Delpinoa, n.s. 46 : 107-116. 2004

The carboniferous paleobotanical collection of the "Centro Caprense Ignazio Cerio" (Capri, Italy): a taxonomic revision

1 2 3 J. E. M ICKLE , A. B ARTIROMO , M. R. B ARONE LUMAGA

1Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Box 7612, Raleigh, N.C. 27695-7612 U.S.A. 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy. 3Orto Botanico di Napoli, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Foria 223, 80139, Napoli, Italy. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract . Authors filed, revised and updated Riassunto . Gli Autori hanno catalogato, revisiona - nomenclature of the specimens belonging to the to ed aggiornato i campioni della collezione di Carboniferous fossil plants collection housed in the piante fossili del Carbonifero conservata presso il "Centro Caprense Ignazio Cerio" (Capri, Naples, "Centro Caprense Ignazio Cerio" di Capri (Napoli). Italy). The specimens, presumably acquired I campioni, acquisiti presumibilmente tra la fine between the end of 19 th and the beginnings of 20 th dell'Ottocento e l'inizio del Novecento, sono risul - century, originate from European and North tati provenienti da siti carboniferi di Europa e Stati American localities. Uniti.

Key words : Capri, Carboniferous, Centro Caprense Ignazio Cerio, Europe, Fossils, North America, Paleobotanical collections

