The Evolution of Endophagy in Herbivorous Insects F
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
The Evolution of Endophagy in Herbivorous Insects F. Tooker, John, David Giron To cite this version: F. Tooker, John, David Giron. The Evolution of Endophagy in Herbivorous Insects. Frontiers in Plant Science, Frontiers, 2020. hal-03101309 HAL Id: hal-03101309 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03101309 Submitted on 7 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. fpls-11-581816 October 27, 2020 Time: 20:48 # 1 REVIEW published: 02 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581816 The Evolution of Endophagy in Herbivorous Insects John F. Tooker1* and David Giron2 1 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States, 2 Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France Herbivorous feeding inside plant tissues, or endophagy, is a common lifestyle across Insecta, and occurs in insect taxa that bore, roll, tie, mine, gall, or otherwise modify plant tissues so that the tissues surround the insects while they are feeding. Some researchers have developed hypotheses to explain the adaptive significance of certain endophytic lifestyles (e.g., miners or gallers), but we are unaware of previous efforts to broadly characterize the adaptive significance of endophagy more generally. To fill this knowledge gap, we characterized the limited set of evolutionary selection pressures that could have encouraged phytophagous insects to feed inside plants, and then consider how these factors align with evidence for endophagy in the evolutionary history of orders of herbivorous insects. Reviewing the occurrence of endophytic taxa of various feeding guilds reveals that the pattern of evolution of endophagy varies strongly among insect Edited by: orders, in some cases being an ancestral trait (e.g., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) while Shinichiro Sawa, being more derived in others (e.g., Diptera). Despite the large diversity of endophagous Kumamoto University, Japan lifestyles and evolutionary trajectories that have led to endophagy in insects, our Reviewed by: consideration of selection pressures leads us to hypothesize that nutritionally based Seiji Takeda, Kyoto Prefectural University, Japan factors may have had a stronger influence on evolution of endophagy than other Mayako Kutsukake, factors, but that competition, water conservation, and natural enemies may have played National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology significant roles in the development of endophagy. (AIST), Japan Keywords: Coleoptera, Diptera, gall-inducing insect, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, leaf-mining insect, Lepidoptera, *Correspondence: Thysanoptera John F. Tooker [email protected] INTRODUCTION Specialty section: This article was submitted to Among insects, feeding within plant tissue, or endophagy, has evolved numerous times and is one Plant Pathogen Interactions, of the major feeding strategies for herbivorous insects. Guilds of endophytic feeders include borers, a section of the journal miners, and gall inducers and inquilines, but allied taxa, such as leaf tiers and leaf rollers, also Frontiers in Plant Science tend to be included in the guild because they all have concealed feeding habits associated with Received: 09 July 2020 plants. Endophytic associations of insects and their host plants can be millions of years old and are Accepted: 08 October 2020 evident in the fossil record. For example, wood boring, leaf mining and insect galls have all been Published: 02 November 2020 recorded from Carboniferous deposits and may have even evolved earlier (∼300 million years ago; Citation: Chaloner et al., 1991; Labandeira and Phillips, 1996; Feng et al., 2017). Additionally, there are even Tooker JF and Giron D (2020) The Evolution of Endophagy some extant endophytic taxa evident in fossils, with good examples provided by the lepidopterans in Herbivorous Insects. Ectodemia and Stigmella, and the aphid Melaphis rhois, suggesting that the interactions of Front. Plant Sci. 11:581816. these taxa with their host plants are 97- and 48-million years old, respectively (Moran, 1989; doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581816 Labandeira et al., 1994). Frontiers in Plant Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 November 2020| Volume 11| Article 581816 fpls-11-581816 October 27, 2020 Time: 20:48 # 2 Tooker and Giron Evolution of Endophagy In some taxa, feeding within plant tissue appears to have not address neutral evolutionary processes (e.g., genetic drift), been an ancestral state, whereas in others endophagy appears to which can influence patterns of evolution in some insect taxa but be derived. In still others, specialized endophagy has developed would require a quantitative analysis of taxa and their feeding even further, into an extremely sophisticated form of feeding, styles (Peterson et al., 2016), which is beyond the scope this paper. occasionally involving mutualistic symbionts. For example, galls We also do not aim to comment on the latest developments from and mines represent extended phenotypes of the insect species a molecular perspective concerning the evolution of herbivory that induce or form them; these structures result from complex and feeding specialization (Groen and Whiteman, 2016). Rather, interactions among genomes of the host plant, insect, and, we use published phylogenies to illustrate the diversity of patterns sometimes, their symbionts (Giron et al., 2016). of endophagy among insect orders and how they can diverge Despite the ubiquity of endophagy within Insecta, we are from the simplistic views held by ecologists. After considering unaware of any previous effort in the ecological or systematics the possible selection pressures, we will broadly characterize literature to broadly delimit the guild across taxa and characterize occurrence of endophagy across orders of herbivorous insects the limited set of selective forces that could have facilitated and discuss which selection pressures could have been active for evolution and diversification of endophytic feeding habits. these taxa. We finish by considering which selection pressures Certainly some publications have address a single taxon (e.g., may have been most relevant for evolution of the endophytic flies; Labandeira, 2005) or characterized the adaptive significance habitat generally. of a particular form of endophagy (e.g., leaf mining and gall inducing; Price et al., 1987; Connor and Taverner, 1997; Stone and Schönrogge, 2003), but these publications did not ENDOPHAGY generally consider endophagy beyond these specific guilds, nor did they consider the evolution of endophagy in a The definition of “endophagy” or “endophytic feeding” that we comparative framework. will use in this paper is “insect feeding on plant or fungal tissues From just reading classical literature that often forms the basis that occurs within tissue of a living plant, whether the specific of ecological courses, one could easily get the impression that plant tissue is live or dead.” This definition allows us to include most taxa have followed a simple progression as typified by some insects that feed upon non-living portions of living plants, such as model systems, from exposed leaf feeding to endophagy to more bark, heartwood, and pith, but excludes insects that mostly feed specialized forms of endophagy like mining and/or galling (Price upon dead or decaying plants (i.e., decomposers or detritivores, et al., 1987; Price, 1992; Nyman et al., 1998, 2000). However, like termites; Weesner, 1960) or those that live inside plants but the systematics literature, which is often not closely tracked by do not eat them (e.g., Edwards et al., 2009). Consistent with ecologists, reveals that evolution of endophagy varies greatly by previous assessments (Labandeira, 2005), we also include seed taxa, so a diversity of selection pressures must have been involved feeders (i.e., seed predators) whose endophytic larvae consume in its evolution and diversification. Highlighting the presumed seeds prior to seed dispersal (Janzen, 1971). The definition is evolutionary sequence leading to endophagy in each insect order not perfect because some taxa, particularly in Coleoptera (e.g., can provide insights on selection pressures that could have played Cerambycidae), contain species that feed in live plants while a role on its evolution. And comparing evolutionary pathways in others that feed in dead plants. In cases like this where the taxon these various endophagous feeding guilds can provide evidence falls into some gray area near our definition, we try to include about which of these selective forces may have played major them to provide appropriate context and acknowledge that evolutionary roles, allowing us to formulate hypotheses that biological continuums can be difficult to divide into perfect bins. could be tested with quantitative methods. Lastly, to be considered an endophagous feeder, a taxon needs Our goal in this paper is to consider via existing literature just one life stage to feed endophagously. Most commonly, larvae the selection pressures that could have played