIES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIR7 3 | N

"•R-^:\V:U.:.v '•'KUR.NT PLAKK.^ 1: .•"|V.vV*V'f.v'-.'-'< A

C

M. FIG 12 Dalladies long barrow: secondary burials in mound, A-D

Burial D This was not a built cist, but a shallow pit dug into the long barrow mound and partly lined with small stone loweslabs it n si r part uppes ;it r edges abov stonee eth s were indetectable. fillins it n gI were fragment f cremateo s d bone poorld san y preserved sherd vera f yso coarse vesse foof o l d vessel type. 38 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2

Disturbed pit A disturbed area below the highest point of the barrow, nearly 1-25 m deep, was marked e surfac oa th nsligh y b et depressio d appearan n n Sectioi s D . (fia Ther 4) gC- ns wa e modern sheep burial in the upper part and at a lower level flat or sloping slabs suggested a pit lining similar to Burial D just described, with a single incised beaker sherd, but no signs of burials.

POST-BARROW FEATURES At the E end of the barrow were two pits and a length of ditch demonstrably or inferentially e terminatio th lateraS f oo e f th lateS l 1-y f revetmenno 5m la r 1 date t Pi . t wit s lonhit g deepers axiwa sd , N-S overallen lan0-d m belo 4ol m 2 N d ,e c s wsurfaceIt th . 1-2d an 5,m flooe acrossth rd slopean , graduallp endS du e t .th containeI o yt d scrap f charcoaso d an l cremated bone fragmentd an , f iroo s n slag, associatin t witg i e feature hth s excavatee th n di Dalladies II site to the SW of the W end of the barrow, which dates from the first century AD onwards. Pit 2 was neatly cut, oval and flat bottomed, with its long axis E-W, c 2 m by 1 -25 m and 0- beed througdeepg 5m ha n du t I lon.facade e hth th g f o o ebarros d an w d towarden S s sit was clearly later. It contained no finds but its general character suggests that it could have bee ngrava e containin unaccompanien ga d crouched inhumation dissolve soiy db l s acidswa s a , assumed witsimilao htw Crofre pitth t sta Morag stone circle (Perthshire) (Piggot Simpsod an t n 1971). The Late Ditch cut through the barrow facade at its N end and so again is later in date. stretcA 12-f ho runnin5m g straight NW-S excavateds Ewa wid 0-2m d 1 ,deee 5an endin m d pan g ifillin e nsquara th f go estonep butt-end collecteto d e sha th n .dO including much broken quartz, hals fil e flaa fwa lth t n i perforate d an d piec f sandstoneo e , 13(fi14 )g comparable with those found in the Dalladies II site mentioned above, suggesting that the ditch was contemporary with settina ditce s th hf smalf wa gthao o E tl. site1 witslabd t edgean ,n h Pi so .

FINDS From the barrow 1. Tiny sherd from the rim of a neolithic bowl, hard dark brown ware with fine quartzite grits, semi-burnished surface soi p Phasf t uppeo la To . d I structureII ren Mortuarf eo y Structure. (Fig 13, 2) 2. Scraper on the end of a blade of yellow-brown pebble flint, retaining part of surface sidee onon . Dark soil over entranc Mortuaro et y Structure. (Fig 13) 3 , . Sandston3 overallm c 2 4 ,y muceb sla6 4 h bc cracke flakedd dan , with eight cup-marks uppes parnintd a it f an n o th o r surface, averagin diameten i 7-g c 3-5- o c 0t m 5- o 0c t d 0 an r cm deep. Over filling of Post-hole F of the Phase I Mortuary Structure. (PI 8a) . Finel4 y worked plano-convex flint knif f mottleo e dland greol d e ysurfac th flint n O . e on axis of Mortuary Structure, SE of Post-hole F. (Fig 13, 1) PIGGOTT: EXCAVATION OF THE DALLADIES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIRN | 39