INTRODUCTION ly of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and is situ - ated at the margin of the Carbonatic The collection of carboniferous fossil Campanian-Platform. Triassic sediments seem plants analysed in this paper is housed at the to be absent, whereas the presence of Dogger “Centro Caprense Ignazio Cerio” (CCIC), in has been ascertained and attribution of the Island of Capri (Naples, Italy). The CCIC Ellipsactinia limestones to Malm-Lower was established as an “Ente Morale” by decree Cretaceous confirmed ( BARATTOLO & of the President of the Italian Republic on PUGLIESE 1987). Pleistocene sediments are October 20 th , 1949. The Centre was intended to also found on the Island, although they are lim - encourage cultural initiative on the Island, ited to a few areas, such as the “Quisisana” and including defence of its natural beauty. The “Grotta delle Felci.” These Pleistocene sedi - Centre was founded by the engineer and writer ments are the source of numerous vertebrate Edwin Cerio (1875-1960) and by Mabel remains and lithic fragments that constitute an Norman Cerio (1876-1949). They gave the important part of the CCIC collections. Centre its current location and initial funding. Some noteworthy collections of the Centre The Centre is comprised in part of a library include the herbarium of the Island of Capri containing a collection of materials related to collected at the end of the 19 th century by Capri and a Museum that owes its origins to Ignazio Cerio, the zoological collections the untiring efforts of Doctor Ignazio Cerio, a which consists primarily of marine inverte - physician. The majority of the collections date brates from the Bay of Naples, and the from the end of 19 th century and consist of over Mediterranean algological collection belong - 20,000 naturalistic and archeological finds ing to Oronzo Gabriele Costa (1787-1867). gathered mainly on Capri by Ignazio Cerio. Geological collections are also present, among The Island of Capri is constituted essential - which stand out the Mt. Vesuvius volcanic material. The time of decline of Lepidodendron , as The collections also include paleontologi - well as several other arborescent lycopod gen - cal material, among which is the era, corresponds to the decrease in extent and Carboniferous plant collection, the object of duration of coal swamps during the transition the present paper. This collection contains to the late Pennsylvanian ( DI MICHELE 1981). characteristic representatives of the Lepidodendron simile Kidston ( JONGMANS Carboniferous flora, such as arborescent 1909) (= Lepidodendron elegans Brongniart; lycopods, ferns, seed ferns (Pteridosperms) BRONGNIART 1822). and horsetails (Sphenopsids). These taxa dom - Samples of L. simile are usually of reduced inated coal swamp forests in the Carboniferous size and are likely related to branches instead (STEWART & R OTHWELL 1993). of trunks ( BOUREAU 1967). Leaf cushions are The plant fossil collection consists of 64 in spiral arrangement, rhomboidal, and tapered specimens. During the revision of the collec - at the base. Leaf scars are at the upper third of tion it was found that several specimens lacked the cushion ( DOUBINGER et al. 1995). any indication of the provenance locality. Lepidodendron aculeatum Sternberg, 1820 Table 1 lists the original nomenclature of (STERNBERG 1820). species and provenance of samples that make L. aculeatum is similar to L. obovatum but up the collection, as found on the labels, and has a more symmetrical, spindle-shaped leaf the nomenclature as proposed after revision. cushion that is distinctly longer than broad, Fig. 1 shows some of specimens in the CCIC and with apices that are distinctly deflected in Paleobotanical Collection. opposite directions ( OLEKSYSHYN 1982). Genus: Stigmaria Brongniart, 1822 ( BRON - The following taxa resulted after the revi - GNIART 1822). sion: Typus: Stigmaria ficoides Brongniart, 1822 (BRONGNIART 1822). Class: LYCOPODIOPSIDA Rhizomorphs of Lepidodendron and/or Order: Lepidodendrales Sigillaria , and their rootlets are placed in the Family: Lepidodendraceae form genus Stigmaria . The spirally arranged Genus: Lepidodendron Sternberg 1820 scars, which indicate the points where the Typus: Lepidodendron aculeatum Stern- rootlets were attached to the rhizomorph, are berg 1820 ( STERNBERG 1820). shallow dish-like pits 3 to 7 mm in diameter The genus Lepidodendron was established with a central punctiform scar ( STEWART & by STERNBERG (1820) based on bark fragments ROTHWELL 1993). of arborescent lycopods showing spirally Stigmaria ficoides Brongniart, 1822 arranged rhomboidal leaf cushions with their (BRONGNIART 1822). vertical dimension greater than the transverse Thick rhizomes, diameter about 10–15 cm, (STEWART & R OTHWELL 1993). Just above the branching dichotomously. Lateral appendages middle of leaf cushion a rhomboidal leaf scar, borne spirally. Scars of lateral appendages per - extended transversely, is present. In the middle sisting, round with a raised periphery, a cen - or just above the middle of the leaf scar is a trally placed raised protuberance, and an inter - vascular bundle scar flanked by lateral parich - vening punctiform depression ( FRANKENBERG nos. Just above the leaf scar is a ligule pit. & E GGERT 1969). Below and to either side of the leaf scar are Family: Sigillariaceae two additional parichnos scars. Transverse Genus: Sigillaria Brongniart, 1822 ( BRON - wrinkles may be present along a median ridge GNIART 1822). on the lower portion of the cushion ( STEWART Typus: Sigillaria scutellata Brongniart, & R OTHWELL 1993). Lepidodendron is a name 1822 ( BRONGNIART 1822). The genus Sigillaria used as a “traditional” genus for stems of inde - was established on bark fragments of arbores - terminate generic affinity ( ARNOLD 1940, cent lycopods showing spiral leaf cushions 1960; LEISMAN 1970). arranged in vertical rows ( STEWART &

