Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) No Litoral Dos Estados De

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Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) No Litoral Dos Estados De DENISE SOARES BACCI ESTUDOS TAXONÔMICOS DO GÊNERO CHONDRIA (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) NO LITORAL DOS ESTADOS DE SÃO PAULO E ESPÍRITO SANTO, BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2005 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Seção de Biblioteca do Instituto de Botânica Bacci, Denise Soares B117e Estudos taxonômicos do gênero Chondria (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) no litoral dos estados de São Paulo e Espírito Santo, Brasil / Denise Soares Bacci -- São Paulo, 2005. 114 p. il. Dissertação (mestrado)—Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2005 Bibliografia. 1. Algas. 2. Rhodophyta. 3. Taxonomia. I. Título CDU 582.26 DENISE SOARES BACCI ESTUDOS TAXONÔMICOS DO GÊNERO CHONDRIA (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) NO LITORAL DOS ESTADOS DE SÃO PAULO E ESPÍRITO SANTO, BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADORA: DRA. MUTUE TOYOTA FUJII Dedicado com todo amor a todos os meus familiares e a Edu e Cinira B. Bacci (in memoriam) AGRADECIMENTOS Minha gratidão e sinceros agradecimentos a todos que em diversos momentos me apoiaram a realizar este trabalho. A Dra. Mutue Toyota Fujii pelo valioso apoio, carinho e por ter aceitado me orientar. A Dra. Silvia Maria Pita Beauclair Guimarães pelos grandes ensinamentos e pela minha iniciação nos estudos das algas marinhas bentônicas. A Dra. Mariana Cabral de Oliveira do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo pela orientação nos estudos moleculares. A Dra. Marie Anne Van Sluys e a Biol. Silvia Regina Blanco pelo uso de seu laboratório e auxílio no sequenciamento de DNA. A Dr. Alexis M. Bellorin e Amélia Buriyo pela ajuda e apoio na extração e demais etapas práticas nos estudos moleculares. A Dra. Fanly Fungyi Chow Ho e as Ms. Daniela Milstein e Cíntia S.Coimbra pelo apoio no laboratório. Aos colegas do Laboratório de algas marinhas do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo pela boa convivência e carinho com que me receberam. Ao Ms. José Marcos de Castro Nunes pelas grandes sugestões e auxílio no programa de captura de imagem. A Dra. Nair S. Yokoya e ao Biol. João Parísio pela coleta de material ficológico. A Elizete e Manuel pelo auxílio com o material de herbário e ao José Domingos pela ajuda nas coletas. A Emília Mercaldi minha querida prof.ª de Inglês e a Dra. Nair pela ajuda com o abstract. Aos meus grandes amigos, companheiros de laboratório e seção, Lílian, Marcina, Ricardo, Regina, Daniella, Silvinha, Valeska, Marcinha, Diógina, Marquinhos e as Dras. Nair, Diclá, Andréa, Luciana e Célia pelos bons momentos durante estes anos. A CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado, a comissão e demais professores do Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente do Instituto de Botânica de SP. A Deus sempre por mais um objetivo alcançado em minha vida! SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................................... 1 2. OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................................................... 5 3. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ........................................................................................... 6 3.1. ÁREAS DE ESTUDO ..................................................................................................... 6 3.2. ESTAÇÕES DE COLETA ............................................................................................. 8 3.3. ESTUDOS MORFOLÓGICOS ...................................................................................... 9 Material para Estudos Morfológicos..................................................................................... 9 Identificação e Documentação ............................................................................................... 9 Herborização ........................................................................................................................... 9 3.4. ESTUDOS MOLECULARES ...................................................................................... 10 Preparação de Material para Estudos Moleculares .......................................................... 10 Extração e purificação de DNA .......................................................................................... 10 PCR (reação de cadeia de polimerase) ............................................................................... 11 Eletroforese (gel de agarose) ............................................................................................... 12 Purificação e Quantificação de Produtos de PCR ............................................................. 12 Reações de Seqüenciamento ................................................................................................ 12 Alinhamento e Montagem de Matrizes .............................................................................. 13 Construção de Árvores Filogenéticas ................................................................................. 14 4. RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................. 15 4.1. ESTUDOS MORFOLÓGICOS .................................................................................... 15 Chave de Identificação.......................................................................................................... 15 Descrições e Comentários .................................................................................................... 16 Chondria arcuata Hollenberg ............................................................................................... 16 C. atropurpurea Harvey ......................................................................................................... 18 C. capillaris (Hudson) M. Wynne.......................................................................................... 22 C. collinsiana Howe ................................................................................................................ 25 C. dangeardii Dawson............................................................................................................. 27 C. floridana (Collins) Howe in W.R.Taylor.......................................................................... 29 C. littoralis Harvey.................................................................................................................. 31 C. platyramea Joly & Ugadim................................................................................................ 34 C. polyrhiza Collins & Hervey............................................................................................... 36 C. sedifolia Harvey ................................................................................................................ 39 Chondria sp. ........................................................................................................................... 41 4.2. ESTUDOS MOLECULARES ........................................................................................ 45 5. DISCUSSÃO .................................................................................................................... 47 6. CONCLUSÕES ................................................................................................................ 54 7. LEGENDAS DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................ 55 7.1. FIGURAS........................................................................................................................ 60 8. LITERATURA CITADA ..............................................................................................77 9. RESUMO/ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. 92 10. ANEXOS ........................................................................................................................... 94 Anexo I: Matriz A ................................................................................................................... 94 Anexo II: Matriz B .................................................................................................................102 Anexo III: Matriz C .............................................................................................................. 108 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1. Relação dos locais de coleta de material para o presente estudo ......................... 8 Tabela 2. Relação de amostras utilizadas em estudos moleculares .................................... 10 Tabela 3. Primers utilizados nas reações de seqüenciamento sendo forward (F) e reverse (R) ..............................................................................................................................................13 Tabela 4. Relação de seqüências do gene rbcL de espécies do banco de dados que foram selecionadas como grupo externo (outgroup *) para as análises filogenéticas moleculares................................................................................................................................14
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