CHRONICLES of MACHADO DE ASSIS (1888-1889) Bons Dias!

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VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB|MACHADO DE ASSIS| BONS DIAS! |GOOD DAYS! : THE BONS DIAS! CHRONICLES OF MACHADO DE ASSIS (1888-1889)

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20th MAY 2021, 18.30-21.00

Bons Dias! (1888-1889) by MACHADO DE ASSIS (1839-1908) translated as

GOOD DAYS!: THE BONS DIAS! CHRONICLES OF MACHADO DE ASSIS (1888-1889) Bilingual edition (2018)

Machado de Assis was a polymath and a world man of genius. Our book club Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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has been reading and discussing his oeuvre since its launch in January 2015.

In addition to his extraordinary novels, short stories, plays, and poems, he wrote inspirational, terse, witty, and humorous chronicles in newspaper columns.

Let’s travel back in time in the best possible company, and acquaint ourselves with the state of the world in 1888-1889 with plenty of the hot topics trending in one of the most beautiful capital cities in the world: Rio de Janeiro!

You will find loads and loads of hashtags #imperialaffairs #constitutionaltheories #republicanism #federalism #PrincessIsabel #parliamentaryfreedoms #abolitionofslavery #serfs #Gogol #SaleofDeadSouls #slaves #amasdeleite #freedslaves #bonds #shareholders #debentures #assetownership #banks #buildingsocieties #cooperatives #liberalism #Senate #HouseofCommons -#Cradle of parliamentary freedoms #Bendegómeteorite #TheRoyalSociety #ParisExhibition #whounderstandpoliticians #almanacks #weatherforecasts #homeopathy #sciences #Shakespeare #Camoes #ConciliodosDeuses #Bible #coughmixtures #homeopathyprofitsgalore #curesforallmaladies #medicines #Theosophy #Spiritualism #mediums #conartists #internationalaffairs #diplomacy #polemics #SocietyfortheProtectionofAnimals #yellowfever #pandemics #panic #quackdoctors #healers #ScotlandYard #BrazilianPortuguese #Volapuk #theBeethovenClub #debates #Cruzeiro #NewcapitalBrazil #linguisticpurism #antropofagia #ethicsandsociety

And a bonus with an insight into British life and institutions: discover what was discussed in the House of Commons in Westminster on19th March 1888 and reported in the Daily News ?

The Bons Dias! series were written between 1888 and 1889 as momentous events unfolded in Brazil. 1888 was the year when the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil was finally concluded. These chronicles are an invaluable record often echoed in his fictional works.

DETAILS OF AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS:

ENGLISH

2018 -Good Days!: The Bons Dias! Chronicles of Machado de Assis (1888-1889) - Bilingual edition. Translated by Ana Lessa-Schmidt and G. P. Bellin published by the New London Librarium. ISBN-13: 978-1947074217 ISBN-10: 1947074210 ASIN: B07G5NDBRD

NB. This edition is also available as a Kindle version (through Amazon) free on your preferred device: https://www.amazon.com/Good-Days-Chronicles-Machado-1888-1889- ebook/dp/B07G5NDBRD/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=

PORTUGUESE 2

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An explanatory note: In addition to the original chronicles published under the pseudonym ‘BOAS NOITES’ in the newspaper Gazeta de Notícias (1888-9), there have been various editions of Bons Dias! since then. With the W. M. Jackson editions, originally printed in 1937 - Machado De Assis coleção complete, 31 Volumes in Rio de Janeiro (various reprints and re- editions of this complete works edition, 1937, 1944, 1946, 1955, 1957, 1959). In the 1955 W. M. Jackson edition, there are four volumes of chronicles and its volume 23 features Chronicas (1878-1888). The British Library holds the four volumes of chronicles of 1955 edition as well. In addition, they appear in the second part of the book edition Diálogos e Reflexões de Um Relojoeiro.

Machado de Assis’s Complete works have also been published and reprinted for example by the following publishing houses: Garnier, Nova Agilar (from 1959 to1997), Globo (1997 and reprinted in 2001), mostly following the 1901 Machado de Assis Committee initiative.

1963 - Cronicas.̂ (Antologia.) [Selected, with an introduction, by Eugeniô Gomes. With a portrait.] Editora Agir – Nossos Clássicos series - Machado de Assis, 1839-1908. Rio de Janeiro.

More recent Bons Dias! 1996 - (reprinted 2008) organised by J. Gledson; in the 1997 Globo Complete Works by Machado de Assis, in 2006, a 2006 edition organised by Gabriela Betella, and various other editions/publishers in Brazil.

Free downloads: Original Portuguese http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/download/texto/bv000167.pdf http://machado.mec.gov.br/obra-completa-lista/itemlist/category/26-cronica?start=12

SHORT HISTORY OF THE BOOK AND TRANSLATION

The series of chronicles published under the heading Bons Dias! and signed with the 3

pseudonym ‘BOAS NOITES’ were published from 5th April 1888 to 29th August 1889. Various Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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The 2018 bilingual edition, Good Days!: The Bons Dias! Chronicles of Machado de Assis (1888-1889), brings an additional chronicle. It is that of 14th October 1888 (pages 184-193) which Ana Lessa-Schmidt found in the Brazilian National Library archives, in the original Gazeta de Notícias issues, during her research in preparing the first translation of this set of exceptional chronicles into English. This adds great value to this edition.