108 ROTHWELL 1993). Sigillaria leaves abscised on The internodes are wider than long and the the older parts of the stem leaving leaf cush - longitudinal ribs are straight to undulate. The ions. The leaf scars were hexagonal, round or nodal areas possess or lack leaf/branch scars oval. Above the midpoint of the leaf scar a vas - (DILCHER et al . 2005). The primary vascular cular bundle scar was flanked by two conspic - system presents vascular strands that alternate uous parichhnos ( STEWART & ROTHWELL 1993; longitudinally from internode to internode TAYLOR & T AYLOR 1993). across a node ( STEWART & ROTHWELL 1993). Sigillaria reniformis Brongniart, 1832 Calamites gigas Brongniart, 1828 ( BRON - (BRONGNIART 1832). GNIART 1828) (= Calamites cannaeformis The scars are double, and of an oval form, Schimper). somewhat resembling pairs of kidneys; a Calamites gigas is the biggest species in the resemblance to which the species owes its genus; stem with diameter up to 1m. name. Internodes are wider than long. Longitudinal Sigillaria mammilaria Brongniart, 1824 ribs up to 1.1 cm wide; usually vascular (BRONGNIART 1824). strands alternate at the nodes. The edges of the The leaf cushions of this species form ribs ending with oval marks. Ribs with sur - defined longitudinal ribs; they can show fur - faces granular or with longitudinal wrinkles rows that are lightly winding between these (BOUREAU 1967). ribs. Genus: Syringodendron Sternberg, 1820 Class: FILICOPSIDA (STERNBERG 1820). Order: Marattiales Typus: Syringodendron organum Stern- Family: Marattiaceae berg, 1820 ( STERNBERG 1820). Genus: Pecopteris BRONGNIART , 1822 Decorticated stem of Sigillaria showing the Typus: Pecopteris pennaeformis Bron- sub-epidermal surface. Sub-cortical scars dou - gniart, 1822 ( BRONGNIART 1822). ble, elliptic, and in vertical rows. Scars with Pinnatifid fronds with pinnules attached to rough, broken cross striations. Surface with the rachis by their entire base; lateral margins straight to wavy longitudinal parallel striations of the pinnules parallel or weakly convergent formed into bands of ridges and furrows. and rounded at the apex; inferior pinnule mar - (DILCHER et al . 2005). gins may be decurrent; pinnules may be entire or slightly lobed, with a median vein arising Class: EQUISETOPSIDA from the rachis ascending to near the apex. Order: Calamitales Lateral veins of the pinnules obliquely emerg - Family: Calamitaceae ing from the median vein and diagonally end - Genus: Annularia Sternberg, 1821 ( STERN - ing at the margin of the lamina; the emergent BERG 1821). lateral veins may remain simple or The leaves occur in whorls at the nodes, in dichotomise ( CORSIN 1951). a plane that is oblique to the supporting The form genus Pecopteris Brongniart branch. The leaves compressions show at includes over 290 Paleozoic and Mesozoic nodes the apparence of stellate patterns; usual - pteridophyll taxa ( BOUREAU & DOUBINGER ly fused at their bases to form a little collar. 1975). According to DARRAH (1969), there are The nodes bore 8 up to 20 leaves with variable approximately seventy-five species of shape and lenght ( ABBOTT 1958; STEWART & Pecopteris reported in United States. The cri - ROTHWELL 1993). teria utilized to distinguish species are: vena - Genus: Calamites (Suckow) Brongniart, tion, pinnule shape, villosity, with the venation 1828 ( BRONGNIART 1828). pattern being deemed as the most reliable fea - Typus: Calamites radiatus Brongniart, ture ( GASTALDO & MATTEN 1978). Based on 1828 ( BRONGNIART 1828). morphology, the vegetative fronds of Pecopte- This genus accommodates pith casts with ris may also be referred to Pteridospermopsida internodes of longitudinal ribs and furrows. or considered incertae sedis .

109 Fig. 1 - Examples of specimens in the CCIC Paleobotanical Collection. 1: Calamites gigas . 2: Neuropteris gigantea . 3: Sigillaria reniformis . 4: Alethopteris lonchitidis . 5: Stigmaria ficoides . 6: Pecopteris miltoni . (bar = 1 cm)

