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Emergence and Transformation of Marine Fisheries in the Andaman Islands Emergence and Transformation of Marine Fisheries In Emergence and Transformation of Marine Fisheries in the Andaman Islands Citation: Advani, S., A. Sridhar, N. Namboothri, M. Chandi and M.A. Oommen. 2013. Emergence and transformation of marine fisheries in the Andaman EMERGENCE AND TRANSFORMATION Islands. 50 pages. Dakshin Foundation and ANET. Design and layout: Seema Shenoy OF MARINE FISHERIES Image credits: IN THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS Aarthi Sridhar: Pages 5 (bottom), 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 17 (bottom), 18,19, 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, and 40 Sahir Advani: Pages 17 (top), 33, and 42 Manish Chandi: Page 5 (top) Cover photo: Traditional motorised boat or bonga dungi anchored off Rutland Island (Photo: Sahir Advani) Illustration on Pages 24–25: Adapted from Mouat, F.J. 1995. The Andaman islanders. Reprint of Adventures and researches among the Andaman islanders (1863). Mittal Publications: New Delhi. Sahir Advani, Aarthi Sridhar, Naveen Namboothri, Manish Chandi and Meera Anna Oommen Dakshin Foundation and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team (ANET) 2013 Acknowledgements CONTENTS This report would not have been possible without the generosity of several people from the fishing community of the Andaman Islands. B. Bhairagi, Introduction 3 Manik Sarkar, Dhiren Mistry, Sushanto Sutradoy, Praveen Majhi, Ranjit Rai, Sapan Haldar, A.K. Govindlal, Saw Alex, Saw Pa-Aung (Uncle Paung), Types of fisheries and fishing vessels 6 Saw Allan Vaughan, Saw Boney, Saw Tonio, and Saw Samuel provided indispensable information about the history of fishing, fishing practices Profiles of fishing communities and villages 8 and problems faced by fishers in these islands. Srinivasa Rao, the President Target species and fishing gear 11 of the Srikakulam Fisheries Society shared his insights about fishermen’s cooperatives and their interactions with the Directorate of Fisheries. Saw Access to infrastructure 15 Maung Tein Shwe provided a unique insight into the nappi fishery, while Marketing facilities; intermediaries in fisheries 18 Saw Thompson described for us the operation of fishing markets and growth of the marine export industry in these islands. We owe thanks to staff from Species targeted for fisheries 20 the Rajiv Gandhi Aquaculture Centre (RGCA), Kodiaghat, for giving us a Shellfish fishery 21 tour of the facility and patiently answering all our questions. Thanks are also Sea cucumber fishery 23 owed to the staff at Islander Marine Products Pvt. Limited (IMPL), South Andaman, and Rubin Seafood Limited, Sippighat, for letting us explore Prawn and crustacean fishery 26 their facilities and providing an insight into the seafood export industry. Elasmobranch fishery 28 Finfish fishery 32 From the Directorate of Fisheries, Mr Arif Mustafa has been a steadfast and reliable source of knowledge about the administration and management Bycatch 35 of fisheries in the islands, and was extremely supportive in furthering our Fishing grounds 37 research efforts. From the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team (ANET), we would like to thank Saw John, Tasneem Khan, and Fisheries governance 40 Umeed Mistry for many fruitful conversations on the islands’ ecology and people. Without the logistic and research infrastructure at ANET, this kind Fisheries schemes and subsidies 41 of work would not have been possible. Kartik Shanker provided useful Export markets 42 comments on drafts of the report. Illegal fishing 43 We are grateful to Rohini Nilekani, Bangalore, and the Duleep Matthai Opportunities for advancing fisheries management 46 Nature Conservation Trust for their generous grants to Dakshin Foundation which funded our research and the production of this report. Bibliography 47 Landfall I. West I. INTRODUCTION North Table I. Andaman Durgapur Taal Bagaan Diglipur The coastal waters surrounding the archipelago of The Jarawa, an aboriginal people now located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, located in the a tribal reserve on the eastern margins of North N. Reef I. Kalighat Bay of Bengal, account for about 28% of India’s and Middle Andaman, used to catch fish near the Exclusive Economic Zone, while the islands shore by shooting at them with bow and arrow or Sound I. themselves make up 24% of the Indian coastline. by hand collecting molluscs and other shellfish Interview I. Austen Strait Indeed, the entire political and social history of (UNESCO 2010). The Great Andamanese Mayabunder these islands and its inhabitants is shaped by its and the Onge used to follow similar practices; coastal and marine ecosystems and habitats. however, they developed boat technology and Billyground used dugout canoes to paddle or punt to reef Middle Cuthbert Bay 306 islands and 206 islets form the Andaman edges to catch fish, turtles, stingrays, etc. Located Andaman Flat I. Nimbutala group, which is divided into three major areas— on Little Andaman, the Onges have been Rangat North, Middle, and South Andaman. These reported to be good seafarers with their fishing Long I. islands are encircled by large coral reef banks and grounds