Going back to the primary sources of extant archives is paramount in any case of reprinting any literary work. One should be aware that original works may have been subject to the author’s amendments, who may or may not have produced a definitive version, to ‘manipulations’ by editors and publishers, ideological governments censors, translators, and more often than contain typographical errors. Original, or primary, sources can also help resolve issues in translations where a misprint can lead to some misunderstanding, or misrepresentation. This is of essence in the case of Brazilian literature as there has long been a tendency to rehash earlier editions, including some forgotten publications with publishing houses claiming that they are ‘new’.

In the history of the publications of the works by Machado de Assis, including the various ‘complete works’ sets, spanning three to thirty-two volumes, published in the 20th century in Brazil, most have followed either the initial recommendations of the 1901 Machado de Assis’s Committee, and/or its later format in 1958. The choice of works included in the sets have varying content and sequencing depending on the choices made by editors and publishers. Some were rushed to print exhibiting a variety of errors including avoidable typographical errors. Such editions also updated the orthography of the Brazilian Portuguese on successive occasions as various new orthographical rules were introduced.

With some rare exceptions, there is a conspicuous lack of both proper literary concordance and textual harmonisation with the original manuscripts, therefore, a lack of ‘authorised’, definitive, or critical versions of Machado de Assis’s oeuvre. This lack has had consequences for the translations of his works in other languages as well. Various translated works do not indicate dates or editions from which the translation was made.

According to research estimates, Machado de Assis wrote some 700 chronicles from 1859 to 1897. The chronicles appeared in various series under specific headings, and often signed using various pseudonyms, which were published mainly in the Rio de Janeiro newspapers, and some periodical journals/magazines. By using pseudonyms, by adopting a literary persona, Machado de Assis was able to comment on a vast array of topics, affairs, and fields of knowledge which circulated at the time, whilst he remained in employment as a dutiful civil servant. The following sets of chronicles have been converted into books posthumously: Diálogos e Reflexões de Um Relojoeiro, each under the heading ‘A+B’, Crônicas do Lélio, Bons Dias!, A Semana, Balas de Estalo, Comentários da Semana.

Machado de Assis was not the first chronicler in Brazil. He acknowledged his intellectual debt to José de Alencar (1829-1877), who had written notable chronicles,

referring to José de Alencar as the ‘Father’ of Brazilian literature. Mário de Andrade (1893-

1945) would later use this notion in his reference to Father Mutum in his Macunaíma 4

(1928). José de Alencar wrote a series of chronicles published in the Rio de Janeiro Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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newspapers, in the Correio Mercantil (3rd Sept 1854 to 8th Jul 1855) and in the Diário do Rio (7th Oct to 25th Nov 1855), published under the title Ao correr da pena (1874).

Machado de Assis elevated the art of writing chronicles to new hights and Bons Dias!, which our book club is reading and discussing this May, is a superb illustration of his unique talent. The literary quality of his chronicles is sensational. One ought to be mindful that his chronicles establish a close interactive bond with the sets of his broader production of poetry, short stories, novels and plays as overlapping precursors or thematic rehearsals. Considering that his status as a par excellence short story writer and novelist, his chronicles futher corroborate that he remains as one of the most accomplished authors in world literature.

One of his contemporaries Artur de Azevedo (1855-1908), said ‘that the articles which Machado de Assis wrote for the Gazeta de Notícias were of ‘such excellent quality that if they had been published in a more ‘literary’ country, they would have caused huge buzz of excitement’ (in O Álbum, January 1893). The fact is that Bons Dias! as well as his other chronicles are a vast treasure chest of world history of ideas in a multiplicity of fields of knowledge captured by a mind which never tired of learning. Additionally, they have remained and will do as a unique eyewitness history of the contemporary history of Brazil set in a wider world accompanied by a critical analysis from the stance of a singular man of genius.

The earliest indication that Machado de Assis was considering publishing a selection of his chronicles in a book format comes from Mário de Alencar (1872-1925), in his 1910 introduction to A Semana (Machado de Assis signed with his real name), which Mário de Alencar collected and published. Mário de Alencar was one of the six children of José de Alencar and Georgina Augusta da Gama Cochrane Alencar (1846-1913). Mário de Alencar became Machado de Assis’s literary heir de facto and had access to the author and his numerous manuscripts while Machado was alive. In 1910, two years after the death of the author, Mário de Alencar published the following substantive volumes of the works by Machado de Assis: Crítica, Outras Relíquias, Teatro, A Semana.

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In in his introduction entitled ‘Advertência’ to his volume A Semana, Mário de Alencar explained how he collected and selected 106 of the 248 chronicles which Machado de Assis published under that title in newspaper Gazeta de Notícias from April 1892 to May 1897 adding two chronicles which Machado de Assis wrote in 1900. Mário de Alencar also stated there that he added a different title to a few of chronicles. In his ‘Summario das Chronicas’, which is a well organised and objective index of chronicles with a brief outline of the content for each, one can have a glimpse of breadth of topics covered. His A Semana has 455 pages and was published by Garnier, a preeminent publishing house at the time, in Rio de Janeiro and Paris. It is an invaluable source. The introductory section brings the date of 17th January 1910. This publication has served as the source for subsequent editors and publishers. It can be downloaded (freely) from the library of the Senate of Brazil: https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/item/id/518654

Because the Bons Dias! chronicles were written in an epoch-making period in Brazil, they are of paramount relevance. They captured the spirit of the time in which the implementation of the final steps to abolish slavery in Brazil were under way overlapping with that was the period foreshadowing the demise of the Empire of Brazil, and its replacement by a republican system. Those crucial events feature in various chronicles contained in this set.