110 Pecopteris plumosa (Artis) Brongniart, (STERNBERG 1823). 1832 ( BRONGNIART 1832). Typus: Noeggerathia foliosa Sternberg. Pinnule triangular tilting on the rachis, This genus of uncertain position is charac - basal pinnules catadrome are bilobate and teristic of Lower Carboniferous rocks and is shorter of anadrome pinnules, secondary rib - compared with Ophioglossaceae. Axis bearing bings widely spaced. This species is one of the ovate leaves with several spreading veins. The most widespread in the European coal fields distal part of the axis forms a “spike” com - (DELCAMBRE et al. 1998) posed of fertile leaves forming oval bracts, 2 Pecopteris miltonii Brongniart, 1828 cm broad, with a serrate edge bearing on the (BRONGNIART 1828). upper face several sporangia. Probably, this Primary and secondary rachis wide and genus is more nearly allied to the Cycads than smooth; rachis tertiary often tight and striated, to any other group ( SEWARD 1963). sometimes with hairs. Pinnules variable in shape, tilted on the supporting rachis, basal Class: PTERIDOSPERMOPSIDA margins sometimes decurrent on the rachis, Order: Medullosales edge entire or repand and converging towards Family: Medullosaceae the apexes rounded. Basal pinnules sometimes Genus: Alethopteris Sternberg, 1825 larger than terminal ( BOUREAU 1967). (STERNBERG 1825). Based on preservation type and locality Typus: Alethopteris lonchitidis Sternberg, indicated by the label affixed to the specimen 1825 ( STERNBERG 1825). (Grundy County, Ill.), the specimen in the Bipartite fronds, sometimes of large dimen - CICC collection is almost certainly an iron - sions, up to 7 metres long. Primary branches stone nodule from the well-known Mazon usually tripinnate, with no intercalated pinnae Creek locality of northern Illinois, U. S. A. or pinnules on the primary or secondary (JANSSEN 1965). rachises. The rachises were usually striate. Pinnules strongly asymmetric, fused at the Incertae sedis base, decurrent at the basiscopic side, straight or lightly constricted at the acroscopic side. Genus: Sphenopteris (Brongniart) Stern- Pinnule lamina generally rather thick, with a berg, 1825 ( STERNBERG 1825). vaulted aspect. Venation characterized by a Typus: Sphenopteris elegans (Brongniart, well marked and strongly decurrent midvein 1822) Sternberg, 1825 ( BRONGNIART 1822; and numerous, non-anastomosed laterals that STERNBERG 1825). meet the pinnule margin at about right-angles This genus accommodates pinnae which or somewhat obliquely. The lateral veins fork are alternate and narrowly attached to the at irregular intervals, mostly one time, some - rachis. The pinnae are lobed to pinnatifid. The times by a tripartite division, and occasionally pinnules are broad to narrowly attached to the each fork divides again ( ZODROW & CLEAL rachis ( DILCHER et al . 2005). Sphenopteris is a 1998). form-genus that may represent foliar remains Alethopteris serlii (Brongniart) Göppert of pteridophytes, pteridosperms or other nov. emend., 1804 ( GÖPPERT 1836). groups. Pinnules fairly large, 8-37 mm long and 5- Sphenopteris affinis Lindley et Hutton, 10 mm wide, with typically biconvex lateral 1832 ( LINDLEY & HUTTON 1831-1833). margins and bluntly acuminate apex. Midvein The large compound fronds of this species moderately thin. Lateral veins generally per - are characterized by the regular dichotomy of pendicular, once or twice (rarely three times) the main branches, a feature frequently met forking, and flexuous. Terminal pinnule stout with in Palaeozoic fern-like leaves: the cuneate and well individualized ( ZODROW & CLEAL or oval cuneiform pinnules vary considerably 1998). in dimension. Several spreading veins cross Genus: Neuropteris (Brongniart), EWARD the lamina ( S 1963). Sternberg, 1825 ( STERNBERG 1825). Genus: Noeggerathia Sternberg, 1823

