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THE PUEBLO INDIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT BASIN Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Shutler, Richard, 1921- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 01:01:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284404 This dissertation has been 61-2994 microfilmed exactly as received SHUTLER, Jr., Richard, 1921- THE PUEBLO INDIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT BASIN. University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1961 Anthropology University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan Pueblo Grande de Nevada at Sunrise. Courtesy of the National Park Service THE PUEBLO INDIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT BASIN by Richard Shutler, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1961 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Richard Shutlera Jr. entitled The Pneblo Indian Occupation of the Southern Great Basin be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Director/ 1/ After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and ie deposited in The University Library to be made available to bor rowers under rules of the Library# Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduct ion of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author* SIGNEDx APPROVAL BY DISSERTATION DIRECTOR This dissertation has been approved on the date shown below: /£> / / f / EMIL ¥. HAUipr Professor of Anthropology TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE *v CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Archaeological History of Southern Nevada 2 Statement of Problem 7 CHAPTER 2 9 ENVIRONMENT 9 Area 9 Geology and Physiography 11 Climatic Data 12 Ecology 13 The Moapa Valley 16 CHAPTER 3 18 AREAL EXTENT OF THE SOUTHERN NEVADA PUEBLO CULTURE 18 The Area of Farms and Villages 19 The Upper Moapa Valley 19 Summary ..... Zk The Lower Moapa Valley 27 The Lower Reaches of the Virgin River 27 The Area of Hunting and Trading 28 Lake Mead National Recreation Area 31 Virgin and Muddy River Area 33 Grand Canyon Terrace Sites .... ..... 47 i Summary 51 Other Nevada Pueblo Sites 57 California Sites 67 CHAPTER k 69 CULTURAL COMPARISONS 69 The San Juan Anasazi 69 Walhalla Plateau ?0 Southwestern Utah 71 Artifacts 78 Physical Type 79 Conclusions 79 Fremont Culture of Northeastern Utah 80 Willow Beach 82 CHAPTER 5 83 PREHISTORIC MINING IN SOUTHEAST NEVADA 83 Salt Mining 84 Salt Cave No. 1 84 Salt Cave No. 2 95 Salt Cave No. 3 95 Salt Mine 96 Sullivan Turquoise Mine 99 Sunatary 104 Discussion of Aboriginal Mining in the Southwest 105 CHAPTER 6 110 ROCKSHELTERS IN AND AROUND THE LDST CITY REGION 110 Rock sheIter No.l Ill ii Rockshelter No. 113 Rockshelter No. 3 Rockshelter No. k 117 Rockshelters Nos. 5» 6» 7, and 8 117 Rockshelter No. 9 117 Rockshelter No. 10 119 Rockshelter No. 11 119 Rockshelter No. 12 120 Footprint Rockshelter 121 Warshield Rockshelter 125 Boulder Rockshelter . 129 CHAPTER 131 CHUCKAWALLA CAVE 131 Stone Artifacts 136 Bone Artifacts 139 Clay Artifacts ..... 1^0 Figurines 1^0 Worked Sherds 1^1 Wood Artifacts 1^1 Cordage, Textiles, and Basketry 1^3 Plant Remains 1^ Faunal Remains 1^5 Summary and Conclusions 145 CHAPTER 8 152 PUEBLO GRANDE DE NEVADA (LOST CITY) 152 ZEA MAYS REMAINS 152 iii ARCHITECTURE 152 Architecture of the Moapa Phase 159 Architecture of the Muddy River Phase l6l Architecture of the Lost City Phase 165 Pithouses of the Lost City Phase 165 Surface Houses of the Lost City Phase 167 Architecture of the Mesa House Phase 185 LOST CITY POTTERY 186 Pottery with Burials 235 DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS 238 STONE ARTIFACTS 24-1 Ground Stone 2*4-1 Metates , 24-1 Utah type 2*4-1 Trough type 24-1 Slab type 24-2 Basin type 244- Manos . 244- Type I 2^5 Type II 2*4-5 Type III 2*4-5 Type IV 246 Type V 247 Type VI 248 Type VII 248 Paint Grinding Stone 252 iv Mortars 252 Pestles 253 Miscellaneous Stone Artifacts 253 Stone Balls 253 Polishing Stones 25^ Sandstone Sharpening Stone 25^ Notched Stones . 25^ Chipped Stone Artifacts 257 Projectile Points and Blades 257 Projectile Points 257 Blades .... ........ 