The first item for consideration is the heading ‘Bons Dias!’. Machado de Assis addresses his readers with this greeting, which has a semantic nuance in comparison with ‘Bom Dia!’ in the singular form. In Portuguese to say, ‘Good morning’, the phrase ‘Bom dia!’ is used, which literally means ‘Good Day’ as is the now old-fashioned and formal greeting (and farewell) in English. What the author uses is a plural form ‘Bons Dias’, which in Portuguese carries an additional shade of meaning in the greeting which refers to an intentional wish of good days ahead, or fortunate days, in the speech act, but extended further than the day/moment of utterance. It is a fantastic discursive device if one gives due consideration to the momentous events unfolding at the time. One can surmise that his readers would subliminally have understood what he was trying to convey to them. And, much as in his novels and short stories, the author (narrator) addresses the reader directly in his chronicles, in a polished conversational tone.

Additionally, the choice of ‘Boas Noites’ to sign each chronicle, uses the same grammatical approach by using the plural of ‘Boa Noite’ (‘Good Night’) to create a special wishing effect of the initial address format. They set the tone and tenor for the content of the chronicles.

The chronicles are quite short and a delight to read bringing elements of surprise mirroring his boundless imagination, intellectual grounding, and innovative perspective. I should like to highlight a few of the thematic components.

Although Bons Dias! is 132 years old, the chronicles evoke issues which could easily be of this second decade of the twenty-first century. The manner that Machado de Assis writes about them is light touch, understated, concise and precise, full of wit with a fair dose of irony, poking fun which seasoned with sagacious humour. Readers ought not take any

reference he makes for granted.

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One of the outstanding critical commentaries in ‘Bons Dias!’ is about bonds, debentures, share and shareholders, debts, banking, and asset ownership. Do not miss the perceptive comments on the late nineteenth century economic and financial affairs. Illustrative of the ‘bond’ as a funding mechanism are the trams in Brazil, which in the times of Machado de Assis were called ‘bond(s)’, evolving to ‘bonde(s)’, because of the ways their introduction was financed. As one reads the chronicles, one will be reminded of, and wonder how bonds have evolved: now ‘green bonds’, ‘climate bonds’ and the like are all the rage on stock markets.

Financial exploitation features in these chronicles in a conspicuous manner as in all Machadian writings. For instance, his 26th June 1888 chronicle begins with an account of an intention to acquire ‘libertos’, freed slaves. The author asks his readers whether they are familiar with the remarkable novel Dead Souls (1842) by Nicolai Gogol/Mykola Hohol’ (1809-1852) to set out his ideas. The sale of the souls of the serfs, term which refers to one form of historical slavery, in the Old Russian Empire, reflects the level of corrupt and unethical social practices at the time. Serfs in the Old Russian (Tsarist) Empire were designated as ‘unfree persons/etymologically Christians’, крепостной крестьянин, or кріпаки (Ukrainian) in a system derived from European manorial and feudal systems operating in estates and rural areas. N. Gogol’s oeuvre was written before the Emancipation Reform of 1861, or the Emancipation Edict (Decree) which ended serfdom in the Empire, and after the defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856). By referencing the corrupt transactions of souls of the serfs in the Russian imperial dominions, Machado de Assis depicts the complexity of the poignant status of the freed slaves in Brazil, as well as some of the corrupt practices, in the gradual implementation of abolition in Brazil.

Another target in the chronicles is the proliferation of the supply of homeopathic remedies and, particularly, of cough mixtures, elixirs, syrups, and medical magical potions. One ought to be reminded that these were immensely profitable, such as the syrup which would become the ubiquitous Coca-Cola. Machado de Assis references for example, the Ayer’s Almanack and Dr. Castro Lopes.

The Ayer’s Almanack, which was published in many languages, including Portuguese, sold some five million copies in the world, and was published by the wealthiest patent medicine businessman, Dr. James Cook Ayer (1818 -1878), sometimes described as Salsaparilla King, who never practiced medicine, but devoted himself to the pharmaceutical chemistry and the compounding of medicines, and diversified his business activities making even more money. The Almanack served as a main advertisement for his ‘medicines’.

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Machado de Assis was keenly aware of doctors and apothecaries in Brazil, and their antics. He would have been familiar with all manner of quackery as he suffered from epilepsy, a condition, which could have potentially confined a patient to a psychiatric institution and subjected patients to all sorts of untested treatments. The ethical dimension of his critique continues to be pertinent to this day: medical graduates who instead of applying the Hippocratic Oath in their medical practice, embark on lucrative and unethical medical businesses. This brings us to another such practitioner, Dr. Antônio Castro Lopes (1827-1901), directly referenced in at least four chronicles. Dr. Castro Lopes is introduced as an illustrious Brazilian Latinist in the 7th March 1889 chronicle. The topics of purism of the Portuguese language, etymological gleanings and removing French and foreign words from the Brazilian Portuguese lexicon, and their replacement with neologisms coined from Latin words is a delight for any linguist or lexicographer. Linguistic purism has long been fashionable in numerous countries.

Machado de Assis refers to the ideas expressed in the words and introduces the idea of ‘antropofagia’ (2018: 300) later anthropophagised by some of the Brazilian ‘Modernists’. The chronicles numbered 39, 41, 42 and 43 refer to neologisms, Machado de Assis proposes a name for the Brazilian currency – ‘cruzeiro’ (coinage based on the Southern Cross constellation and, currency name adopted in the twentieth century) and to the auxiliary/constructed language Volapük. Machado de Assis was probably comparing Dr Castro Lopes’s efforts to those of Johann M. Schleyer.