111 Typus: Neuropteris heterophylla (Brogni- basal part of the lamina ( SEWARD 1963). art) Sternberg, 1825 ( STERNBERG 1825). Odontopteris occurs from Upper Cretaceous to Following the emendation by CLEAL et al. the Permian ( STEWART & ROTHWELL 1993). (1990) and CLEAL & SHUTE (1992, 1995), the Family: Mariopteridaceae main diagnostic features are: fronds bipartite, Genus: Mariopteris Zeiller, 1879 ( ZEILLER with tri- or occasionally quadripinnate primary 1879). rachis branches. Orbicular cyclopterids absent This name is applied to Palaeozoic fronds from the lower part of frond. Pinnules basally characterised by a double bifurcation of the constricted. Lateral veins broadly arched or rachis of the pinnae. Mariopteris muricata (= flexuous. Pinnules hypostomatic ( LAVEINE Pecopteris muricata Schloth.; SCHLOTHEIM 1998). 1820) may be taken as the type of the genus. Neuropteris gigantea Sternberg, 1825 This species is common in the Lower and (STERNBERG 1825). Middle Coal Measures of Britain. The main Frond bipinnate, pinnules cordate-oblong, rachis gives off alternate naked branches, each obtuse, flexed, entire. Frond strong, palmate- of which bifurcates at its apex into two short auricular, thick, pinnae alternate, pinnules naked axes, and these are again forked, the opposite, 18 to 20 pairs, more generally striate ultimate branches having a bipinnate form, (JANSSEN 1940). which bear large Sphenopteroid pinnules Laveinopteris loshii (Brongniart) Cleal et al ., 1990 (= Neuropteris loshii Brongniart) Class CORDAITOPSIDA (CLEAL et al . 1990). Order: Cordaitales Fronds with no pinnae attached to primary Family Cordaitaceae rachis. Apical pinnules on all pinnae deltoid, Genus: Cordaites Unger, 1850 ( UNGER trilobate, squat. Penultimate pinnae parallel- 1850). sided for most length, but taper rapidly near Typus: Cordaites borassifolius (Stenberg) apex. Ultimate pinnae elongate oval, with Unger, 1850 ( UNGER 1850). alternately and obliquely attached oval pin - Linear fragment of leaf that display an nules that have rounded or bluntly acuminate entire margin. Length 50 cm, basal width 4 cm, apex, and markedly cordate base. Midvein dis - apical width 6 cm. Numerous closely packed tinct for one–half to two-thirds of pinnule parallel longitudinal veins, about 30-40 per cm length. Lateral veins delicate, emerging from (DILCHER et al . 2005). midvein at a narrow angle, forking two or three Cordaites are a large and diversified group times, broadly arched, and meet the pinnule of extinct gymnosperm trees and shrubs that margin at variable angles ( CLEAL & SHUTE were widespread in the Carboniferous, inhabit - 2003). ing a variety of ecological niches. Their taxon - Genus: Odontopteris Brongniart, 1831 omy is based on morphological features, such (BRONGNIART 1831). as number of veins/linear cm, which is known Typus: Odontopteris brardii (Brogniart) to be unreliable for taxonomy ( ZODROW et al. (BROGNIART 1822). 2003). Genus instituted for compound fronds from the Coal-Measures characterised by pinnules Class: PINOPSIDA inserted by the whole breadth of the base and Order: Voltziales crossed by numerous forked veins. Pinnules Family: Walchiaceae often present on the primary rachis and in Genus: Walchia Sternberg, 1825 ( STERN - some species the petiole bears modified pin - BERG 1825). nules which are larger than the ultimate seg - Typus: Walchia piniformis Sternberg, 1825 ments of the pinnae and in some cases (STERNBERG 1825). cyclopteroid in shape. The pinnules are The name Walchia is applied to foliage- trasversed by numerous dichotomously bran- shoots, occasionally bearing terminal cones. ched veins, midrib absent or limited to the Foliage-shoots are characterised by a pinnate