FI 3 GDalladie1 s long barrow , plano-conve1 : x flint knife from Mortuary Structure, 2 ; pottery sherd from Mortuary Structure Phase III; 3, flint scraper, soil above NW end of Mortuary Structure (1:2) (Drawing HenshallS A y sb )

From the Secondary Burials . Man5 y sherd a beake f o s r (mainly very small), very friable dull brown ware heavily tempered, but with a fine slip on the outer surface, decorated with irregular incised lines forming double diamonds on the neck and body and two horizontal lines at the cordon. A member of Clarke' group4 sS r Waalsde ; EnglisE Lantinn N 'va d h gan Ste (Clarkp6 e 19701524 S f 0,c from Linlathen, Angus; Lanting and van der Waals 1972). From Secondary Burial A. (Fig 14, 1) 6. Almost spherical pebbl f greo e y flint, faintly mottled. From Secondary Buria. A l (Fig 14, 2) 7. Scraper, made on a thin flake from a pebble of ginger brown flint. From Secondary Burial A. (Fig 14, 3) 8. Scraper, made on a split pebble of mottled dark grey flint and retaining part of pebble surface. From Secondary Buria) . (Fi5 , A l g14 . Scraper9 , mad flaka buff n eeo o f pebble flint. From Secondary Buria ) . (Fi4 A l , g14 . Flak10 specklef eo d ginger brown flintlone on ,g edge steeply trimmed brokend en e on ., From Secondary Burial A. (Fig 14, 6) 11. Flake of speckled ginger brown flint, one edge trimmed, one end broken. From Secondary Burial A. (Fig 14, 7) 12. Five lumps broken from split pebble f brown-greso y flint, almost certainly froo mtw pebbles, two pieces fitting together. From Secondary Burial A. 13. Twenty-seven sherds of a food vessel, very friable brown ware, the surface worn and irregular, decorated outside by impressions of twisted cord, and on the rim bevel by whipped cord. From Secondary Buria . (Fi 8-11, lD g14 ) 14. Wall sherd from a beaker, friable heavily gritted ware with black core and a fine reddish outee th sli rn po surfac incised ean d decoration. Fro Disturbee mth Section i t dPi n C-D. (Fig 14, 12) 40 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , 1971-2

From the Late Ditch . Irregularl15 y shaped fla t sandstoned piecre f eo , broken throug hperforatioa n which has been roughly chiselled from both faces. From filling of the Late Ditch. (Fig 14, 13)

FIG 14 Dalladies long barrow: finds from secondary contexts , beaker1 . ; 2, pebble; 3-5, flint scrapers; 6-7, flint blades, all from Burial A; 8-11, food-vessel sherds from Burial D; 12, beaker sherd from Disturbed Pit (all 1:2); 13, perforated stone slab from late ditch (1:4) (Drawings by A S Henshall)