266 Flake Knives 267 Scrapers 270 Side scrapers 270 End scrapers 270 End and side scrapers 271 Hammerstones 271 Choppers 272 Drills 272 Chipped and Ground Discs 275 Graver-knives 277 Stone and Clay Pipes 277 Miscellaneous Stone and Clay Artifacts 279 Minerals 279 Turquoise 280 Red Ochre 280 v Yellow Ochre 280 Magnesite 281 Raw Copper Ore 281 Mica 281 BONE ARTIFACTS 281 Bone Awls 281 Spatulae 282 Flaker 282 Pendants 282 Bone Dice 286 Miscellaneous Bone Implements 286 ORNAMENTS 286 Miscellaneous Ornaments 290 FIGURINES 29b WORKED SHERDS 297 WOOD ARTIFACTS 299 Summary of Lost City Artifacts 299 BURIALS 30^ CHAPTER 9 326 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 326 The Virgin Branch 328 Relationships of the Virgin Branch 333 The Culture Sequence at Lost City 335 The Moapa Phase . , 335 The Muddy River Phase 337 The Lost City Phase 339 vi The Mesa House Phase . ' 3^1 The Southern Paiute 3^5 APPENDIX A 3^9 CRANIA FROM LOST CITY, SOUTHERN NEVADA - By T. D. Stewart .... 3^9 TABLE 1 352 LITERATURE CITED 359 PIATE 1 361 PLATE 2 . 362 PLATE 3 363 PIATE V 36^ FIGURE 1 365 FIGURE 366 REFERENCES 3^7 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Western boundary of Pueblo Culture 3 2. Pueblo occupation of the southern Great Basin 10 3. Upper Moapa Valley, Nevada in packet 4. Upper Moapa Valley sites and Lost City ruins 26 5. Arizona Atltl 29 6. Virgin River site 30 7. Lake Mead National Recreation Area in packet 8. Shivwits Plateau topography and sites 40 9. Shivwits Plateau artifacts . 41 10. Shivwits Plateau artifacts 42 11. Shivwits Plateau artifacts 43 12. Shivwits Plateau artifacts 44 13. Arizona As 15:8 **8 14. Arizona A:15I8 artifacts 49 15. Grand Canyon Terrace sites and artifacts 53 16. Grand Canyon Terrace sites, petroglyphs and pictographs .... 5^ 17. Artifacts from Grand Canyon Terrace sites 55 18. 40 Mile Canyon, stone monuments and petroglyphs 59 19. Western Nevada survey sites 60 20. Nevada survey sites ..... 62 21. Nevada survey sites 63 22. Nevada survey site artifacts associated with Basketiaaker-Pueblo and Paiute Pottery sites 64 viii LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED page 23. Salt Cave No. 1, southeastern Nevada 90 24. Passage in Salt Cave No. 1 in packet 25. Method of removing salt 91 26. Mining tools from Salt Cave No. 1 92 27. Mining tools from Salt Cave No. 1 93 28. Artifacts from Salt Cave No. 1 ... 94 29. Mining tools from the open-pit Salt Mine 97 30. Artifacts from the open-pit Salt Mine 98 31. Sullivan Turquoise Mine 102 32. Mining tools from the Sullivan Turquoise Mine 103 33. Prehistoric Salt and Turquoise Mines in the Southwest .... 108 34. Footprint Rockshelter 123 35. Artifacts from Footprint Rockshelter 124 36. Warshield Rockshelter 126 37. Shield petroglyph on rear wall of Warshield Rockshelter . 127 38. Mouth of Chuckawalla Cave 132 39. Fill at entrance to Chuckawalla Cave 133 40. Stone artifacts from Chuckawalla Cave 146 41. Bone and Wood artifacts from Chuckawalla Cave 147 42. Bone, Stone and Clay artifacts from Chuckawalla Cave 148 43. Figurine fragments from Chuckawalla Cave 149 44. Charred corn from House 38, Room L 153 45. Corn cobs from Warshield Rockshelter 154 46. Corn cobs 155 47. Basketmaker corn cobs from the Peabody Museum, Harvard ix / LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED page University 156 48. Lost City archaeological sites, Lower Moapa Valley, Clark County, Nevada in packet 49. Detail of Section 33 Uk packet 50. Pueblo Grande de Nevada in packet 51. The Southwest Museum's 1929 Archaeological Survey of the Lower Moapa Valley, Nevada in packet 52. Lower Moapa Valley floor sites 174 53. Pueblo House No. 2 175 54. Lost City House ruins * 176 55. House No. 47 in packet 56. Lost City architecture 177 57. Lost City architecture features 178 58. House 47 architectural features 179 59. House 47 architectural features 180 60. Lost City sites 181 61. Lost City sites and architectural features 182 62. Lost City architectural features 183 63. St. George Black-on-gray sherd from Lost City 215 64. Moapa Black-on-gray sherds from Lost City 216 65. North Creek Black-on-gray sherds from Lost City 217 66. Washington Black-on-gray sherds from Lost City 218 67.