Ryefield, Dalry Project KHAP 103

Project Report 2016

by Diane Brown and Ralph Shuttleworth Issued April 2017

Copyright © 2017 Diane Brown and Ralph Shuttleworth. All rights reserved. No part of this report may be copied or reproduced by any means without prior written permission from the authors.

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Table of Contents Table of Contents ...... 1 Introduction ...... 3 Location ...... 3 Context and Aims of the Project ...... 4 Context ...... 4 Aims ...... 4 Part I: Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment ...... 5 Desk-based Assessment ...... 5 Methodology ...... 5 Results ...... 5 Overview ...... 5 Cartographic resources ...... 7 Primary sources ...... 12 Flax Mill and Fleck’s Bleachfield ...... 12 Print Works (Doggartland Holm) ...... 13 Corn Mill ...... 14 Turkey Red Dye and Calico Printing Works ...... 14 Woollen Mill ...... 17 Howie’s Dye Works ...... 18 Secondary sources ...... 19 Flax Mills and Bleachfields ...... 19 Turkey Red Dye and Calico Printing ...... 20 Part II: Archaeological Investigations ...... 25 Methodology ...... 25 Excavation ...... 25 The ladeside buildings ...... 25 The culverted lade ...... 25 Results ...... 25 The ladeside buildings and structures ...... 27 Trial trench 1 ...... 27 Trial trench 2 ...... 27 Trench 3: Structure 6 ...... 27 Trench 4: Structure 7 ...... 28 Structure 8 ...... 31 The Culverted lade...... 35 The Culvert Entrance ...... 35 The Slab Covered part of the Culvert ...... 41 The culvert end ...... 42 The finds ...... 44 Discussion ...... 46

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Buildings: Flax Mill and Bleachfield Area ...... 46 The drains: Flax Mill and Bleachfield Area ...... 46 The culverted part of the lade ...... 47 Conclusions ...... 49 Further work ...... 52 Acknowledgements ...... 53 References ...... 54 List of Illustrations ...... 57 Archival Sources ...... 60 Appendix 1: Context List ...... 61 Appendix 2: Drawing List ...... 62 Appendix 3: Finds List ...... 63 Appendix 4: Photo List ...... 64 Appendix 5: 1819 Plan References ...... 65-67 Appendix 6: Notes on the processing of flax ...... 68 Drawings 14 - 32 ...... 69-80

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Introduction This report represents the results of the second season of archaeological investigation in relation to the 18th and 19th century industrial remains at Ryefield. The project commenced on 12th March 2016 and was completed on 10th September 2016. The works were organised by Kilwinning Heritage using volunteers and carried out according to the Kilwinning Heritage Ryefield Project Design by Diane Brown and Ralph Shuttleworth May 2015.

Location The site is located in a field on the south bank of the Rye Water north of Ryefield Stables, Drakemyre, Dalry, North Ayrshire, NGR: NS 28770 50513. The site is approximately a kilometre from Dalry off the B780 Dalry to Kilbirnie road, Figure 1.

Figure 1: Location of the Ryefield site

The field is under pasture and slopes gently from west to east to the bank of the Rye Water, figure 2.

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Figure 2: Location of the Ryefield Print (Doggartland Holm) site

Context and Aims of the Project

Context The context of the project is to gain knowledge and understanding of the industrial heritage of the area and expand the existing historical record.

Aims The aims of the project are to:

 collate and analyse the information which already exists about this site  examine, record and analyse the surviving remains  develop an interpretation of the history, character and operation of the site

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Part I: Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment

Desk-based Assessment

Methodology The desk-based assessment was conducted in accordance with the project specification. Material was sought from a variety of available resources to collate, verify and assess relevant information relating to the flax mill, the bleachfield, the culverted lade and the industries that were served by the lade.

Results Overview The names Ryefield and Doggartland have been used interchangeably for structures and geographic locations on this site since the 19th century. To reduce the confusion this creates figure 3, which uses the OS 1911 map of the area for expediency, shows those discussed in this report using an appropriate unique identifier. These identifiers will be used within the body of this report together with any colloquial names that are deemed appropriate.

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Figure 3: OS Map FigureOS 1911 3:Map

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Cartographic resources Robert Aitken's parish map Dalry 1827 shows Dogartlund [sic] Mill and several buildings on both sides of the Doggartland to Cunningham Baidland road, figure 4.

Figure 4: Robert Aitken’s Dalry Parish Map 1827

The Ordnance Survey (OS) map of 1858, which was survey in 1856, shows an intricate water system leading to the Doggartland mills, figure 5.