DISCUSSION

BARROE TH MORTUARD WAN Y STRUCTURE Many of the aspects presented by the results of the Dalladies excavation have been dealt with, concurrently wit conclusioe hth fielde wore Misth y th b ,n kf i ns o Audrey Henshale th n li second volum r magisteriahe f eo l surve f Scottisyo h chambered tomb allied san d monuments, and in a separate paper (Henshall 1970; 1972). The interim report on the excavation of the PIGGOTT: EXCAVATIO DALLADIEE TH F NO S LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIR1 4 j N Lochhill long cairn in Kirkcudbrightshire (KRK 14) has raised highly significant questions with regar mortuaro dt y structures somd an , e important comments have been mad thin o e s site, contemporary with Dalladies and some 200 km away to the SSW, by the excavator (Masters 1973). There remain however a few points of general interest arising from the wider implications Dalladiee oth f s evidence. barroe welsaith e w membea b f do ls wno n a recognise a ca Littl f o rw ene d typ lonf eo g barro r cairwo n without external trace a stone-buil f o s t burial chambe e 'megalithicth n i r ' tradition: it would fall into Henshall's Type 2 (a long barrow/cairn added to an earlier structure) variety D, but as the mortuary structure is non-megalithic and not accessible from the E end, it (and Lochhill) would form a new sub-variety iv (Henshall 1972, 211-26). While the concave fagad itseln i e f could fall withi permissible nth e rang f thoso e e relatee Englisth o dt h series (eadem, 228-40), the outward flare of the lateral revetments towards the E end brings it within the 'horned' type of plan, characteristic of Caithness and Sutherland and the Orkney-Cromarty chambered cairn group (eadem, maps in figs 20,21). Locally, Dalladies is an addition to the group of long barrows already represente thosy db f Gourdoeo Billhead nan d Plantation, Arbuthnott thad t Capan a t , o NE (KN e th Conl) o t 9 . kilometry a , somm k SE 7) (KN0 e d e2 th an Co et 3 A word may be said about the use of horizontally laid turf as mound material, demon- strated at Dalladies and to be suspected at the other three sites just mentioned, and elsewhere where 'earth' rather than stones constitutes the mound and there are no signs of flanking quarry- ditches, which in fact have not been recorded at any Scottish long barrow. The technique of stripping turf and top-soil from an extensive but shallow area is in fact analogous to the surface quarryin f oolitgo e slabs fro uppermose mth e Cotswoldst roce levelth th n ki f o s recend an , t excavations have shown its widespread use in fourth- or third-millennium monuments, as well as its well-known use in second-millennium (Bronze Age) barrows. In Scotland, the Pitnacree round barrow wit hmortuara y structure aki Dalladieso nt C1a d 4 dat286an ,c f eo a 0 s beha , make-up largely of turf, some of it forming grey stained layers, and the old land surface appeared o havt e been cultivated (Cole d Simpsoan s n 1965) Irelann s usei ; wa d t di extensivel e th t ya passage-grave of Newgrange, where the turf had been cut from land left fallow after cereal cultivation, with dates around 2500 be (O'Kelly 1969, 1973). Turf was also used for part of the moun t Knowtda h (Eogan 1969 mord )an e extensively t Fourknocka , s (Hartnett 1957; 1971)d .An in yet another passage-grave, Barclodiad y Gawres in Anglesey, sods of a marsh peat were used (Powel Danied an l l 1956, 23) l thesAl . e instance f turo s f usage imply man-made area f opeso n country, whethe pasturr rfo arabler eo somd ,an e implication thif furthese o sar r discussed later. mortuare Th y structure relationshis ,it botn i itsel n hloni e d th an f g o pt barrow , deserves fuller comment. In general, its nearest congeners are in Scotland, at Pitnacree under a round barro t Lochhila d wan l unde lonra g cairn (Cole Simpsod san n 1965; Masters 1973) reseme .Th - blanclattee th f reo sit Doey'o et s Cairn, Dunloy (Ballymacaldrack Antrin )i m (Evans 1938s )wa pointed out by Masters, and one might suggest that another comparable feature was the 'Trans- verse Trench' unde eccentrid an mounre Fournock e th th o f ct do I sitI s e (Hartnett 1971)n I . general, resemblances exist with a number of English long barrows such as Wayland's Smithy (Atkinson 1965 othersd )an , including FusselPs Lodge, where variant l repreal t s -whicno y hma sent the same structures in detail exist and seem clearly allied (Ashbee 1966; 1970; Daniel 1967; Ashbee and Simpson 1968). On the Continent, an interesting series of Danish neolithic sites have particular bearin Dalladiee th n go s problem (Stiirup 1965; Madsen 1971). We have seen tha t Dalladiea t firssa t phase (unburnt) structure base uprighn do t posts carried in