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Anatomia Da Madeira De Schwartzia Brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell Ex Gir.-Cañas (Marcgraviaceae)1

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Anatomia Da Madeira De Schwartzia Brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell Ex Gir.-Cañas (Marcgraviaceae)1 BALDUINIA, n. 55, p. 08-16, 10-XI-2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2358198023094 ANATOMIA DA MADEIRA DE SCHWARTZIA BRASILIENSIS (CHOISY) BEDELL EX GIR.-CAÑAS (MARCGRAVIACEAE)1 JOÃO CARLOS FERREIRA DE MELO JÚNIOR2 MAICK WILLIAN AMORIM3 ÍGOR ABBA ARRIOLA4 RESUMO O presente estudo descreve e ilustra a anatomia da madeira de Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae), com base em material procedente da restinga de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os caracteres anatômicos de destaque são: camadas de crescimento distintas, porosidade difusa, pontoações intervasculares alternas, fibras septadas, parênquima axial apotraqueal e paratraqueal, raios extremamente altos e heterogêneos, e inclusões minerais em células do raio e do parênquima axial. Palavras-chave: anatomia do lenho, Marcgraviaceae, Schwartzia brasiliensis. ABSTRACT [Wood anatomy of Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir-Cañas (Marcgraviaceae)]. This study describes and illustrates the anatomy of the wood of Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae), based on material from a sandbank in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The highlight of anatomical characters are: distinct growth rings, diffuse porosity, alternate intervessel pits, septated fibers, apotracheal and paratracheal axial parenchyma, extremely high and heterogeneous rays and mineral inclusions in ray cells and axial parenchyma cells. Keywords: Marcgraviaceae, Schwartzia brasiliensis, wood anatomy. INTRODUÇÃO E REVISÃO DE LITERATU- Dentro desta família encontra-se o comple- RA xo Norantea (lato sensu), que abrange os gêne- Marcgraviaceae possui oito gêneros e cerca ros Marcgraviastrum, Sarcopera Bedell, de 130 espécies de distribuição exclusivamente Norantea Aubl. (stricto sensu) e Schwartzia, neotropical, desde o sul do México até o norte anteriormente agrupados sob o mesmo gênero da Bolívia e o sul do Brasil (Giraldo-Cañas, (de Roon & Dressler, 1997; Giraldo-Cañas, 1999, 2007; Picca & Giraldo-Cañas, 1999; 2002). Com a confirmação de que Norantea não Dressler, 2004). Os principais gêneros da famí- é um gênero monofilético, e devido à lia são: Marcgravia L. (65 spp.), Souroubea heterogeneidade entre as espécies do grupo, es- Aubl. (19 spp.), Marcgraviastrum (Wittm. ex tas foram segregadas em quatro gêneros (Ward Szyszy.) de Roon & S. Dressler e Schwartzia & Price, 2002; Giraldo-Cañas & Fiaschi, 2005). Vell. (ambos com 15 spp.) (Dressler, 2009). No Brasil ocorrem seis gêneros e, aproxi- madamente, 35 espécies; destas 11 são endê- 1 Recebido em 13-7-2016 e aceito para publicação em micas das florestas brasileiras, com registros em 12-9-2016. todos os estados (Souza, 2015). Assim, o Brasil 2 Biólogo, Doutor, Professor Titular do Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Anatomia e é o segundo país com a maior diversidade de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Marcgraviaceae, ficando atrás apenas da Colôm- Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. [email protected] 3 Acadêmico, curso de Ciências Biológicas – Meio bia, que tem cerca de 60 espécies da família em Ambiente e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Ciências sua flora (Giraldo-Cañas, 2004). Dentre os seis Biológicas, Univ. da Região de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. [email protected] gêneros ocorrentes no Brasil, incluem-se 4 Acadêmico, curso de Ciências Biológicas – Meio Ruyschia Jacq. e Souroubea, além dos quatro Ambiente e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade da Região de Joinville, gêneros do complexo Norantea (Giraldo-Cañas Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. [email protected] & Fiaschi, 2005; Souza, 2015). O gênero 8 Schwartzia distribui-se desde a Costa Rica, al- ga 40-83 flores, em raque com 21-32 cm de com- gumas ilhas no Caribe e Venezuela, até a Bolí- primento. Os nectários, de 6-10 × 4-7 mm, va- via e o sul do Brasil, ocorrendo em áreas riam de vináceos a roxos e localizam-se no ter- alagadas e florestas em diferentes estádios ço proximal do pedicelo; cocleariformes, apre- sucessionais, do nível do mar a 2500 m de alti- sentam abertura circular com borda levemente tude (Giraldo-Cañas, 2004). No Brasil, este gê- revoluta e pedicelo de 3-6 mm de comprimen- nero é representado por quatro espécies to. As flores, subopostas, têm inserção pedicelo- endêmicas: Schwartzia adamantium (Cambess.) flor reta, pedicelo de 1,5-3 cm de comprimento, Bedell ex. Gir.-Cañas, S. geniculatiflora Gir- bractéolas com cerca de 1 × 1 mm comprimen- Cañas & Fiaschi, S. jucuensis Gir.