Volapük was constructed in1879-1880 by a Roman Catholic Priest, Johann Martin Schleyer (1831- 1912) in Baden, Germany, who believed that God had told him in a dream to create an international language. Volapük conventions took place in 1884 (Friedrichshafen), 1887 (Munich) and 1889 (Paris). The first two conventions used German, and the last conference used only Volapük. In 1889, there were an estimated 283 clubs, 25 periodicals in or about the artificial language, and 316 textbooks in 25 languages; at that time the language claimed nearly a million adherents. Volapük was largely displaced between late19th and early 20th century by Esperanto.

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In 1889, Dr. Antônio Castro Lopes began to publish a short column about neologisms in the same newspaper Gazeta de Notícias , and also advertised his new book, Neologismos indispensaveis e barbarismos dispensaveis, com um vocabulario neologico portuguez (1889) https://archive.org/stream/NeologismosIndispensaveisEBarbarismos/Neologismos_indispe nsaveis_e_barbarismos_djvu.txt

However, there is more than linguistic purism in Dr. Antônio Castro Lopes. He was a homeopathic doctor, grammarian, lexicographer, translator, poet, businessman, astrologer, and spiritualist. He is said to have founded the first building society, ‘Banco Predial’, which is mentioned in the 19th April 1888 chronicle, the business ‘Companhia Serviço Doméstico’, ‘Caixa Mutuante’ and the first consumer cooperative society, in 1861 he published his Catechismo de Agricultura (question and answer handbook on agriculture) and gave a series of conferences on homeopathy in Rio de Janeiro in 1882, published handy homeopathic treatment guide books for women opposing Dr. Abel Parente (1851-1923). [See the post for Alberto Mussa’s The mystery of Rio (2011) O Senhor do Lado Esquerdo. 19th Sep 2019 https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-/file/BRAZILIAN%20BILINGUAL%20BOOK%20CLUB%20.pdf] The Homéopathe International website has the following short biography which carries interesting details and may be of use in understanding why Machado de Assis references him: CASTRO LOPES, Antonio de, Brazilian statesman, born in Rio de Janeiro, 5 January, 1827. He finished his medical studies in 1848, and in 1849 was appointed professor of mathematics in the imperial College of Pedro II. He was a member of the provincial assembly of Rio Janeiro in 1854, and also minister of finance, and in 1859 minister of foreign affairs. He has founded and organized several financial institutions and commercial associations, at the same time distinguishing himself as a scientific, medical, and classical author. His works include " Dissertacao acerca da utilidade da dSr," " Abamoocara," "0 mundo e o progresso," "Epitome historim sacrum," "Musa latina." "0 medico do povo," "Memoria sobre a possibilidade e conveniencia de supressao dos annos bisextos," "Conferencia sobre a homeopathia," " Un sonho astronomico," and "Diccionario classico latino e portuguez." http://www.homeoint.org/photo/c2/castrolopes.htm Speaking of spiritualists, you will find Machado de Assis making acerbic commentaries on Spiritualism and its nefarious activities. The concluding chronicles are quite straightforward regarding this matter. It is ironic that the word ‘wizard’ is often used to refer to Machado de Assis (and Clarice Lispector!). As I have argued, this is wrong and even churlish. Would anyone describe William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens as ‘wizards’ because they have displayed exceptional talent?

Another doctor, Mr Homero Moretzsohn features in the delightful chronicle of 14th October 1888 in the discussion of Theosophy, Spiritualism, Positivism and pure sciences and humanities/arts. Dr. Homero Moretzsohn Campista wrote a critical overview as a last year medical student Os urubús do hospital (meaning, The Vultures of the Hospital, N.K.) (1882), a digital copy is available from the US National Library of Medicine*. He also published other works on cremation of cadavers, participating in medical debates on how to dispose of corpses of the victims of the yellow fever pandemic as well as other outbreaks of contagious diseases (nothing seems to change!): Vantagens e inconvenientes da cremação dos cadáveres and Dos alcalóides cadavericos ....(1882)

*https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-55320300R-bk

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One of the most memorable chronicles in Bons Dias! references the Bendegó meteorite, which becomes a character perhaps under the influence of N. Gogol’s magical phantasias, or would it be that of Lewis Caroll?

As early as 1811, the Bendegó was recognized as a meteorite by Aristides Mornay (Mornay 1816), a British mineralogist commissioned by Brazilian colonial authorities to investigate some hot springs in the Bahia province. Mr. Mornay wrote a letter to the Royal Society of London reporting his impressions, sending some sketches representing the iron mass, along with samples extracted from it and pieces of iron oxide collected on the place where the meteorite was resting since its fall. Only in 1816 the Royal Society discussed the issue, publishing in the Philosophical Transaction a short report written by Wollaston regarding results of chemical analysis and structural observations done on those samples: Wollaston, W. H., 1816. Observations and experiments on the mass of native iron found in Brazil. Philosophical Transactions 106: 281-285 Three years later (1819) the meteorite was visited by two German naturalists, the botanist von Martius and the physician von Spix, who set a fire under the mass for more than 24 hours and using hammers and chisels to be able to extract about 4 kg of samples to send to Munich (Lahmeyer 1938). After those bad experiences, the Bendegó iron stood quiet on the riverbed until 1887 where it was abandoned in 1785.