large axial post-holes can be separated from a second (burnt) phase which is integral wit buildine hbarrowth e th f gt Pitnacreeo A . Phasa , eI comprise largo dtw e post-holea r sfo D 42 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 massive pai unburnf ro t posts about 3-3 m apart centr centreo et , whic overlais h wa Phas a y db e II boulder enclosure about 6 by 1-0 m containing burnt wood, the whole on a NW-SE axis. t LochhillA firse th , t structural phase involved three large post-hole r massivsfo e timbers (the outermost D-section half-stems as at Wayland's Smithy), 6-0 m apart, and with a shallow facade of 16 posts. Subsequently a boulder enclosure was made within a cairn, and the timber structure (including birch-bark) was burned. At Doey's Cairn there was extensive burning, with a great dea f burn o lcharre d an t d bark, probably birch burnine Th . Yorkshirn gi e long barrows ha s stilt beelno n properly explaine hardl n detailn di ca unconnectedt e yb bu , , whil Wessen ei x there are not only the variants on the mortuary house theme just noted, but the burning of the fore- building at Nutbane to be considered (Ashbee 1970; Manby 1970). The long series of ritual acts and consequent timber constructions on this site offer interesting comparisons with Dalladies, especially the embanked burial enclosure of Phase 2, with two axial posts (III and IV) 3-0 m theid entrance apartan paith II)a d r , t d replacementan a r,D equivalenI an ,e( d an A o t t sB t Dalladiesa , C boulded e an Th . r lattee wallth f rso woulequivalente th e db chale th f kso banks derived from small quarry-ditches at Nutbane (Morgan 1959). Such long building sequences (seven phase f constructioso n befor actuae eth l buildinf go barroe th w were reasonably inferre t Nutbane)a d , naturally rais questioe eth statue th f f sno o Dalladiee th s mortuary structur primars it n ei y form, especiall awkwars vien yit i f wo d relation- lone axith e gshif th sbarrow o o pt vase th t n majoritI . instancef yo s where such structures have been identified or inferred, they have been axial to and at the broader (usually easterly) end of the mound, presumably implying a continuity of purpose and performance, in which the final constructio lone th gf nbarroo culminatina s wwa t implicigac t fro firse mth t mortuary building. t Wayland'A s Smith d Lochhilyan l however (and perhaps Dunloy a stone-chambere) d cairn barror o w encapsulate earlien da r mortuary structure firse th t n instanci , e preservin unusuas git l orientatioS N- thao ns t both sam e phaseth ed axissha . Her have ew esituatioa n analogouo st that recently demonstrated in so many instances of stone-chambered cairns, with the incorpora- tion of one or more smaller, often round, cairns with contained passage-graves in a long cairn (Powell 1973 wit1 3 ,h suc n i refs) t h caseBu . Nutbans sa r Fussell'eo s Lodge questioe th , n arises as to whether, at some stage and for an indeterminate length of time, some form of timber- framed mortuary structure or structures existed as a self-sufficient entity with an axis later to be accepted for the long barrow; at Giants' Hills, Lincolnshire, with the burial arrangements half way along and at right angles to the barrow axis, the problem is posed in another form more on ed resemblinan g Dalladies (Phillips 1936). Wit hcirculaa r barrow, orientatiot no s ni involved, but the first phase of Pitnacree seems a likely claimant as an originally free-standing accepte structureon f s i relatea s d extraordinare an ,dth y 'trench' unde moune th r f Fourdo - knocks II, 10-6 m long, 1-6 m wide, containing four 'pits' and full of wood burnt in situ, this was joine t righda t angle megalithia y sb c roofed passage mounleadine edge th th f eo o do gt t the NE in a manner comparable to the Pitnacree passage leading slightly obliquely from the SE end of the mortuary structure there. s furthei t I r suggested tha addition i t e evidenc incorporatioe th th o nt r efo f earlieno r chambered cairns within long cairns we may consider two Cotswold sites as comparable in another sense (Corcoran 1969, 97-9). At West Tump (GLO 8) a long 'chamber or trench' without orthostat slightld san int g groun e t righoya du th s t d wa anglebarroe th o st w axi s thirsa it f do length from the narrow end, and joined to a gap in the revetment wall by a short passage with upright walling slabs. The 'trench' was about 4-5 m long and 1-2 m wide, and contained multiple burials. The Pole's Wood East barrow (GLO 24) had an axis NNE-SSW and, about centrally, covere d'trencha 0-d ' 6abouan deepm t2 , 8- y obliquel5b WNW-ESa n yo E alignment with PIGGOTT: EXCAVATION OF THE DALLADIES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIRN | 43 'ad kinen passagf do W N s gallerr it eo t . limitea . y. oolitiy db cedge n slabo t ' sse whic h does t howeveno r appea havo rt e opened ont revetmente oth . Multiple burials were again contained by this feature, which, with West Tump, may perhaps be related to the boat-shaped trench grave with multiple burials 1-d , 0 an 3- 1- y m3b 4m deep unde rouna r d cairn knowe Th s na Soldier's Grave near the Nympsfield long barrow (Clifford 1938). At all events we have instances of non-megalithic mortuary structures, probably dry-walled, which may well have been incor- porated in long barrows rather than being integral parts of their primary planning. What in fact we see mhavo t version e ear 'non-megalithie th f so c long grave' wit inferren ha d flat timbered roof which Daniel (1967) has pointed to at Bonnieres-sur-Seine and elsewhere. With regard to the structure likely to have been represented in the first phase at Dalladies we may go a stage further in identifying comparable sites unconnected with long barrows in Denmark, where Madses a , recentls nha y shown (1971), half-a-dozen Early Neolithic mortuary structures base paia post-holef n dro o s holdin uprighte gth ridgea r sfo d roof have been identified, most withou coveriny an t g barrow bese Th .t know thesf no Konens ei s H0j, explicitly compared bexcavatos yit Wayland'o t r s Smithy (Stiirup 1965), wit hradiocarboa n dat290c f eo 0 d bean , belonging to TRB phase C; the significance and interpretation of what appear to be analogous structures in a Phase B long barrow at Lindebjerg, with a date of c 3060 be, are uncertain pending an authoritative excavation report (Liversage 1970). But the Danish burial-places without barrows, together with less close analogues in sites such as Stein in Dutch Limburg, or Nord- hause Niederbosd nan Germann ai y (Ashbee 1970, 88-90) l sugges,al t that similar circumstances may have existe neolithin di c Britain free-standind an , g mortuary structures broadly comparable Dalladieo t foune sb Phasy d elsewherma eI e stilt encapsulatelno latea n di r long barrow. Flat- roofe wels d a gable s la d structures musbarf o allowee t Dalladiese ktb a us e dth ford , ,Lochhilan l and Dunloy suggests an interesting link in techniques between the sites, as does the deliberate burning herelsewhered an e woule W . d therefore envisag ea situation whicn i originalln ha y free-standing mortuary structure coul e incorporateb d d withi na lon g barrowayso tw ,n wi either wit hcontinuanca f rituaeo l intentio planninn ni orientatiod gan n (whereb earliee yth r structure would be made axial, and at the broader end of the mound) or as a feature contained without reference to its orientation or dominant position, as at Dalladies. A parallel in ritual performance might be seen in the inclusion of rectangular or circular stone or timber structures within structurally later burial mound hengr so e monument rathef so r later date. A final point must be made, if only to be left unresolved: how far can the building we have called the 'mortuary structure' be accounted funerary on the grounds of a single skull fragment artefactso tw d an n othe?I r comparable structures burials have been presen s inhumationa t s or cremations, so that a funeral function has been unambiguous, even if the deposition of the bodies followed exposur r storageo e elsewherefragmene survivae on th e th d t Dalladie a tf an ,o l s suggest hardln s ca tha e yw t invok totae eth l solutio l otheal f nro bone acin si d soil conditions. line possiblf eo on e Therb y e interpretationema , borrowed from wha recentls ha t y been inferred fro t dissimilamno r circumstance mann si y stone chambered tombs, where 'the theory thae th t deposit chambere th n si s were cleare t intervala t dou mucs sha commeno ht d it' even thougt hi 'has sobering consequences which have not been squarely faced. It follows that little or nothing belonging to the first burials may remain' (Henshall 1972, 164-5). It could also follow that the burials themselves could equally wel removede b lkno e w wd thaan , t skull individuad san l bones were in fact abstracted from chambered tombs in a number of instances (Piggott 1962, 66-7). Phase Ith f eI buildin t Dalladiega free-standina s wa s accessibld an g e ossuary, bones could subtractee b s weld a s adde a l d durin lifes gr theit o , y (an grave-goodsy dan ) could have been removed wholesale when the site was refurbished and incorporated into the barrow in Phase II. | PROCEEDING 4 4 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1971-2 In the absence of burials, the deposition of the cup-marked slab and plano-convex flint knife cannot necessaril funerare sai b e stricy e b o dt th tn y i sense .