stretching 60 km north up to Rutland. Uttara vast stretches of open ocean, which are habitats They would access this ground by sailing along Spike I. Outram I. for demersal and pelagic fish stocks. Demersal the line of islands connecting Little Andaman to Baratang I. Barren I. Ritchie’s fish stocks include coral reef associated fish and South Andaman. The Onge also used harpoons Archipelago crustaceans, while pelagic fish stocks can include and fishing arrows with flattened, sharp heads South Shoal coastal and oceanic fish stocks present in the (Sircar 2004). The Great Andamanese were Andaman Bay Havelock I. water column. Over 282 commercially important actually an agglomeration of several tribes and species are present in the waters of the Andaman covered a large area of the Andaman group of Neil I. and Nicobar Islands, making them important islands. According to reports by early British Port Mouat areas for fishing and marine resource extraction colonialists, they used to eat a variety of fish and Hope Town (Rajan 2003). Estimates by the Fishery Survey of shellfish. They had two types of fishing arrows, Wandoor Port Blair India (FSI) suggest that these islands are home one which consisted of a shaft of Bambusa nana N. Sentinel I. to 9.2% demersal, 57.1% coastal, and 33.7% 3.6 feet long with a sharpened point; the other Chidiyatapu oceanic fish stocks (Anrose et al. 2009). type was similar in construction, but was 4.5 feet long and had a tip that used to be made out Rutland I. The original inhabitants of these islands of the serrated bone at the base of stingray tails Cinque I. consisted of several aboriginal tribes who used (Man 1883). The Andamanese were one of the Passage I. Sisters I. to occasionally fish and glean shellfish off the tribal groups that used nets to catch fish. Women reefs encircling these islands. Fishing practices used to make nets out of twine that was made and grounds varied between the tribes, whose by twisting natural fibres together. For stronger S. Sentinel I. N. Brother I. territories covered large areas of the islands and nets, fibres from Melochia velutina were used, S. Brother I. near shore waters. Collective fishing was carried while smaller hand nets were made from Gnetum N out by these tribes solely for self-consumption, edule (Man 1883). With colonisation and the Little i.e. subsistence, and these fisheries were most establishment of a penal settlement, interactions Andaman 0 10 20 km likely traditionally managed using simple gear. of outsiders with the tribal population, both 2 3 positive and negative, began to increase. Hostile effectively documented before, and in recent raids by the Jarawa were a frequent phenomenon. times, neither has their continued sustainability Attempts at ‘civilising’ tribal groups like the Great been considered. This study aims at providing a Andamanese and Onge led to the decimation of snapshot of the multiple fisheries in the Andaman the Andamanese population and alteration of Islands, while retracing their development up to fishing practices for both groups. Nowadays, the the present. Additionally, livelihoods of various reduced populations of both groups use modern fishing communities and threats to conservation fishing techniques like iron hooks and nylon of multiple targeted species are also considered. lines for subsistence fishing. Researchers from Dakshin Foundation and the In 1955, in order to exploit the pristine fish Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental stocks of the Andaman Islands, the Directorate of Team (ANET) undertook a week-long survey Fisheries settled fisherfolk families from Kerala, in December 2011, visiting important fishing Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal locations in the Andaman Islands to understand via the ‘Fishermen Settlement Scheme’. Since their present day fisheries. Detailed interviews then, many more fisherfolk families have settled conducted with fishers at each of these landing in these islands, either voluntarily or through sites and fishing villages helped construct our government settlement schemes (Dorairaj and present understanding of the nature of fisheries Soundararajan 1985; Whittingham et al. 2003). in these islands. We were also able to hold The early commercial fishing settlements thus detailed conversations with fisheries experts, consisted of fisherfolk from multiple cultures government officials from the Andaman and who used only non-motorised craft and Nicobar Directorate of Fisheries, and scientists traditional fishing gear. An increasing influx researching fisheries in these islands. We of fishers from the mainland over the years, provide in this report, a brief assessment that along with government-supported expansion includes an overview of the targeted species, the of fisheries, has resulted in the highly organised transformations and modifications of fishing fisheries of the Andaman Islands today that craft and gear utilised at present, and changes target a variety of marine species for both export in the demographics of fisheries in these islands. and local consumption. However, the growth of We also identify priority areas for research and various aspects of these fisheries have not been management of this under-studied fishery.
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