112 Table 1 - Studied specimens with original and revised nomenclature 1

Access. Revised No. Original nomenclature Nomenclature Formation Provenance BC 1 Calamites cannaeformis Calamites gigas Bohemia BC 2 Sphenopteris sp. Confirmed Coal Measures Staffordshire BC 3 Noeggerathia flabellata (Lindt) Noeggerathia sp. Coal Measures Newcastle BC 4 Sphenopteris affinis Confirmed Coal Measures Edinburgh BC 5 Pecopteris sp U.S.A. BC 6 Sigillaria reniformis Confirmed Coal Measures Newcastle BC 7 Lepidodendron obovatum Lepidodendron aculeatum Bohemia BC 8 Lepidodendron Confirmed BC 9 Alethopteris cf. s erlii BC 10 Stigmaria ficoides Confirmed England BC 11 Alethopteris serlii Brong. Confirmed Coal Measures Dudley, Staffordshire BC 12 Syringodendron Bohemia BC 13 Pecopteris ? BC 14 Neuropteris gigantea Sternb. Confirmed Coal Measures Staffordshire BC 15 Neuropteris gigantea Confirmed Coal Shale Dudley BC 16 Pecopteris sp. Confirmed Coal Measures Staffordshire BC 17 n.d. BC 18 Mariopteris sp. BC 18 Alethopteris sp. BC 19 Annularia sp. BC 20 Neuropteris gigantea Sternb. Confirmed Coal Measures Newcastle BC 21 Nephropterys genarium Neuropteris sp. Coal Shale Dudley BC 22 Pecopteris sp. Pecopteris cfr . plumosa ? Coal Measures Shropshire BC 23 Alethopteris lonchitidis Sternb Confirmed Coal Shale Dudley BC 24 Stigmaria ficoides Confirmed England BC 25 Pecopteris miltoni Confirmed Coal Measures Bendley BC 26 Stigmaria sp. BC 27 Neuropteris loshii Confirmed Coal Shale Dudley BC 28 Sigillaria mammilaria Brong. Confirmed Coal Beds, Steinkohlenlager Mons, Belgium BC 29 Calamites ? BC 30 Sphenopteris sp. Confirmed Coal Measures Dudley BC 31 n.d. BC 32 Pecopteris sp. England BC 33 Syringodendron sp. BC 34 Pecopteris sp. BC 35 n.d. BC 36 Cordaites sp. BC 37 Neuropteris sp. BC 38 Odontopteris sp. BC 39 Neuropteris sp. BC 40 Alethopteris (Serii) Brgt Alethopteris cf. serlii BC 41 Walchia ? BC 41 Sphenopteris sp. BC 42 Pecopteris sp. BC 43 Alethopteris lonchitidis Sternb Confirmed Coal Measures Newcastle BC 44 Pecopteris sp. BC 45 Lepidodendron elegans (Brong.) Lepidodendron simile Coal Measures Bishop Auckland Durham BC 45 Neuropteris sp. Coal Measures Bishop Auckland Durham BC 46 Calamites sp. Bohemia

113 Table 1 - Continued

Access. Revised No. Original nomenclature Nomenclature Formation Provenance BC 47 Syringodendron Bohemia BC 48 n.d. England BC 49 Annularia sp. U.S.A. BC 50 Sigillaria Syringodendron BC 51 Sigillaria sp. Bohemia BC 52 Pecopteris sp. BC 53 Pecopteris villosa Pecopteris miltoni Coal Measures Grundy County, Illinois, U.S.A. cf. Mazon Creek BC 54 Pecopteris miltoni U.S.A. BC 55 n.d. BC 56 Stigmaria ficoides Confirmed BC 57 n.d. BC 58 Pecopteris plumosa Pecopteris sp. BC 59 Neuropteris gigantea Confirmed Coal Shale Dudley BC 60 Calamites ? Bohemia BC 61 Calamites sp. BC 62 Neuropteris loshii Confirmed Coal Measures Newcastle BC 62 Noeggerathia flabellata Confirmed Coal Measures Newcastle BC 63 Sigillaria oculata n.d. Coal Measures Newcastle BC 64 Sphenopteris sp.

