10. Persia Through the Jewish Looking-Glass 231
10.PersiaThrough the JewishLooking-Glass Persia holds aspecial place in Jewishtradition. Whereas the Bible’scastofvil- lains and oppressive states is along one, the Persian kingdom stands out as a shining exception.The victories of Cyrus toppled the Babylonian empire,the king released the Israelites from their bondage, ordered the restoration of their sacred objects, and authorized theirreturn to the homeland—even encouraged and helped to finance it. Cyrus, not surprisingly,receivesavery good press in Jewishsources. And so, by extension, does the Persianrealm under whose aegis the Jews dwelled quite contentedly(as far as the recordgoes)for two centuries thereafter.Cyrus enjoys extraordinarilyhighesteem from the author whom we conventionallylabel as Second Isaiah and in the booksofEzra-Nehemiah. Second Isaiah heapspraise upon him, proclaiming his triumphs over all foes, prophesying his victory over Babylon, his liberation of the exiles, and his instructions to rebuild Jerusalem and its temple, as the arm of the Lord.¹ The Book of Ezraontwo separate occa- sions records adecree (or two decrees) in which Cyrus officiallyauthorizes the construction of the Temple, the restoration of the sacredarticles, and provisions for paying the costs.² And allusion to his role in the creation of anew temple re- surfaces in the Sibylline Oracles.³ Nor is this rosy portrait of Cyrus apurelyJewishconstruct.Hegets high marks in Herodotusand in Aeschylus’ playthe Persae. Xenophon madehim the subjectofalaudatory fictional biography. Alexander the Great paidsignal homagetothe tomb of Cyrus in Pasargadae, orderingits repair,renovation, and enhancement.Itwas apoint of pride for the Macedonian king. The Jews certainlyhad reason to express gratitude.Cyrus’ successfulsup- planting of Babylonian rule made possible the Israelite return from exile and le- gitimized the reconstruction of the Temple, accordingtotradition.
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