The next step in the rich history of the meteorite was its transportation to Museu Nacional, in Rio de Janeiro, where it arrived in 1888 after a rather long journey by oxen chart, train and ship. That successful expedition was set up to attend orders from the Brazilian Emperor D. Pedro II who decided to have such a geologic treasure displayed in the royal museum (Museu Nacional, in Rio de Janeiro) according to the advice he received from some members of the French scientific community. And later it was taken to the Paris Exhibition and bits of

the meteorite are now in European museums. 10 Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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Official report (Portuguese and French) and Committee 1897-1888

Machado de Assis was commenting on the Bendegó as an official report was commissioned and a committee created to transport it to the Federal Capital. The meteorite survived the recent 2018 fire without too much damage. That fire destroyed a significant part of the collections of the National Museum of Brazil. You may recall that Maria Graham also went to see this meteorite (our book club last month), which is no surprise as she was conversant with geological research and even published with the London Geological Society. I have mentioned the meteorite in posts of our book club in the past. You may wish to read more about it: (2010) D. C. RIOS and W. P.de Carvalho The Bendegó Meteorite: A Key for Science Communication with Society in Brazil (geoconvention.com)

The first translation in English, Good Days!: The Bons Dias! Chronicles of Machado de Assis (1888-1889) was published in 2018. As mentioned above, it contains fifty chronicles, one more than all Brazilian publications, which was the result of research of the primary sources in the Brazilian National Library by the main translator Ana Lessa-Schmidt. The translation was published with the support of the Ministry of Culture/National Library Foundation of Brazil. This is an important addition the body of translated works by Machado de Assis in English and welcome.

The chronicles in the 2018 edition are chronologically arranged and numbered, but

oddly described as ‘chapters’ in the footnote section, unless one were to consider Bons Dias! as chapter of fictional narrative or a history book. The other supererogatory addition that the publisher, New London Librarium, in its the Brazilian Series, is a sort of partial summary 11

paragraph of the chronicle before each chronicle as if were possible to abstract Machado de Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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Assis in this manner. As with forewords, the readers do not require any such summaries and they soon age and mirror a view frozen in time.

Ana Lessa-Schmidt is the main translator of Bons Dias! She also found the illustrations for this edition. On the cover is a photo of the Open Air Mass of Thanksgiving on the occasion of the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil in the Campo de São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro on 17th May 1888 attended by approximately twenty thousand people including Machado de Assis from the Collections of Dom João de Orleans e Bragança. In the book, there is a detail of the photo in which Princess Isabel with various officials appear including Machado de Assis partially visible. The edition also includes photos of original editions of Gazeta de Notícias.

Ana (Cláudia) Lessa-Schmidt, born in Rio, grew up in the Amazon, and lived in the UK, Barcelona and now lives in Leipzig, Germany. She holds a BA degree in English Literature from the Federal University of Amazon, an MA in Contemporary British Society, and a PhD in Brazilian Cultural Studies (Protest Music during the Dictatorship) and also taught at the Federal University of Amazon. She has been working as a Senior Editor Translator to New London Librarium (NLL) with Glenn Cheney since 2014.

She translated João do Rio’s As Religiões no Rio, and Vida Vertiginosa. Machado de Assis’s short story Trio in A Minor for the short story selection Ex-Cathedra and Miss Dollar and Other Stories, and Mário de Andrade’s debut novel To Love, Intransitive Verb. Our book club read and discussed these books since 2016. It is a great a great advantage to have a parallel text and our book club members were delighted to discover and read João do Rio’s works, which got a long overdue translation. Our book club counted on the presence of the translator in 2016 and 2019 edition. The posts for the books mentioned above are available on our website.

Greicy Pinto Bellin, born in Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, holds a BA in Portuguese and English (2007), an MA in Literary Studies (2010) and a PhD (2015) from the Federal University of Paraná. She taught English at the Language Centre of the Federal 12

University of Paraná. Her doctoral research was on Modernity, identity and cosmopolitan Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB – EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON 2021-Pleasures of Reading Brazilian Literature #BrazilianLitReadingPleasures metropolis in Poe, Baudelaire, and Machado de Assis. She published From European Modernity to Pan-American National Identity: Literary Confluences between Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Baudelaire and Machado de Assis (2018). Miss Dollar is her first joint published translation with Ana Lessa Schmidt. She is a lecturer in literary theory at the Centro Universitário Campos de Andrade, UNIANDRADE.

The edition of the Good Days!: The Bons Dias! Chronicles of Machado de Assis (1888- 1889) would benefit from some editorial revision, some are straightforward and technical, some are more complex. A few examples: • Typographical errors need to weeded out such as joined words, other misprints, e,g. ‘con//temporâneos’ in Portuguese on page 238, or the last sentence in English on page 243, no spaces between words. • Special care ought to be given to the use of contracted forms (e.g. don’t instead of ‘do not’) as Machado de Assis uses formal register combined with conversational passages which vary in register, from formal to informal/colloquial. It is only in the informal passages that contractions can be used. • Missing year of publication in the paperback. Missing detail of which version of Portuguese edition of Machado de Assis is reproduced. • Lack of textual harmonisation in the footnotes: some are in what can be best described as note forms, while other notes lack the necessary objectivity/neutrality and contain excessive detail and/or value judgments, bias. For instance, footnote 3 for 31 Chronicle referencing J. J. Gassner (1727-1779) as ‘a famous German exorcist’, which is rather naïve, and Machado de Assis highlights his use of Latin in hypnosis extended to the Brazilian context. • Names of authors: names should be standardised with birth and death dates included. • Titles of books, poems etc should appear in a regular format. • Some footnotes contain rambling explanations displaying lack of awareness, for example note 10 for Chronicle 22 - Punch à la Romaine or Punch Romaine, which has been a well-known palate cleanser for a long time, regrettably gets a very confused explanation. https://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Punch-Romaine-Cocktail/

In terms of translating Bons Dias!, the task is unenviable. The multi-layered textual complexity is never easy to convey in twenty-first century English. The tone changes within the chronicles, which is achieved through incomparable skill of the wordsmith, Machado de Assis, interspersed with a plethora of quotations in various languages. In addition, BOAS NOITES reproduces some colloquial dialectal forms of spoken Brazilian Portuguese. He also makes up compound words with two or three nouns. Another challenge is rendering the forms of address, such as the abbreviation ‘V. Exa.’, that is ‘Vossa Excelência’, which is in formal register, or meu senhô, which is colloquial, dialectal.