Figure 5: OS Map 1858

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The lade appears to go under the road and back into the Rye Water on the east side of the Dalry to Kilbirnie road. The OS Name Book, of 1856, states that the ruined remains of the Doggartland water mill, which used to grind corn, had been in disuse for about thirteen years (ScotlandsPlaces, 2015a). The small Doggartland Woollen Mill was driven by water according to the same OS Name Book (ibid).

The OS 1858 map also shows the Print Works (Doggartland Holm) and that part of the lade is mapped as a culvert, figure 6.

Figure 6: OS Map 1858

However, according to the OS Name Book, the printing business that produced shawls and other goods was bankrupt and that the Print Works (Doggartland Holm) was now partly let to miners for accommodation (ScotlandsPlaces, 2015a).

In 1895 the OS map show that the lade is still open along the side of the road and that the Doggartland Woollen Mill, the mill dams and sluices are still active, figures 7 and 8.

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Figure 7: OS Map 1895

Figure 8: OS Map 1895

The Turkey red printfield buildings now appear to be ruins apart from one small building facing towards the junction of the Dalry to Kilbirnie road, figure 8.

The 1908 OS map shows that the lade alongside the road is now partially underground and that the Doggartland Woollen Mill is now disused but that there is a Dye Works where the corn mill and print works used to be; the mill dams and sluices are still shown, figures 9 and 10.

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Figure 9: OS Map 1908

Figure 10: OS Map 1908

The OS maps for 1938, 1958 and 1967 continue to show the site as a Dye Works. The OS 1967 map shows where the lade sinks underground, figure 11.

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Figure 11: OS Map 1967

In 1978 the OS map shows the site labelled as Works and where the lade sinks is still shown, figure 12.

Figure 12: OS Map 1978

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The 1980 and 1992 OS maps continue to show the site labelled Works but show no signs of the lade, figure 13.

Figure 13: OS Map 1992

Primary sources

Flax Mill and Fleck’s Bleachfield Sometime before or around 1808 John Fleck acquired part of the lands of Doggartland Farm, called Doggartland Holm, which included the flax mill that had previously been possessed by Alexander Muir (NRS; RD5/125/429, RS3/835/212, RS3/835/218, and RS14/124/36). A plan of the area John Fleck acquired is shown at figure 14 (ASGU GUA 20831).

Figure 14: Plan c.1800

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This land was inherited and feued to his son, James Fleck, on 20th July 1819. The disposition states that only a bore of one inch in diameter could be used across the property and that not even the smallest impairment must be caused to the Doggartland Corn Mill “then going” (NRS RS14/124/36). A plan dated 22nd October 1819 shows the area and the alterations that were required along the lead to accommodate the bleachfield activities; in contrast to the OS map of 1858 it shows the lead as an open course, figure 15 (ASGU GUA 20836).

Figure 15: Plan 1819

On 20th June 1837, the property was possessed by Mathew Patrick, Excise Officer who was residing at Markinch, Fife (NRS RS14/263/61). James Macdonald, a printer from Old Kirkpatrick, became the proprietor of the site in January 1840 (NRS RS14/282/268). On the same date he also became the proprietor of other lands at Doggartland which became known as Ryefield (Brown and Spittal, 1868, 128). By the 12th December 1845 James Alison, ironmaster, had become the proprietor of all these lands (NRS RS3/2308/215).

Print Works (Doggartland Holm) The first source to mention the Print Works (Doggartland Holm) states that Buchanan, Ross and Co., calico and shawl printers occupied it sometime before February 1847 (Glasgow Herald, 1851). They took out a fire policy from the Phoenix Fire Assurance Company and a court case ensued after they made a claim against the company for loss and damage caused by a fire that occurred at the property on 5th August 1847 (ibid). The pursuers had abandoned the Print Works (Doggartland Holm) immediately after the alleged fire; they had delayed in bringing a legal case against the fire assurance company and had offered no explanation for these actions (ibid). There was the possibility they were making a false claim, that the fire had not taken place and articles were not destroyed or injured as they had stated (ibid). However, the case was found in their favour but instead of the principle and interest of £520 that they asked for in the summons, the judge agreed to pay only £300 (ibid). Buchanan, Ross and Co., calico and shawl printers, were sequestrated and ceased to

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trade in January 1852 (The Scotsman, 1852). In 1855 Mathew Patrick had leased the Print Works (Doggartland Holm) and bleachfield land to Robert Wotherspoon, a farmer of Kersland, who was also the occupier of the land (ScotlandPeople, 2015a). However, as previously mentioned, the OS Name Book, of 1856, records miners using part of the building as accommodation.

