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Crynodeb Yn Y Traethawd Hwn Byddaf Yn Ymchwilio I Weld I Ba Raddau

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Crynodeb Yn Y Traethawd Hwn Byddaf Yn Ymchwilio I Weld I Ba Raddau Crynodeb Yn y traethawd hwn byddaf yn ymchwilio i weld i ba raddau cymhellodd yr Ailddyfodiad a’r Milflwyddiant rai o’r Piwritaniaid Cymreig i weithredu’n rhagweithiol ym meysydd addysg, cenhadu a diwygio cymdeithasol. Byddaf hefyd yn gwerthuso’r dystiolaeth er mwyn gweld a oedd eu credoau a’u gweithgareddau’n awgrymu os mudiad unffurf o ran cymhellion, credoau a gweithgarwch Piwritaniaeth Gymreig. Yn y bennod gyntaf ceisir esbonio ystyr y termau diwinyddol cyn ceisio ateb y cwestiwn, ‘Beth yw Piwritaniaeth?’ Yn yr ail bennod edrychir ar fywyd a gwaith William Wroth (c. 1576−1644), William Erbery (1604−1654) a Walter Cradock (c.1604−1659), sef arweinwyr cynnar Piwritaniaeth Gymreig. Yn y drydedd bennod ystyrir rhai o arweinyddion eraill Piwritaniaeth Gymreig yn ogystal â Phiwritaniaid o Gymru y bu eu dylanwad yn fawr yn Lloegr, gan gynnwys Evan Roberts (c.1587−1649/50), Oliver Thomas (1598−1652), Christopher Love (1618−1651) a John Lewis (fl. 1646−1656). Yna, yn y bedwaredd bennod cyflwynir crynodeb o’r gwaith sydd eisoes wedi’i gyflawni ar gredoau Morgan Llwyd (1619−1659) a Vavasor Powell (1617−1670) ynghylch yr Ailddyfodiad a’r Milflwyddiant. Mae’r bumed bennod yn canolbwyntio ar gyffesion ffydd Piwritaniaid Lloegr, yr Alban ac Iwerddon ac ar waith Thomas Goodwin (1600−1680), un o Biwritaniaid amlwg yr ail ganrif ar bymtheg ac arweinydd y Cynulleidfawyr (Annibynwyr) yng Nghynulliad San Steffan. Bydd hynny yn ein galluogi i gymharu athrawiaeth y Cymry â rhai’r Saeson, yr Albanwyr a’r Gwyddelod, ynghylch yr Ailddyfodiad a’r Milflwyddiant. !1 DATGANIAD Ni chafodd y gwaith hwn ei gyflwyno’n sylweddol ar gyfer unrhyw radd neu ddyfarniad arall yn y brifysgol hon neu unrhyw brifysgol neu fan dysgu arall, ac nid yw’n cael ei gyflwyno ar yr un pryd mewn ymgeisiaeth ar gyfer unrhyw radd neu ddyfarniad arall. Llofnod ………………………………………… (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad ………………………… GOSODIAD 1 Mae’r traethawd ymchwil hwn yn cael ei gyflwyno i gyflawni’n rhannol ofynion gradd ………………(nodwch MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD ac ati, fel y bo’n briodol) Llofnod ………………………………………… (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad ………………………… GOSODIAD 2 Ffrwyth fy ngwaith/ymchwiliadau annibynnol i fy hun, ac eithrio lle y nodir fel arall, yw'r traethawd ymchwil hwn. Nid yw'r traethawd wedi cael ei olygu gan drydydd parti y tu hwnt i'r hyn a ganiateir gan Bolisi Prifysgol Caerdydd ar gyfer Myfyrwyr Gradd Ymchwil yn sgîl Defnyddio Golygyddion Trydydd Parti. Cydnabyddir ffynonellau eraill gan gyfeiriadau eglur. Mae'r farn a fynegwyd yn eiddo i mi. Llofnod ………………………………………… (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad ………………………… GOSODIAD 3 Rhoddaf fy nghaniatâd drwy hyn i’m traethawd, os caiff ei dderbyn, fod ar gael ar-lein yn ystorfa Mynediad Agored y Brifysgol ac ar gyfer benthyca rhwng llyfrgelloedd, ac i’r teitl a chrynodeb fod ar gael i sefydliadau allanol. Llofnod ………………………………………… (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad ………………………… !2 