The former has been rendered as ‘Your Excellency’. Your Excellency or His/Her Excellency are used in addressing or referring to officials of very high rank, for example, ambassadors or governors. Readers will note that ‘Your Excellency’ is used to address various not so high-raking people in Machado de Assis. Certain passages will sound

rather odd to a British reader. As for meu senhô, is translated in the approximate US variant ‘massa’, perhaps it would be better to leave the Brazilian original so as not to lose its colour

and authenticity. The issue of register adds an additional problem in rendering it in English 13 Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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There is a problem with the word ‘scie’ in the original text on page 274 which appears in italic. It is possible that Machado de Assis is referring to ‘science’ or rather the pseudoscience of homeopathy (cough mixtures and other ‘supplements’) and may have indeed been a misprint in the original publication. Therefore, the footnote has no relevance.

A reference (anaphoric) has been lost in Chronicle 39, footnote 13, in referring to nasóculos, which was Dr. Castro Lopes’s neologism to replace the French pince-nez, tmeaning, eyeglasses, in Portuguese luneta-pênsil. However, the term ‘nasóculo’ refers to optical nerve, and is included in the Moraes e Silva 1789 dictionary. In this chronicle the reference is to Dr Carlos Lopes, and not to the Portuguese author Camilo Castelo Branco (1825-1890). He adds a comment that he (BOAS NOITES) may be perceived as a petit-maître, then adds the Portuguese neologism petimetre, an archaic term, mainly derogatory (18th century), which means ‘a lesser master of something’ or ‘a foolish man’ rather than a fop or a dandy in the context. Therefore, when Machado de Assis refers to the existing words in the vernacular Portuguese, including Brazilian forms, by referencing the author of the Diccionario da lingua portugueza, Antonio de Moraes Silva (1755-1824) in his chronicle, as he responds to the articles which Dr. Castro Lopes was writing about coining indigenous Brazilian words from Latin in his mission to purify the Portuguese language and to the dictionary advertised by Dr. Castro Lopes in the same newspaper. This dictionary has an interesting story. Antonio de Moraes Silva, a Brazilian lawyer composed the dictionary during his stay in England and then printed it in Lisbon, Portugal, in1789. There are numerous reprints of this dictionary to date. A free download is available from the excellent Guita and José Mindlin Brasiliana Library (USP) https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5413 and the Brazilian Senate Library: https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/handle/id/242523

SHORT BIOGRAPHY

JOAQUIM MARIA MACHADO DE ASSIS (21st June1839- 29th September1908)

‘Há coisas que melhor se dizem calando’ ‘Some things are better said by remaining silent’.

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Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis is the most celebrated classic Brazilian author, thinker, and a social critic. A true man of genius, he wrote poetry, novels and short stories, plays, chronicles, translations, including a notable Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens (1812- 1870), parliamentary reports, music scores, economic outlook articles, and much more. His insights into the life and times of 19th century Brazil permeate all his works. A classic master of Brazilian and world literature, he covertly brought and disseminated some of the leading European and universal ideas to Brazil.

Cosme Velho House, no.18, Rio de Janeiro where Machado de Assis lived from 1883-1908. 15 The Cosme Velho Borough Residents’ Association funded this plaque.

(Source of the images: Wikipedia Commons) Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis used various pen names for various purposes as As., M.-as., M. A., M. de A., Dr. Semana, Gil, M., Sileno, J.,Job, J.J., Victor de Paula, Platão, Y., Lara, Manassés, Eleazar, Lelio, João das Regras, Malvolio, Boas Noites, X.Y.Z, and ? ( a question mark).

Machado de Assis’s Family Tree – From the exhibition catalogue Machado de Assis, mas este capítulo não é sério (2008) Museum of the Portuguese Language in S. Paulo

He was an extraordinary man of letters of mixed race and an immense capacity to respond to the challenges with which life presented him. Many are the similarities between Machado de Assis’s and Charles Dickens’ childhood and youth, both living in the 19th century capitals Rio de Janeiro and London. Both had to start work early and amassed their vast knowledge through unwavering determination and self-improvement.

Draft of the Will and Last Testament of Machado de Assis – 1939 Exhibition of the Ministry of Education and Culture 16

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Machado de Assis also had to live with epileptic seizures, misunderstood in medical circles in the nineteenth century, which exerted adverse effects on his social wellbeing. He became a printer’s apprentice at the age of 17 and taught himself various languages and studied world literature. He had a keen interest in music and excelled as a chess player.

He started writing early, became an exemplary civil servant and remained happily married to a cultured woman, Carolina Augusta Xavier de Novais (1835-1904). He was a founder member the Brazilian Academy of Letters and was elected as its first president on 20th July 1897. In 1908, he was given a full state funeral.

