La Force Féminine Dans Lettres D'une Péruvienne Et Gigi

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La Force Féminine Dans Lettres D'une Péruvienne Et Gigi L’É RUDIT FRANCO -ESPAGNOL , VOLUME 4, DECEMBER 2013 La force féminine dans Lettres d’une Péruvienne et Gigi Erin Lamm Boston University En 1747, Françoise de Graffigny 1 publiait une première édition de son roman épistolaire, Lettres d’une Péruvienne (l’édition définitive date de 1752), et, en 1942, Colette faisait paraître une version de ce qui deviendra sa nouvelle Gigi , sous le titre L’attardée dans la revue Présent .2 Les deux héroïnes, Zilia et Gilberte, au seuil de leur vie d’adulte, sont en cours d’achever une formation qui est censée mener à leur entrée dans le monde ou dans le demi-monde en France. 3 Ces deux milieux représentent deux sociétés aux mœurs divergentes, bien que, sous certains aspects, les comportements de la noblesse française puissent être comparables à ceux du demi-monde à la Belle Époque. L’étude suivante entend examiner les similitudes et les différences entre les conceptions de la construction sociale de la femme, tant au niveau corporel que spirituel, chez Madame de Graffigny et chez Colette. Pour accomplir leur analyse, chaque auteur(e) 4 explore la condition féminine au travers d’une description détaillée et nuancée de la formation des jeunes filles à leurs époques respectives. En raison des convenances sociales en vigueur, Madame de Graffigny favorise un sentimentalisme représentatif d’une femme cultivée du dix-huitième siècle. En revanche, Colette exploite le genre de la nouvelle/du roman court, souvent drôle, où les sentiments se mélangent avec l’humour. Au contraire de Madame de Graffigny, Colette n’essaie pas forcément de convaincre ses lecteurs de la vérité de Gigi .5 Elle écrit, tout simplement, une fiction drôle, pour amuser et instruire ses lecteurs : le public bourgeois. Le sentimentalisme l’ennuyait, et elle savait que pour vendre 1 Graffigny est parfois épelé avec deux f et parfois avec un seul f. J’ai choisi de maintenir l’orthographe avec deux f en raison de la Correspondance qui est souvent citée comme l’édition de référence. 2 Lettres d’une Péruvienne et Gigi ont connu un succès triomphant auprès des premiers lecteurs (Bray et Landy-Houillon, Notice 239 ; Pichois et Brunet 450). 3 Le demi-monde désigne un milieu féminin où les femmes exerçaient le pouvoir. Ce milieu a existé jusqu’à la Grande Guerre. 4 Le e se trouve entre parenthèses car une telle dénotation du sexe de Madame de Graffigny pourrait être considérée comme un anachronisme flagrant. Je la désignerai en tant que femme écrivain tandis que pour décrire Colette j’utiliserai le terme écrivaine (elle l’emploie pour se décrire dans Le fanal bleu ). 5 Dans Près de Colette , Maurice Goudeket donne une source possible pour Gigi qui suggère que cette histoire se fonde sur une personne réelle. Pourtant, à ma connaissance, Colette n’a fait aucune déclaration catégorique à ce sujet. 38 L’É RUDIT FRANCO -ESPAGNOL , VOLUME 4, DECEMBER 2013 son texte à ses contemporains — une de ses préoccupations majeures (Ladenson 26) — il fallait exprimer les sentiments autrement. 6 Les œuvres au regard de la biographie Les différences et les similitudes de nos deux romancières s’avèrent instructives : elles permettent une mise en parallèle de leur carrière littéraire, et elles contribuent à la compréhension de nos deux récits. Toutes deux étaient des femmes libres qui examinaient les relations et les rapports de force entre les sexes au travers de leur écriture. Le degré de familiarité dont elles pouvaient jouir par rapport aux hommes relève essentiellement d’une différence d’époques. Colette se permet un style plus familier et plus intime car elle avait l’habitude de se dévoiler en partie sur la scène, et, au moment où elle rédige son texte, les convenances sociales sont en pleine mutation. À titre d’exemple textuel, Gilberte appelle Gaston Lachaille « Tonton », ce qui souligne leur niveau d’intimité. Madame de Graffigny doit a contrario se préoccuper davantage de la pudeur puisqu’elle ne recherche pas le mariage (voire le rejette complètement) : par conséquent, elle ne peut se permettre de paraître aussi engagée que Colette. D’ailleurs, l’ami intime de Madame de Graffigny, François-Antoine Deveaux, a probablement inspiré le personnage de Déterville sans que la femme écrivain n’ait jamais complètement dévoilé son identité. Elle a entretenu avec lui une correspondance riche et florissante qui met en relief des similitudes facilement repérables entre la femme auteur et son héroïne Zilia (Graffigny, Correspondance ). Chacune des deux femmes de lettres a connu un succès littéraire distinct, peut-être en raison d’une évolution des valeurs sociales qui favorisaient le succès de Colette plutôt que celui de Madame de Graffigny. Marie-France Silver et Marie-Laure Girou Swiderski affirment que les femmes épistolaires ou les femmes en marge étaient libérées « de la hantise des règles ». Pourtant, des biographes tels que English Showalter soutiennent que Madame de Graffigny