Diolchiadau Hoffwn ddiolch i staff Ysgol y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Caerdydd, am bob cymorth a chroeso yn ystod fy astudiaethau, yn enwedig Cadi Thomas. Hoffwn hefyd ddiolch i’r AHRC am y grant a gafwyd er mwyn cyflawni’r gwaith. Diolch hefyd i fy rhieni am eu cariad, cymorth a chyngor hael, ac i’m rhieni-yng-nghyfraith am bob anogaeth. Mae fy niolch i’r Athro E. Wyn James am oruchwylio’r gwaith yn enfawr a braint a phrofiad gwerthfawr oedd pob cyfarfod a sgwrs a gefais gydag ef. Mae fy niolch pennaf i’r un sydd wedi bod yn gefn i mi trwy’r cyfan, sef fy ngwraig Rachel. !3 Cynnwys Cyflwyniad t. 1 I. Diffinio’r termau diwinyddol a gofyn y cwestiwn, ‘Beth yw t. 8 Piwritaniaeth?’ II. William Wroth, William Erbery a Walter Cradock t. 88 III. Oliver Thomas, Evan Roberts, Christopher Love a John Lewis t. 186 IV. Morgan Llwyd a Vavasor Powell t. 239 V. Thomas Goodwin a Chyffesion Ffydd Lloegr, Yr Alban ac Iwerddon t. 262 VI. Casgliad t. 294 VII. Llyfryddiaeth t. 308 !4 Cyflwyniad Mae ysgolheigion megis Dr Dewi Arwel Hughes a’r Athro E. Wyn James wedi dadlau’n ddiweddar fod credoau unigolion a berthynai i’r Diwygiad Methodistiaidd yn y ddeunawfed ganrif ynghylch yr Ailddyfodiad a’r Milflwyddiant wedi effeithio ar eu hagwedd at genhadu a diwygio cymdeithasol. Dyna a wna Dewi Hughes yn ei lyfryn Meddiannu Tir Immanuel: Cymru a Mudiad Cenhadol y Ddeunawfed Ganrif (1990) a hefyd yn ei erthygl ‘William Williams Pantycelyn’s Eschatology as seen especially in his Aurora Borealis of 1774’ a ymddangosodd yn y Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology yn rhifyn Gwanwyn 1986. Yn fwy diweddar cyhoeddodd E. Wyn James yr erthyglau ‘Caethwasanaeth a’r beirdd, 1790-1840’ yn Taliesin, 119 (2003), ‘“Seren wib olau”: Gweledigaeth a chenhadaeth Morgan John Rhys (1760-1804)’ yn Trafodion Cymdeithas Hanes y Bedyddwyr (2007), a ‘Welsh ballads and American slavery’ yn The Welsh Journal of Religious History, 2 (2007). Cyhoeddodd hefyd y penodau 'Morgan John Rhys a Chaethwasiaeth Americanaidd' yn Canu Caeth: Y Cymry a’r Affro-Americaniaid (2010) a ‘“Blessèd Jubil!” Slavery, mission and the millennial dawn in the work of William Williams of Pantycelyn’ yn Cultures of Radicalism in Britain and Ireland, ‘Poetry and Song in the Age of Revolution’, 3 (2013). Yn y rhain i gyd cysylltir gweithgarwch cymdeithasol y dynion dan sylw â’u credoau ynghylch yr Ailddyfodiad a’r Milflwyddiant. Fy mwriad yn y traethawd hwn yw edrych ar rai o Biwritaniaid Cymreig amlwg y cyfnod o ddechrau’r Rhyfel Cartref hyd at yr Adferiad, i weld beth oedd eu credoau ynghylch y Milflwyddiant ac amseriad yr Ailddyfodiad, a sut (os o !1 gwbl) yr oedd hynny'n effeithio ar eu gweithgarwch cymdeithasol. Dywed Dewi Hughes i’r Diwygiad Methodistaidd ‘d[d]wysáu’r gobaith […] y byddai cyfnod maith, [mileniwm], o lwyddiant ysgubol i’r efengyl cyn ailddyfodiad Crist’ (2004, t. 139). Dywed mai dyma ‘obaith y Piwritaniaid’ a fu’n ysgogiad mor gryf i’r mudiad cenhadol a ddechreuodd gyda William Carey ac a ysbrydolodd gymaint o waith arwrol yn enw Crist yn hanner cyntaf y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg’ (ibid., tt. 139-40). Ond i ba raddau yr oedd hwn yn obaith y Piwritaniaid Cymreig? Os ysgogwyd y Methodistiaid i gyflawni ‘gwaith arwrol’ gan eu credoau