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Folk Music Research in Hungary

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Folk Music Research in Hungary INDEX RA.TEOZKY, B.: MusikforachWlg in Ungarn 1936-1960 ................. 225 KBo6, Gy.: Duke Bluebeard's Castle ................. .. ........... 251 SZABOLOSI, B.: Le Mandarin Miraculeux . .. ... .. .. .... ... ...... .. 341 LmmvAI, E.: Der wunderbare Mandarin ... .. .... .. 363 VABGYAS, L.: Folk Music Research in Hungary ... .. .. ..... .. ....... 433 L. VARGYAS KAB.PATI, J.: MeIodie, vera et structure stropbique dans la musique berbere (imazighen) du Maroc Central ............ .... ...... ........... 451 B6NIS, F.: Gustav Ma.hler und Ferenc Erkel .... ..... ..... .. ......... 475 Folk Music Research in Hungary DOCUMENTA Thoma.s Stoltzera Anstelhingsurkunde aus dem Jahre 1522 (von Z. FALVY) 487 Une lettre inedite de Romain Rolland (par B. SZABOLCSI) . ............. , 491 RECENSIONES J8.nOS Mar6thy: Die Geburt des europaischen Volksliedes (von 1. IIALMOS) 4!l3 BrWlO Nettl: Cheremis Musical Styles (by L. VIKAB) ..... .. ............. 497 SEPARATUH 01.64020 - Akad6mlal Nyomda. Budapeat - FeleJ& vezet6: BeruAt GyllrllY Studio. MusioologicaTomus I. faso. 3--4. 1961 Folk Music Research in Hungary by L. VARGYAS Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae A Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia zenetudomanyi foly6irata Technlkal surkeszt.5: In the history of Hungarian folk music research each of the two FALVY ZOLTAN world wars marked the end of an era. The first, from 1905 to 1919, was devoted to intensive collecting and preparatory activity. In the time A szerkesztoseg cime: Budapest V., Nador u . 7. Ill. 338. between the two world wars the first important scientific works were born: the Transylvanian Collection - a classification by musical elements --- by BART6K and KonALY (1923), a£undamental descriptive analysis of A Studia Musicologica nemet, angol, francia, olasz cs orosz nyclven tudomanyos Hungarian folk songs by BART6K (1924; it appeared also in German in ertekezeseket kOzOI a zenetudomltny korebOl. 1925 and in English in 1931); a summary of Bart6k's comparative re­ - A Studia Musicologica cvente 1 kOtetbcn jelenik meg, mintegy 400 oldsl terje­ delemben. A kOtet 2, feievenkent m egjeleno fiizet formajahan keriil kiach,! pra. search work (1934; in German in 1935, in French in 1936); fillally, asum­ A kOzlesre szant keziratok, valamint a szerkeszt6segi levelezes az ahi bbi cimre mary by Koda.ly (1937; second edition: 1943). The first village mono­ kiildend6: graphs made their appearance and a bulky pUblication revealed the Sludia Musicologica music of the Hungarians of Moldavia. Folk music was gradually becom­ Budapest V., Nltdor u. 7. Ill. 338. ing a public necessity and to satisfy the need, popular collections were published bearing titles such as "101 Folk Songs, 102 Folk Songs" etc. In fact, these found their way into school instruction with the School Les Studia Musicologica, une revue de l'Academie Hongroise des Sp,iences, puhlient des travaux originaux du domaine de la musicologie cn flanfais, allemand, an::llais Song-Collection by KonALY and KERENYI (1943). - The death of Bela ou russe. BART6K at the end of the Second World War put a stop to this type of La. revue Studia Musicologica est publiee par semestre sous forme de fascicules qui seront r6unis en-un volume de cca 400 pages par an. development. On est prie d'envoyer des manuscrits destines iI. la r6daction iI. l'adresse suivante: A glance at folk music publications on buok-shelves that have Studia Musicologica appeared in the course of the last fifteen years will convince anyone Budapest V., Nador u. 7., Hongrie that development has not ceased, in fact, it has taken on greater impe­ Toute correspondance doit lltre envoyee iI. cette meme udresse. tus. During those fifteen years twice as many ethnomusicological works Le prix de l'abonnement est de 110 forints par volume. have been published than in the preceding era altogether: :15 in fifteen On peut s'abonner iI. l'entreprise pour le commerce exterieur de livres et joumaux years - 8 in forty. KULTURA The most important among these works, undoubtedly, i~ the series Budapest 62, POB 147, Hongrie representing the complete edition of Hungarian folk music; it is to be ou iI. l'etranger chez tous les representants ou depositaires. regarded as the centre of Hungarian folk music research_ La. revue Studia Musicologica est publiee par la maison d'edition de l'Academie Hongroise des Sciences Akademiai Kiad6 (Budapest V., Alkotmany u. 21., Hongrie). BART6K and KonALY submitted a plan to the cultural authorities for the publishing of a collected edition of the folk songs as far back as 14 SI.MUI~l L. Vargyas: Folk 111.usic Resem'ch in Hungary 435 434 L. Vargyas: Folk Music Resem'ch in Hungm'y see the complete work. It is obvious that witli proper organization this 1913; the Academy decided then to "set aside" a certain sum for this preparatory work can be considerably reduced and those volumes that work (1934), but up to the end of the War the question did not get be­ follow the musical system will hardly require so much work, so that-they yond the preparatory stage. Today already five bulky volumes mark the can appear one after another at a rapid pace. results and bear witness to the extensive financial support which the With the third volume, however, a much more serious !