In addition to leaving a legacy of superlative novels and short stories, poems, plays and chronicles, Machado de Assis bequeathed some of the deepest appraisals of the values and attitudes of the societies of the nineteenth-century Rio reflecting a keen sense of ethics. Machado’s oeuvre is timeless. There is a significant dialogue between author/narrator with texts from Antiquity, the Fathers of the Church, science treatises and universal literature, a thesaurus of overt and covert references. Machado de Assis surprises his readers with numerous references to English and British literature. His influence in bringing such readings to Brazil is noteworthy. For instance, numerous quotations of works by William Shakespeare (1564-1616) amply demonstrate the breadth and depth of his acquaintance with the essence of William Shakespeare’s ideas and metaphors. It is thanks to Machado de Assis that British authors gained exceptional popularity in Brazil.

His dialogue with the reader/interlocutor illustrates fascinating aspects of human understanding. The embryonic topics and ideas which appear in his poems, plays and chronicles often reappear in his novels. The shorter works are the source of subsequent full- fledged narratives, creating, thus, an internal dialogue, intertextuality of a very original kind foreshadowing much modern writing.

His influence on literature both in Brazil, South America, and elsewhere is wide- ranging. His works have remained as a source of inspiration for many. Susan Sontag (1933- 2004) once referred to him as the greatest writer ever produced in Latin America, surpassing even Jorge L. Borges (1899-1986). Harold Bloom (1930- ) went further describing him as ‘the supreme black literary artist to date’ (in Genius, 2002). Sir Salman Rushdie (1947- ) remarked that ‘If Borges is the writer who made Garcia Marquez possible, then, it is no exaggeration to say that Machado de Assis is the writer who made Borges possible’. The influence which Machado the Assis has had on Jorge L. Borges has been neglected and overlook as it is the case with various other authors. Louis de Bernières is another author who reads Machado. There are many more who read and draw from Machado de Assis’s fountain.

Works on Machado abound, although paradoxically little of what he wrote has been read. His Dom Casmurro, Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas, Quincas Borba, Esau and Jacob, Counsellor Ayres’ Memorial, The Alienist, and other novels, short stories and writings carry features of universal literature akin to the greatest authors of all times. Various scholars have, more often than not, tried to classify his works as realist, romantic or even magic realism, attempting to fit them into some fixed category or methodological framework but, invariably, they have failed as the distinguishing features of his oeuvre extend beyond such

models.

Translations of his works in English and other languages are yet to deliver the 17

inherent quality of both his exquisite use of Brazilian Portuguese and his true genius. Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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The British Library holds over 300 copies of various works by Machado de Assis including some of his earliest works acquired in the nineteenth century reflecting, thus, the interest which his works have attracted from the time of his first publications.

Main Fictional Works by Machado de Assis ❖ 1864 - Crisálidas (Chrysalids, poetry) ❖ 1870 - Falenas (Phalaenae; poetry) ❖ 1870 - Contos Fluminenses (Tales from Rio, anthology of short stories) ❖ 1872 - Ressurreição (Resurrection; novel) ❖ 1873 - Histórias da Meia Noite (Stories of Midnight, anthology of short stories) ❖ 1874 - A Mão e a Luva (The Hand and the Glove, novel) ❖ 1875 - Americanas (poetry) ❖ 1876 - Helena (novel) ❖ 1878 - Iaiá Garcia (Mistress Garcia, novel) ❖ 1881 - Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas, also known in English as Epitaph for a Small Winner, novel) ❖ 1882 - Papéis Avulsos (Single Papers, anthology of short stories) ❖ 1882 - O alienista (also known in English as The alienist or The psychiatrist; novella) ❖ 1884 - Histórias sem data (Undated Stories; anthology of short stories) ❖ 1891 - Quincas Borba (also known in English as Philosopher or Dog?, novel) ❖ 1896 - Várias histórias (Several Stories, anthology of short stories) ❖ 1899 - Páginas recolhidas (Retained Pages, anthology of short stories including The Case of the Stick) ❖ 1899 - Dom Casmurro (Dom Casmurro, novel) ❖ 1901 - Poesias completas (complete anthology of poetry) ❖ 1904 - Esaú e Jacó (Esau and Jacob, novel) ❖ 1906 - Relíquias da Casa Velha (Relics of the Old House, anthology of short stories) ❖ 1908 - Memorial de Aires (Counselor Aires's Memoirs, novel)

A selection of biographies and source materials in Portuguese: The Brazilian Academy of Letters has a link with various archival materials: http://www.machadodeassis.org.br/

JOSÉ GALANTE SOUSA (1913-1986) was one of the main scholars and biographers of Machado de Assis. His Bibliografia de Machado de Assis (1955), as Fontes para o estudo de Machado de Assis (1958) & Cronologia de Machado de Assis, published in 1958 – Revista do Livro, and reprinted in Cadernos de Literatura Brasileira of the Instituto Moreira Salles.

FRANCISCO DE ASSIS BARBOSA (1914-1991) Another excellent albeit short biography in the form of an essay written in 1988 as an introduction to the collection of 17 books on Machado de Assis published by Machado’s editor Livraria Garnier (Rio de Janeiro e Belo Horizonte): Machado de Assis – Vida e Obra: Parábola Perfeita. The essay appears in the novel Ressurreição (in Coleção de Autores Célebres da Literatura Brasileira pages 11-52). This collection of the Machado de Assis works is one of the very best in terms of quality of the

texts vis-à-vis original sources. This collection is an essential source for scholars and translators, who wish to verify textual variations of various extant editions of Machado de

Assis. 18

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WILSON MARTINS (1921-2010), a distinguished intellectual/cultural historian and literary critic, who did not write a biography of Machado de Assis per se, but volumes four and five of his História da Inteligência Brasileira, are an essential source for any Machadian and/or historian of ideas. The second complete edition (1996), seven volumes, was published by the Secretary of Culture of the State of Paraná, by the then Secretary for Culture, lawyer, literary critic and intellectual, Dr Eduardo Rocha Virmond (1929- ).