1Information on original nomenclature, formation and provenance derives from labels on specimens; blanks indicate absence of information; ? = uncertain; n.d. = not determined. arrangement of the ultimate branches attached spermopsida. The presence of Carboniferous at right angles or obliquely to an axis of high - plant fossils from several European and North er order. Leaves are spirally disposed, crowded American localities allows an interesting com - and imbricate, short and ovate or linear and parison of Carboniferous paleofloras and spe- spreading, usually tetragonal and more or less cimens of the same genera from different geo - falcate and decurrent ( SEWARD 1963). graphic areas. In addition, this collection, due Specimens that lack preserved cuticles are to the attention of the Cerio family to paleon - placed in the form genus Walchia (STEWART & tological studies, may play a noteworthy role ROTHWELL 1993). as a teaching collection. Thus, the significance of the plant fossil collection of the CCIC lies mainly in its historical and didactic value. CONCLUSIONS Acknowledgements. We wish to thank The collection appears to have been Professor Filippo Barattolo, Director of the assembled to demonstrate a diversity of “Centro Caprense Ignazio Cerio” Museum, Carboniferous age plants. The collection Claudio Giordano, President of the “Centro includes plant fossils related to the main orders Caprense Ignazio Cerio”, who graciously living in the Carboniferous, including genera allowed the study of the collection, and Drs. referred to Lepidodendrales, Calamitales, Gar W. Rothwell and Gene K. Mapes, Ohio Marattiales, Medullosales, Cordaitales, and University, for assistance in specimen identifi - Voltziales, as well as genera of uncertain affi- cation. nity probably related to Filicopsida or Pterido-

114 LITERATURE CITED

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115 Cur. 17 (Suppl.): pp. i-xxxii, 1-486, pls. 1-44, erter und fossiler Ueberreste des Thierund Halle. Pflanzen reichs der Vorwelt erläutert. Gotha. JONGMANS W. 1909. The flora of the Dutch SEWARD A.C. 1963. Fossil plants. V. II. Carboniferous. Meded. Rijks Opsporing Hafner Pub. Comp. New York & London. Delfstoffen 2. STERNBERG K.M. 1820-1838.Versuch einer JANSSEN R.E. 1940. Some fossil plant types geognostischbotanischen Darstellung der Flora of Illinois. Scientific Papers, Vol. I. Illinois der Vorwelt: v. I II, Prague. State Museum. Springfield, Illinois, U. S. A. STEWART W.N., ROTHWELL G.W. 1993. JANSSEN R.E. 1965. Leaves and stems from Paleobotany and the evolution of plants. fossil forests. Popular Science Series, Vol I. Cambridge University Press. Illinois State Museum. Springfield, Illinois, U. TAYLOR N.T., T AYLOR E.L. 1993. The bio- S. A. logy and evolution of fossil plants. Prentice LAVEINE J.P. 1998. Proposal to conserve the Hall. Inc. New Jersey. name Neuropteris (fossil plants) with a con - UNGER F. 1850. Genera et species plan - served spelling and ultimate type. Taxon 47: tarum fossilium. 627 pp. Vindobonae. 45–46. ZEILLER R. 1879. Note sur le genre Mariop- LEISMAN G.A.. 1970. A petrified teris . Bull. Soc. Géol. France (3), tome VII., p. Sporangio-strobus and its spores from the 92. Middle Pen-nsylvanian of Kansas. ZODROW E.L., CLEAL C.J. 1998. Revision Palaeontographica 129 B: 166-177. of the Pteridosperm foliage Alethopteris and LINDLEY J, H UTTON W. 1831-1833. The fos - Lonchopteridium (Upper Carboniferous), sil flora of Great Britain. Vol. I: James Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada. Ridgeway and Sons, London. Palaeontographica 247 B: 65-122. OLEKSYSHYM J. 1982. Fossil plants from ZODROW E.L., MASTALERZ M., SIMUNEK Z. the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsyl- 2003. FTIR-derived characteristics of fossil vania. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Gene- gymnosperm leaf remains of Cordaites prin- ral Geological Report 72. cipalis and Cordaites borassifolius (Pennsyl- SCHLOTHEIM E.F . 1820. Die petrefacten- vanian, Maritimes Canada and Czech Repu- kunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch blic). International Journal of Coal Geology die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung verstein - 55: 95-102.

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