-Cañas e S. to, sépalas orbiculares amarelo-esverdeadas de brasiliensis (Giraldo-Cañas, 2004; Souza, 1-2 × cerca de 1 mm, pétalas de 4-6 × 3-5 mm, 2015). Destas, Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) obovadas, púrpura a vináceas, com ápice obtu- Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas destaca-se por apresentar so a levemente retuso, estames, 14, com cerca ampla distribuição geográfica, marcada pela de 1,5 mm de comprimento, adnatos às pétalas, presença em 15 estados (Ferreira, 1995; Souza, antera vinácea ou amarelada, pistilo com cerca 2015). de 1,5 mm comprimento, e ovário com 4 ou 5 Na região Sul, a família Marcgraviaceae está lóculos. Os frutos são globosos, apiculados, le- representada nos estados de Santa Catarina e vemente rugosos, de 7-12 mm de diâmetro. As Paraná por Marcgravia polyantha Delpino e sementes, numerosas, semilunares, rugosas, Schwartzia brasiliensis (Vibrans et al., 2013; reticuladas e escuro-brilhantes, medem 5-6 mm Souza, 2015). de comprimento por 1-1,5 mm de largura Schwartzia brasiliensis é encontrada nas re- (Giraldo-Cañas, 2004; Teixeira et al., 2013). giões Nordeste (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Considerada importante sob o ponto de vis- Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe), ta ecológico, como fornecedora de recursos para Centro-Oeste (Distrito Federal, Goiás), Sudes- a avifauna (Sazima et al., 1993), a espécie S. te (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janei- brasiliensis ainda é pouco estudada. No âmbito ro, São Paulo) e Sul (Paraná, Santa Catarina), da caracterização anatômica, tem-se registro de ocorrendo nos domínios fitogeográficos do Cer- apenas um estudo relativo à anatomia foliar rado (matas de galeria e campos rupestres), Ca- (Ferreira, 1982) e outro sobre a estrutura floral atinga stricto senso e Floresta Atlântica (Schönenberger et al., 2010). Neste sentido, o (manguezais e restingas), do nível do mar a presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar 1000m de altitude (Ferreira, 1995; Giraldo- a anatomia da madeira de Schwartzia Cañas, 2001; Giraldo-Cañas & Fiaschi, 2005; brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae), contribuindo Souza, 2015). com a ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre a Conhecida pelos nomes vernaculares de espécie. cachimbeira, cachimbinho e agarrapé (Ferreira, 1995; Santos et al., 2009; Melo Júnior & Boeger, MATERIAL E MÉTODOS 2015), Schwartzia brasiliensis é morfolo- O material botânico estudado é proveniente gicamente descrita como arbusto terrestre da formação arbustiva do ambiente de restinga, escandente de 6-25 m de altura e de ramos lisos no Parque Estadual Acaraí, localizado no mu- a levemente estriados. As folhas, com pecíolo nicípio de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina de 1,5 cm de comprimento, apresentam limbo (coordenadas 26º17’S e 48º33’W) (Figura 1). obovado (7-10 × 4-6cm), coriáceo, de base ob- Este parque é tido como o maior remanescente tusa a cuneada, ápice obtuso, com 3-6 pares de de restinga em área contínua no Estado, e reco- glândulas próximas da margem e 1 par de glân- nhecido como área de prioridade extremamen- dulas na base da lâmina. A inflorescência agre- te alta para a conservação da biodiversidade 9 FIGURA 1 – Localização do Parque Estadual Acaraí e da formação de restinga arbustiva (perfil), área de coleta dos indivíduos de Schwartzia brasiliensis para a caracterização anatômica da madeira. Fonte: Melo Jr. (2015). 10 (PROBIO, 2003). O clima, fortemente influen- Camadas de crescimento: distintas, de- ciado pela umidade marítima, é mesotérmico marcadas por espessamento radial da parede de sem estação seca definida, com verões quentes fibras no lenho tardio. (Cfa, segundo a classificação de Köppen) e ín- Vasos: porosidade difusa, sem arranjo defi- dices pluviométricos médios de 1.874 mm ao nido; predominantemente solitários, poucos ano (Knie, 2002). O relevo, de típica planície múltiplos de 2-5, raros racemiformes; diâmetro costeira, tem 6.667 ha recobertos por vegeta- tangencial de 60-104 µm (78,08 ± 11,78); ção de restinga das formações herbácea, frequência de 11-16 (17,49 ± 3,95) vasos/mm²; arbustiva, arbustivo-arbórea e floresta de tran- comprimento de 434-1132 µm (814,99 ± 133,82); sição, além de outras formações menos repre- placas de perfuração simples; pontoações sentativas, como floresta submontana, várzeas intervasculares alternas, areoladas, medianas, de e manguezais (FATMA, 2008). O solo da for- 4,0-6,8 µm (4,74 ± 0,67); pontoações radio- mação arbustiva é classificado como Espodos- vasculares com aréolas reduzidas, aparentemente solo Ferrihumilúvico (EPAGRI, 2002). simples; redondas ou angulares. No referido ambiente foram coletadas amos- Fibras: libriformes, septadas; comprimento tras de madeira da base do caule do perfilho de de 1043-1400 µm (1236,15 ± 88,92); largura de maior diâmetro, pertencente a cinco indivíduos 27-41 µm (33,89 ± 4,48); pontoações simples a amostrais de Schwartzia brasiliensis. Corpos de diminutas areoladas (vista longitudinal prova foram confeccionados para o cozimento tangencial); espessura da parede de fibras, de em água glicerinada e posterior secsagem em fina a espessa. micrótomo de deslize Zeiss,
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