DAT CULTURD EAN E In the interim report on the excavations (Piggott 1973) the question of the absolute dating of Dalladies in the context of British long barrows as a whole was touched on. The 13 radio- carbon dates then available spanned (doubtless by chance) exactly a millennium in C14 years, moro n d e thaan n this when converte calendae th o dt r date434c f 3340/298o o s0t Ove. 0BC r this period, the dates were spread remarkably evenly in time, but, it appeared, in no relation to geography: of the first 5 dates (c 3415 to 3120 be) three barrows were in Wessex and two (Dalladie Lochhilld san Scotlandn )i thougd an , latese hth t (Skendleby 241c , 0 Lincoln n bei s )i - shire, its two predecessors are in Wiltshire. The Dalladies dat f 324eo 0 be obtaine±10s wa 5singla y db e readin Isotopey gb s Inc., from charred wood from the Phase II beam lying in the SW angle of the boulder enclosure. Check determination e radiocarboth y b s n laborator e Scottisth f o y h Universities' Reactor Centre at East Kilbride were then made, one from the same timber and another from that on the opposite side of the enclosure, and readings obtained respectively of 2710 be ±50 and 2585 bc (SRR-2895 ±5 , SRR-290) datelaso e mutualle tw t.Th s ar y consisten would an t d allon a f wo average dat 260ec 0 b339c e( 0 BC) which canno reconcilee b t d wit earliee hth r date, which must therefore be put on one side as an inter-laboratory inconsistency for the moment. A model of neolithic colonisatio southe th n ni , followe sloa y wdb transmission northwards seemed ha , - din adequat earle th ys e a date s fro IrelanmN d became known witd originae an ,h th l Dalladies date, and that from Lochhill of 3120 be ± 105 (1-6409, also Isotopes Inc.) it appeared that not only had settlement taken place in S England, N Ireland and Scotland as far north as lat. 57° by 3000 be, t thabu t impressive burial monuments suc s Fussell'ha s LodgDalladiee th r eo s long barrows were already being built. The new radiocarbon dates mean however that, whatever the status of Lochhill, Dalladies must be moved to a position near the end of the list, not far removed from Nutbane in Hampshire (2730 be ±150) and the latest example, Giants' Hills, Skendleby, in Lincolnshire (2410 be ±150). The comparable mortuary structure under a round barrow at Pitnacre Perthshirn ei e woul littla e deb earlier, wit hdata t Dalladie286f eo A . 0 b90 e± s forest clearanc alreadd eha y taken place befor barrow'e eth s construction instanco n n i d e an woul, d e expecon t that such monuments, with their implication f co-ordinateo s d communal labour, woulproducte th e db colonistf so thein si r initial entrance phas f settlementeo . absence th n I f primareo y potter tine y on ysav r sherde fo witd lace an ,h f settlementh k o t sites and the paucity even of stray finds in NE Scotland, any attribution of the barrow to a neolithic 'culture a virtuall s i ' y nugatory sherexercisem ri soip de to lfro Th e .ove me th th r Phase III mortuary structure would be at home among the open carinated bowls of the north- east, whether at Easterton of Roseisle or Tulloch of Assery B, which may in their turn have Yorkshire affinities (Henshall 1972, 177). The plano-convex flint knife, a type well known in Early Bronz contextse Ag e , (Clark, 1932) appear o havt s s originit e earlien i s r flint-working traditions, and in Scotland the association at the chambered cairn of Cairnholy I (KRK 2) with pottery analogous to the Dalladies sherd may be significant. Other examples are known from the Clyde tombs, the finest, from Giant's Graves (ARN 11) being 9-7 cm long (eadem 185). The Dalladies knif exceptionas ei sizn i l e (13- long m 3workmanshipd c an ) , whil qualite e eth th f yo flint which would produce such a blade makes it clear that either it or the raw material was imported from some such area as the Yorkshire Wolds, an area not inconsonant with the affinities PIGGOTT: EXCAVATION OF THE DALLADIES LONG BARROW, FETTERCAIRN | 45 barroe th f o w itsel perhapd fan sherde scup-marketh e .Th d slab agai typa s ni e wit hvera y wide cultural and chronological range, and on present showing the Dalladies stone is the oldest, and onle th y really well dated example (Simpso Thawled nan y 1972).