ynghylch y Milflwyddiant a’r Ailddyfodiad, a oedd hynny yn wir hefyd am y Piwritaniaid Cymreig? Roedd y Milflwyddiant yn sicr ar flaen meddwl Thomas Charles (1755−1814), un o arweinwyr ail genhedlaeth y Methodistiaid Calfinaidd Cymreig. Yn ei Eiriadur, neilltuodd Charles bedair colofn i’w ymdriniaeth o’r Milflwyddiant, o gymharu â dwy golofn i ‘Iawn’ ac un a hanner i ‘Rhagluniaeth’, er enghraifft. Ar ddechrau’r cofnod cyfeiria Charles yn syth at Ddatguddiad 20 gan nodi y ‘rhwymir Satan, a theyrnasa Crist gyd â’i saint ar y ddaear dros fil o flynyddoedd’ (t. 645), ond y mae Charles hefyd yn nodi fod llawer o ‘wahanol feddyliau’ wedi bodoli yn ystod cyfnod hanes yr eglwys ynghylch hyn. Yr hyn yr anghytunai Cristnogion amdano ar hyd y blynyddoedd oedd pryd yn union y dylid disgwyl y Milflwyddiant a sut, os o gwbl, y deuai i fod. I Charles, mae’r Milflwyddiant i’w ddisgwyl cyn yr Ailddyfodiad trwy lwyddiant graddol yr eglwys Gristnogol ar y ddaear. Mae Charles yn cyflwyno amryw bethau y mae ef yn eu cyfrif yn bwysig i’w hystyried wrth drafod y Milflwyddiant: 1. ‘Y bydd eglwys Crist wedi bod dros oesoedd maith dan orthrymder tost, ac erlidigaethau creulawn, yn fuddugoliaethus ac yn flodeuog iawn ar y ddaear cyn diwedd amser’ (t. 645). Noda fod llawer o broffwydoliaethau !2 yn y Beibl yn nodi hyn, gan gynnwys Eseia 2:2,1 Micha 4:12 a Salm 2:83 i nodi dim ond rhai. 2. ‘Bydd galwad cyffredinol o’r Iuddewon a’r Cenedloedd, dros wyneb yr holl ddaear, i’r eglwys, ac at grefydd Crist’ (t. 645). I Charles mae Eseia 59:20,4 Rhufeiniaid 11:10-265 ac Amos 9:116 yn cyfeirio at hyn. 3. ‘Mai nid proffes allanol yn unig o grefydd Crist fydd yn gyffredinol yn y byd, yn mhlith Iuddewon a Chenhedloedd, ond bydd gwir waith cadwedigol yr Ysbryd Glân yn gyffredinol ar eneidiau dynion, a grym duwioldeb yn blaguro yn ogoneddus yn yr eglwys’ (ibid.).7 I Charles 1 A bydd yn y dyddiau diwethaf, fod mynydd tŷ yr Arglwydd wedi ei baratoi ym mhen y mynyd- doedd, ac yn ddyrchafedig goruwch y bryniau; a'r holl genhedloedd a ddylifant ato. 2 A bydd yn niwedd y dyddiau, i fynydd tŷ yr Arglwydd fod wedi ei sicrhau ym mhen y mynyd- doedd; ac efe a ddyrchefir goruwch y bryniau; a phobloedd a ddylifant ato. 3 Gofyn i mi, a rhoddaf y cenhedloedd yn etifeddiaeth i ti, a therfynau y ddaear i'th feddiant. 4 Ac i Seion y daw y Gwaredydd, ac i'r rhai a droant oddi wrth anwiredd yn Jacob, medd yr Ar- glwydd. 5 10 Tywyller eu llygaid hwy, fel na welant, a chydgryma di eu cefnau hwy bob amser. 11 Gan hynny meddaf, A dramgwyddasant hwy fel y cwympent? Na ato Duw: eithr trwy eu cwymp hwy y daeth iachawdwriaeth i’r Cenhedloedd, i yrru eiddigedd arnynt. 12 Oherwydd paham, os ydyw eu cwymp hwy yn olud i’r byd, a’u lleihad hwy yn olud i’r Cenhedloedd; pa faint mwy y bydd eu cyflawnder hwy? 13 Canys wrthych chwi y Cenhedloedd yr wyf yn dywedyd, yn gymaint â’m bod i yn apostol y Cenhedloedd, yr wyf yn mawrhau fy swydd; 14 Os gallaf ryw fodd yrru eiddigedd ar fy nghig a’m gwaed fy hun, ac achub rhai ohonynt. 15 Canys os yw eu gwrthodiad hwy yn gymod i’r byd, beth fydd eu derbyniad hwy ond bywyd o feirw? 16 Canys os sanctaidd y blaenffrwyth, y mae’r clamp toes hefyd yn sanctaidd: ac os sanctaidd y gwreiddyn, y mae’r canghennau hefyd felly.
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