DANIEL PIZA (1970-2011) wrote a more recent popular but comprehensive biography Machado de Assis Um gênio brasileiro [Machado de Assis: a Brazilian Man of Genius, N.K.], 2nd revised edition 2006, beautifully illustrated with reprints from original sources and excellent graphic art.

A relatively recent publication on Machado de Assis in Brazil is a sort of ‘hybrid’ book Machado by Silviano Santiago (1936- ) published in 2016.

You may also find this BBC Radio Scotland programme by Mark Rickards broadcast in January 2015 relevant, N. Kerecuk contributes, and one of our book club members, David Acton, reads excerpts from The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02gthsd

Source: First editions of Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (Photo: Marcos Santos/ USP Imagens) https://www.revistamuseu.com.br/site/br/noticias/nacionais/5488-18-08-2018- exposicao-destaca-edicoes-raras-de-machado-de-assis.html References and sources: ➢ 1How to Run a Bilingual Book Club Featuring the First Year of the BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB at the Embassy of Brazil in London, by Nadia Kerecuk ISBN 978-1-5272-3265-5 (Oct 2019), The posts for Quincas Borba and Dom Casmurro are in the book and not available on our website. ➢ Brazilian Bilingual Book Club Posts on Machado deAssis • The Alienist https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en- us/file/cul-bookclub-08-machadodeassis.pdf

• Miss Dollar https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en- 19

us/file/cul-bookclub-19-missdollar.pdf Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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• Esau and Jacob https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en- us/file/cul-bookclub-35-machadodeassis.pdf • Memorial de Ayres https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-us/file/cul-bookclub-27- ayres.pdf • The Collected Stories by Machado de Assis https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-us/file/cul- bookclub-40-machado.pdf

➢ 1909 Machado de Assis Son Ouevre Littéraire, by M. de Oliveira Lima and Victor Orban available at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57360/57360-h/57360- h.htm ➢ Machado de Assis na BBM: primeiras edições e raridades. Setembro- Dezembro 2018 Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e José Mindlin (BBM) da USP (banner below) https://prceu.usp.br/noticia/exposicao-machado-de-assis/

➢ Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e José Mindlin (BBM)- USP contains contains numerous rare and first digitised editions, downloadable in Portuguese https://prceu.usp.br/centro/biblioteca-brasiliana/ ➢ A long bibliographical list of works on Machado de Assis in Portuguese: http://www.elfikurten.com.br/2014/07/machado-de-assis-fortuna-critica.html ➢ On The Anatomy of Melancholy https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/burtons- anatomy-of-melancholy-1628 ➢ Dec 2017 Pinho da Silva, R. D. ‘Ne faites pas cela, ma chère ! » Le lecteur-coauteur dans la fiction de Machado de Assis’ in Revue Étudiante des Expressions Lusophones (RéEL) ➢ Kerecuk, N. (2007) Society and Ethics in Machado de Assis’s Rio de Janeiro and Charles Dickens’s London (lecture), Machado de Assis Week, The Embassy of Brazil, London. Also, a DVD of Machado de Assis Week: translated and abridged, edited and narrated.Kerecuk, N. (2007) Workshop Re-(Dis-)covering a neglected man of literary genius: assessing the essential elements to return Machado de Assis (1839- 1908) to his rightful place in the universal intellectual history and literary history , Machado de Assis Week, Embassy of Brazil, London. ➢ Kerecuk, N. (2007) Snuffbox translation of 1878 Machado de Assis’s Bote de Rapé

(first translation into English, annotated) catalogued at Bodleian Library. SOLO http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk, the library catalogue for Oxford and full record http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=OXV 20

U1&docId=oxfaleph019455932 Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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➢ 2001 Film: Memórias Póstumas ( Posthumous Memoirs) comedy-drama film directed by André Klotzel based on The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas by Machado de Assis. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0166709/ ➢ A biography from the Instituto Moreira Salles https://issuu.com/ims_instituto_moreira_salles/docs/clb_-_machado_de_assis_- _geral 2012 ➢ Pen names used by Machado de Assis https://www.machadodeassis.org.br/abl_minisites/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/startcaf6.ht ml?UserActiveTemplate=machadodeassis&sid=90&from_info_index=1&tpl=printer view_default ➢ The Bendego metereorite 1888- Report: Meteorito de Bendegó - relatório apresentado ao ministerio da agricultura, commercio e obras publicas e a sociedade de geographia do Rio de Janeiro sobre a remoção do meteorito de Bendengó do sertão da provincia da Bahia para o Museu Nacional by José Carlos de Carvalho https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Meteorito_de_Bendeg%C3%B3_- _relat%C3%B3rio_apresentado_ao_ministerio_da_agricultura%2C_commercio_e_obras_publicas_%28...%29_s obre_a_remo%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_meteorito_de_Bendeng%C3%B3_do_sert%C3%A3o_da_provincia_da_Bahi a_para_o_Museu_Nacional.pdf

Also in French: Météorite de Bendégo - rapport présenté au Ministère de l'Agriculture, du Commerce et des travaux publics et à la Société de Géographie de Rio de Janeiro sur le déplacement et le transport du météorite de Bendégo de l'interieur de la province de Bahia au Musée National

HAPPY READING!

2021: #BrazilianLitReadingPleasures

Attendance is free, but booking is essential: [email protected] ©Nadia Kerecuk Creator and Convenor of the ©Virtual Brazilian Bilingual Book Club at the Embassy of Brazil in London

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