SOCIA ECOLOGICAD LAN L ASPECTS interie th pointes n i mwa t t reporI dou t (Piggott f tur1973 o builo t fe e )us dth tha e th t barrow opened up more than one line of enquiry. In the first place, approximate calculations coul e figure e basimadee th db th f o sn s o ,obtaine e simulatioth y db f prehistorio n c labour condition experimentan si l earthworks tim e laboud th ean f o , r involve buildine th n di sucf go h a mound (Jewell 1963; Jewel d Dimbleban l y 1966; Coles 1973, 68-78) e DalladieTh . s turfs thicm c thein werki 5 1 rec compressed state applyingd an , compressioe th n facto 36c f %o r observed in the Overton Down experimental earthwork, would have been c 20 cm when first piledd an g , formindu mounga 147c f mdo u 0 c . This would represen produce th t f 0-7o t a 3h r rathe(o r over 1-5 acres). From experiments with primitive tool e approximatth s e labou- ex r pended would be of the order of 5750 man-hours. In a recent reconstruction of a Roman rampart with turf-built faces it was found that turfs of Roman military regulation size, roughly 44 by , weighecm 5 1 could littla y an b mancarriee e edb g 0 on ovek 3 y blac0 :n db i 3 r k Africt a the beginning of the century a porter carried a load of about 25 kg (half a hundredweight) on a day's march of 25 km, and the turf would not have to be carried very far (Coles 1973, 81; Vigneron 1968, 141) suco N . h standardisation woul coursf do e have obtaine neolithin di c times, rougt bu h limitation efforf s o obvious e ar t ; what remains problematica technique th s li e employed pard an e t turfcu so t rather than merely hackin possible surfacee f stonth th o d p e gu e an eus , axes, and of scapula shovels (as in flint-mining) might be considered. The labour involved in stone building on the site would have varied from what would seem to be the relatively rapid piling-u mortuare th f po y enclosure boulde rskilfu e wallth o st l layin f googo d quality dry-stone walls for the facade and revetments, and the boulders used again mostly seemed roughly of a size portable by one man, though the use of sledge or travois is not excluded in the transport over the minimum 400 m or so from the river. The diameter of the timbers used in the first phase mortuary structure nowhere exceeded 50 cm and averaged 30 cm, and, if of oak, would fall into the 25-50 cm range of trees aged between 50 and 100 years, existing in natural stands f deciduouo s foreshectaree easilo th s t abou a o td t y 8 an ,obtainabl 2 t shora t ea t distance from the site where forest still stood (lessen 1948, 177). The presence of oak trees in the vicinity is attested by the charcoal fragments in the burnt turf of the mound. possible Th e relationship betwee estimatee nth d man-power necessar builo yt d neolithic ceremonial monuments hierarchied an , f sociaso l organisatio authoritd nan s beeyha n sketched by Renfre r Wessewfo x (1973). Dalladies falls withi normae nth l long barrow range centren do c 5000 man-hours e lowess categoriesth hi , f followeo e t b o t ,causewaye y b d d camps, henge monuments, cursus, and exceptional affairs like Silbury Hill, and in terms of population estimates Renfrew finds Atkinson's demographic mode l assumptiobasethe don n tha memberall t the sof population were buried in the long barrows to give an 'impossibly low' figure, as others have felt. prefere H more th s e usual assumption that only certain classe f persoo s n were burie sucn di h monuments suggestd an , populatioa s n densitpersoe on f anythino nyt o 0 g5 betweed an 0 n1 hectares, and forming social groups of from 20 to 100 persons. In such a society the assumed 500 man-days required for building a minimal long barrow could be provided within the territory by co-operation between family groups. 