respectait à la lettre les convenances sociales, à l’exception de celles qui réglementaient le mariage : « She herself had almost nothing, except pride and virtue— like the heroines of eighteenth-century sentimental literature » ( Françoise de Graffigny 45). En revanche, Colette a su enfreindre légèrement les conventions gouvernant la conduite féminine à une époque où cela loin d’être acceptable représentait une nouveauté (Ladenson 32). Paradoxalement, briser ces règles était relativement apprécié, bien que toujours sévèrement sanctionné. Ce goût pour l’insolence expliquerait qu’autour de 1830 les lecteurs se soient lassés de Madame de Graffigny, une époque où George Sand, une femme qui bravait aussi ouvertement qu’elle le pouvait les convenances françaises, commençait à connaitre une certaine renommée (Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny xv). Au cours de cette période, Madame de Graffigny perd de son prestige, le public n’appréciant plus ses observations. Cette indifférence peut s’expliquer par l’accommodation de ses anciens lecteurs aux critiques sociales plus incisives de Sand, suivies par celles de Colette. Les deux textes que nous nous proposons d’étudier occupent une place privilégiée dans les œuvres respectives de nos auteurs, illustrant certains traits caractéristiques de leurs styles et de leurs époques. Lettres d’une Péruvienne est un roman épistolaire rédigé à la première personne qui présente un intérêt marqué pour la condition féminine au dix- 6 Madame de Graffigny aussi cherchait à combler les attentes de son public et de ses protecteurs : la noblesse et la haute bourgeoisie françaises. 39 L’É RUDIT FRANCO -ESPAGNOL , VOLUME 4, DECEMBER 2013 huitième siècle. Cette préoccupation de Madame de Graffigny pour le sort des femmes frappe à la fois les lecteurs de sa correspondance 7 et ceux de sa biographie. Il est important de préciser que les Lettres d’une Péruvienne ne sont pas qu’une simple fiction : elles entretiennent une relation de proximité avec la vie personnelle de leur auteur. Showalter affirme que la femme écrivain se sentait aussi étrangère à Lunéville que Zilia l’était en France. Qui plus est, Madame de Graffigny, partage avec son héroïne une certaine forme d’instabilité, elle qui dépendait de ses mécènes pour la soutenir financièrement : . Madame de Graffigny stayed on in Lunéville after the court left. Her protectors and many other friends were gone. Her ducal pension fell into arrears. She ran up more and more debts, living hand to mouth, looking for a way out. Although her situation was growing increasingly desperate, by remaining in Lunéville, Mme de Graffigny had time to meet some members of the incoming court and new administration. (Showalter, Françoise de Graffigny 33) La phrase « [h]er protectors and many other friends were gone » illustre l’étendue de sa dépendance. Les références répétées aux dettes et à sa situation extrêmement précaire reflètent l’ampleur de ses difficultés. La dernière phrase de cette citation met clairement en relief la motivation de Madame de Graffigny de rester à Lunéville : elle tient en effet à créer des relations utiles qui pourront remplir à la fois son esprit et sa bourse. Aux prises avec une situation comparable à celle de sa créatrice, Zilia écrit : « Cependant je ne puis encore juger de rien ; mon esprit flotte toujours dans une mer d’incertitudes ; mon cœur seul, inébranlable, ne désire, n’espère, et n’attend qu’un bonheur sans lequel tout ne peut être que peines » (Lettres 280). Si l’on accepte l’analogie entre la femme écrivain et son héroïne dans ce contexte, l’énoncé « je ne puis encore juger de rien » et l’énoncé « mon esprit flotte toujours dans une mer d’incertitudes » mettent en relief l’ignorance et l’indécision de ces deux femmes. La portée féministe de l’œuvre de Madame de Graffigny ressort clairement dès la première lecture, la femme écrivain prônant l’importance de l’instruction féminine. Sa biographie révèle qu’elle critiquait aussi sévèrement que sa protagoniste les précieuses, comme Madame de Stainville, qu’elle trouvait profondément ennuyeuses. Elle ne les jugeait intéressantes que lorsque ces femmes transmettaient leurs connaissances qui portaient sur les convenances parisiennes et sur l’importance des courtisanes célèbres de la capitale telles que la comtesse de Verrue, Madame de Mailly et Madame de Montmartel. Ce n’est que par leur habileté à perfectionner leur réputation que ces femmes pouvaient lui servir de modèle. Sans surprise, son roman épistolaire accentue également l’importance de l’instruction et de l’intelligence que Zilia doit acquérir. Cette formation est beaucoup plus littérale et langagière que celle que Showalter attribue à Madame de Graffigny. En analysant son écriture, Zilia s’exprime ainsi : « Je suis encore si peu habile dans l’art d’écrire, mon cher Aza, qu’il me faut un temps infini pour former très peu de lignes. Il arrive souvent qu’après avoir beaucoup écrit, je ne puis deviner moi-même ce que j’ai cru exprimer » ( Lettres 300).
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