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The Origin of Christianity and a Commentary to the Acts of The THE Origin of Christianity AND A COMMENTARY TO THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, BY ISAAC M. WISE. CINCINNATI: BLOCH & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1868. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, BY ISAAC M. WISE, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio. THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THE FREE RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATION, By the Author. Truth is the Redeemer of Mankind. The Apostles of Truth and Char• ity are the Angels of the Most High, and the High Priests of Humanity. PREFACE. " TRUTH only, in the name of God," this is the object of this volume. With the ut• most respect for religion itself and for the Bible, with due reverence for Christianity, the important factor in the history of civil• ization, and with a profound regard for the religious feelings of all good men, the fol• lowing pages were written to contribute to the religious literature of our age the re• sults of twenty years of individual re• search. The four Gospels, the origin of which is discussed in this volume, can not be taken as the main sources for the origin of Chris• tianity. They represent it in the second and third stages of its development. The authors were Christians before they wrote their books; hence Christianity preceded them. In the form as these Gospels are now before us, they prove that their re• spective authors were fully acquainted with the dissentions among the Jewish Christians on the one side and the Gentile Christians on the other. They contain polemics of those parties, and conciliatory attempts; consequently they are secondary sources for our purpose. Besides, it is next to an impossibility to ascertain from them the religion taught by Jesus of Nazareth himself The Jesus represented in John's Gospel is radically different in character, actions, speeches and pretensions from the Jesus of the .Synoptics; while with, those, Luke again differs widely in essential points from his two predecessors who are themselves by no means a unity on the narrative, or the speeches and parables. A careful investigation into the Gospels proves that not only no part of (lie narra• tive can be fully relied upon as being his• torically certain, but also no speed),parable or sentence supposed to have been uttered by Jesus himself will stand the test of historical criticism. What Jesus himself did,, suffered, opposed or taught, hence what influence he exercised upon the origin of Christianity, or what religious principles be laid down for his disciples, is next to an impossibility to ascertain. Every bio• graphy of Jesus, every life of Christ must necessarily be considered an individual conception footing upon uncertainties; and the expression the religion of Christ is simply a misnomer. The epistles are the oldest Christian liter• ature and th,e most unquestionable sources for the origin of Christianity. They were known to the Gospel writers, and wore used by them. We learn from the epistles what the apostles taught. It is from the teach^- iugs of the apostles that one might souier times ascertain doctrines of Jesus. There• fore the epistles are the main sources used by the author of this work. In the epistles themselves there are two entirely distinct systems of Christianity, one of which is represented by Peter, James, John and the other original apostles, and the other by Paul and his followers. The history of the development of these two systems is in " The Acts of the Apostles." Therefore this latter book serves as the basis to this work. The facts have been separated from the embellishment, and the origin of Chris• tianity, as represented by the apostles, chronologically arranged and carefully compared with other sources. Among the other sources which the author consulted, it is chiefly the Talmud and other rabbinical scriptures. He under• took the task of translating several hun• dred talmudical passages for this work, all rendered from the originals, and hopes to have expounded numerous passages in the New Testament, which are otherwise un• intelligible. He hopes still more to have opened an entirely new avenue of research to Christian theology and criticism. The Talmud and other rabbinical books con• sulted by the author, contain not only the contemporary history, archeology and litera• ture of the very time when Jesus and the apostles lived, but also the laws and doc• trines, as well as the superstitious arid aberrations of that age and that country. Without the Talmud, a perfect understand• ing of original Christianity is almost im• possible, as the candid reader of this book will undoubtedly admit, alter a careful perusal of it. May this humble contribution to Ameri• can literature be acceptable to the GREAT I AM, and prove a blessing to all who long after truth. This is the prayer of THE AUTHOR. CINCINNATI, May, 1868. INDEX. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. The Nascent Church at Jerusalem, 16 CHAPTER II. The Holy Ghost, 23 CHAPTER III. The Glossology, 50 CHAPTER IV. The Government, of the Nascent Congrega• tion <>8 CHAPTER V. On the Miracles, 84 CHAPTER VI. The Persecution of the Apostles, 133 CHAPTER VII. The Apostles' Creed, 170 CHAPTER VIII. The Martyrdom, of Stephen, 203 CHAPTER IX. Paul— Acher, 311 CHAPTER X. The Creed of Paid, 351 CHAPTER XI. The Conversion of the Gentiles, 425 CHAPTER XII. The Voyages of Paul, 447 CHAPTER XIII. Capture, Trial and Deportation of Paut,A76 CHAPTER XIV. The last Days of Paul 511 ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY. INTRODUCTION. The book next to the fourth Gospel in the Christian canon is called, " The Acts of the Apostles," or also, "The Acts." It begins with a brief sketch of the resurrec• tion, post mortem communications for forty days with the disciples, and the ascension of Jesus, contradictory nob only to the ac• counts of the same events by Paul, John, Mark and Matthew, but also to Luke's ac• count, notwithstanding the undisputed fact, that the Luke oF the third Gospel was also the author of " The Acts," The entire book, after those introductory remarks, is devoted to the transactions of the apostles and the fate of the first con• gregations, after the demise of Jesus. Its author, as remarked already, is identical with him who wrote the third Gospel. The introductory verse points expressly to that Gospel as " the former treatise" of the author, in which the same Theophilus is addressed. The character and style of both works, favorite phrases and crystalized prejudices for Romans and Samaritans, the 2 want of knowledge of the Hebrew, the laws and customs of the Jews, and of the geography of Palestine common to both books, proves their origin from one author a fact, which the church early admitted. (Antiq. Ital. iii, 854). The authors of the Gospels being un• known, the author of Acts can not be pointed out with any degree of certainty. The author of the third Gospel, in the in• troduction, states that many before him had undertaken to write clown the Chris• tian story. This entitles us to the hypothe• sis that the Gospels according to Matthew and Mark, and probably also apocryphal works of this nature, were written previ• ously to Luke's, who knew them, quoted from them, changed and added, both stories and words. In "The Acts," however, he refers to no predecessors in this task, and leads us to believe he was the first writer on this topic. This leads us to the inquiry, from what sources did the author of " The Acts" take the stories which he narrates? It is certain that the author had two dif• ferent sources before him. In the history of Paul, which occupies the largest portion of the book, the author uses the pronoun " we," (chapters 16, 20, 21, 27, 28) so that the narrator suddenly includes himself in the narrative, which is not the case in any other portion of the book. The character of these two sources is entirely different, not only in style, but in the very object of the stories. The one is full of tendency, miracles and long speeches, and the other, on the contrary, is simple, natural and clear; he narrates what occurs to Paul, whose companion he pretends to be. The author of the " We " portion of " The Acts " can not be identified with the author of the other portions; because he presents himself as the companion of Paul, hence one acquainted with the transactions and the life of that apostle. He could not have reported Paul's conversion in three different and contradictory manners; nor could he place words and speeches in the mouth of Paul which, as we shall fully ascertain hereafter, he could not possibly have spoken ; nor is it likely that he could be so ignorant of Hebrew, if a disciple of Paul, as the writer of " The Acts " actually was. Besides, it is not well possible that the author of Acts was a cotemporary of Paul at all. Criticism ascertained beyond the shadow of a doubt, that the Gospels accord• ing to Matthew and Mark were written after the Epistles of Paul, against which they contain various polemics. The very fact of the polemical nature of these Gos• pels shows that they originated years after Paul preached, after his views and doc• trines had gained so much of a reputation, that polemics became necessary in the opinion of those writers. The Gospel ac• cording to Luke was composed long after the above, as we have seen before, at a time when the Paulites considered it necessary to vindicate their system of Christianity 2* against the Jew-Christians.
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