'I am not aware', writes Renfrew, 'of ethnographic parallels for the construction of such 46 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-2 a monumen lona s ga t barrow soon afte colonisatioe th r land'w t quotene bu , f welle no sth - known evidence of plough agriculture under the South Street (Avebury) long barrow. At Dalladies havy wema e evidenc barroa f eo w being built immediately afte t leasa r t local forest clearance, if we accept the slash-and-burn interpretation of the burnt turf used in its construction, even if the unburnt turf came from cleared areas of longer standing, from which the charcoal had been leached away. As we saw, the total volume of turf (when originally cut) would have been c 147 mu 0c , derived fro mtotaa l cleared are 0-7f a, whico 3ha h procese mustth y removinb ,f so g the turf and top-soil, have been rendered useless for plough or pasture. In some approximate estimates of the amount of cleared forest in terms of human population (in neolithic Central Europe), Neustupny suggested communitie person0 2 c f so s requirin arabla h 0 g2 e somo t 5 e1 land, or approximately 1 ha per person, so that the Dalladies figure, for what it may be worth, comes very nea estimats individuae hi r on r efo l (Neustupny 1969, 65). With this evidence from ScotlanE takee N b y n dma tha t fro e broadlmth y contemporary monumen f Pitnacreo t n ei Perthshire, 80 km to the SW, where on the old land surface 'the disturbed nature of the soil, marke anglee th y ddb positio sherde th fragment d f no san stonf o s e foun , suggestit n di s cultiva- tion' (Coles and Simpson 1965, 41). Further excavations will no doubt produce additional evidence of neolithic monuments being built on deforested land.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS gratitudr Ou r KennawaM o et thosd yan e responsibl alreads gravee ha th t t eypi a l been recorded RitchiR P r eM ; organise resourcee dth Departmene th f s o Environmene th f o t d an t takine photographsr th ai f go spote th Wilfrer n ,D .O d Dall Misd yan s Margaret Co well provided valuable assistancer MargareD d di s t a , r teaStewarhe m d froan t m Pert tooo hkwh ovee th r excavation of the secondary cists at short notice. Dr S E Durno and Dr J C C Romans of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research gave us invaluable specialist help, as did Dr J G Evans Departmene oth f f Archaeologyo t , University College, Cardiff r HugD ; h McKerrele th f o l Research Laboratory of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland and Dr Alan Hayes e Departmenoth f f Forestro t Naturad yan l Resource e Universitth n i s f Edinburghyo . Miss Audrey Henshall undertoo catalogue kth indebtee ar drawingd e w ean findse o dt d th f an ,o s the Editor of Antiquity for the loan of the block for fig 3.

APOLOGIES Owing to unforeseen circumstances, reports on the human remains from the secondary t burialsavailabl compilatioe no time th e th f ar e o t ea thif no s report.

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