-,roblem aroso, state devotes to the cause of folk music research. The work is going on the question of system. In our older collections, and abroad even today, under impressive conditions: a group of twenty persons, among them the musical material is arranged according to the types of the texts: twelve scientific collaborators, is working on the publication. Originally in the order of ballads, love songs, soldiers' songs, ceremonial songs and the work was begun in a small room at the Academy, with hardly enough the like, and the melodies belonging to them follow one another in utter accomodation for the two collaborators: Kodaly and Kerenyi, not to confusion. Even identical variants cannot be easily picked out from an speak of storage s!-,ace for material. Since then an independent Academy extensive collection, but it is completely impossible to determine and Research Group has been entrusted with the work; this Group has ade­ find the types and the musical characteristics of such kind of musical quate premises, a laboratory of its own, tape recorders, motor-cars and material. an imposing budget. The volumes already published give evidence of an Pre~iously it was regarded as a great achievement of Hungarian enterprise which is unequalled, except by the large-scale task in progress folk .musIC research that it evolved a classification method according to on the collected edition of German folk songs (Deutsche Volkslieder mit mUSICal characteristics and thereby laid the foundations for scientific ihren Melodien). But there it is the texts that are being published - to­ elaboration. Everybody expected the application of this method also gether with their melodies insofar as these are available and not the to the complete edition in consideration of the large amount of material comple~ material, just 1-2 patterns, 8 -10 in the larger groups of vari­ involved. But the volumes of the Corpus Musicae Popularis Hungaricae ants; only a listing of data reports on the rest of the variants. True, the w~re not begun with folk songs proper, but with special kinds of songs, ' absence ' of the complete material is compensated by the large-scale With those associated with customs, that differ from the mass of folk comparative elaboration of the first ballad volumes. But the Corpus songs. That solution - following Soviet examples - was once decided Musicae Popularis Hungaricae, aiming at completeness' from the musical upon at a conference of the interested. experts at the recommendation point of view, is considered unique due to its imposing proportions. of B. SZABOLCSI. The "Customs songs" were then understood to comprise While establishing the foregoing with pride, and being also aware such types as represent a separate style: children's songs, regos (regosh) that in its scientific requirements this series far preceded the works other songs and dirges. When publishing these in a separate volume we have nations have published so far, still we must report on a certain amount not departed from the principle of musical order, even though the songs of practical and theoretical concern that had ariscn in connection with are apparently grouped on the basis of one or the other popular custom. cer~ain volumes. Because when we say "dirge" for the sake of simplicity, we are thinking Regarding the pace of pu blishing the volumes, a.nxiety was already of ~ certai~ musical type, the numerous similar melodies which, adapted expressed before the appearance of the first volume. The "Dj Zenei Szem­ to ImprOVised prose texts, vary loose motives mostly on the lower five­ le" (New Musical Review) opened a discussion on the subject (Ujfalussy, six tones of the major scale, where they repose in irregular succession on Jardanyi, Vargyas) whereupon the first volume appeared in 1951: the second arid first grade. Gyermekjatekok (Children's Games) with songs. The following volumes It cannot, therefore, be regarded as a deviation from the musical appeared successively at two-year intervals: Jeles napok (Calendar principles we all hold if the first volume of the series contained the Customs) in 1953, the first part of the Lakodalom (Wedding Songs) in "~hildren'sSon?s".In fact we thought it of special advantage thatJil.­ 1955. this. section was only completed in 1956, thus in the third year. DAN~I. had deVised such a clever system of grouping this material, never The fourth volume: Parosit6k (Matchmaking Songs) left the press three claSSified before, that its types, characteristics were clearly outlined and years later, in 1959. If we estimate the remaining material only at twenty the heterogeneous material, the loose formS' became comprehensible to volumes, we would still have to reckon with further sixty years proceed­ everybody. ing at this pace, - in other words, the present generation would hardly 14* St.
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