Corn Mill Archibald Blair was the miller at Doggartland Corn Mill when his first son, John, was born on 13th November 1761 (ScotlandPeople, 2016b). He was still the occupier in 1799 when he was assessed for house, windows and horse taxes (ScotlandsPlaces, 2015b). All the lands that were possessed by Archibald Blair on 11th November 1815, including the Doggartland Corn Mill, the Kiln, appurtenances, the mill dam, the lead and the adjoining mill lands called the Holm, were feued to Robert Kerr on 4th November 1816 (NRS RS14/104/276). See figure 16 (ASGU GUA 20831).

Figure 16: Plan c.1800 This could indicate that the plan, c.1800, was drawn nearer to 1815 when Robert Kerr first possessed the land.

Although the 1819 plan references (see appendix 5) show that Robert Kerr was operating a bleaching green on the land they still refer to the corn mill. Thomas Richmond is shown as the miller at Doggartland in 1825 (Pigot & Co, 1825, 230). In 1837 the miller at Doggartland was listed as James Kerr (Pigot & Co, 1837, 255). James Macdonald was granted a feu disposition by Daniel Kerr for these lands and property on 29th January 1840 (NRS RS14/282/273). By 1867 James McCosh had become the lawful superior of the property (NRS RS14/473/239).

Turkey Red Dye and Calico Printing Works In August 1826 James Macdonald sublet a dyeworks on the Cochno Burn, Dunbartonshire (Dunbar et al., 1837, 49). He was taken, along with his associates, to Glasgow Jury Court on 26th September 1836 accused of polluting the burn with his works, especially with madder,

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and causing a nuisance to the others using the burn (ibid). The jury found in James Macdonald’s favour but with exceptions and a new trial was ordered (Dunbar et al., 1839, 470). Over the following years several court cases ensued until in March 1838 the verdict went against James Macdonald and his associates (ibid). In the 1840 and 1841 Glasgow Post Office Directories James Macdonald is listed as a turkey-red dyer and calico printer at a commission merchant’s office at 29 West George Street (NLS 2017a, 146; NLS 2017b, 283).

The census enumerator, J. L. Duff school master, followed a route along the Doggartland to Cuningham Baidland road from Cuningham Baidland through Ryefield, Holmhead to Doggartland on the 6th June 1841 collecting information for the 1841 census records (Census, 1841). The 1841 census shows that James Macdonald, calico printer, lived at Ryefield with his family (ibid). He was operating Ryefield Print and Bleachfield and employing about one hundred and fifty people (Glasgow and Ayrshire Railway, 1841, 42). Mr Duff noted that the printfield and dyeworks had caused a large influx of strangers to the area (Census, 1841). In his poem, The Toun O' Dalry, In 1841, local poet Andrew Aitken describes seeing the enclosures with their brightly coloured dyed cloth spread out in Drakemyre (Aitken, 1873, 14). However, The London Gazette reported that James and John Macdonald, calico and turkey red dye printers of Glasgow and Ryefield, were sequestrated on 31st July 1841 (Great Britain, 1841, 2046). The print works and turkey red dye works was put up for sale or let, the advertisement is dated 11th December 1843, figure 17 (Glasgow Herald, 1844).

Figure 17: Glasgow Herald 1st January 1844 This advertisement appears every Monday from 1st January 1844 until 13th May 1844 in the Glasgow Herald.

In August 1844, an advertisement appeared which showed that additional land and buildings were also for sale or let, figure 18 (The Ayr Advertiser, 1844a).

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Figure 18: The Ayr Advertiser 1st August 1844

An article appeared on the 21st November 1844 reporting that Alexander Alison Junior, of Blair Iron Works, had bought the property to erect an elegant mansion house and was demolishing the old thatched houses on the land (The Ayr Advertiser, 1844b). In the disposition made by James Macdonald to James Alison on 12th December 1845 conditions were included to "make a prudent and proper use of the Water lade which serves the Doggartland Printfield then going formerly the Doggartland Corn Mill" (NRS RS3/2308/215). Furthermore, James Alison was to cause no impairment to the Printfield, or stop the gathering dam that served the Printfield machinery (ibid). He was in addition to pay one third of keeping the damhead in good order along with the Tacksman or proprietor of the Printfield (ibid). James Alison was sequestrated on 28th December 1847 (Great Britain, 1847, 696). The property was advertised as suitable for various industries in 1851, figure 19 (Glasgow Herald, 1851).

Figure 19: Glasgow Herald 20th October 1851

The Printfield, which had lately been occupied by Andrew Ferrie and Co., was advertised for a let of nine years together with sale of its contents in December 1852, figure 20 (Glasgow Herald, 1852).

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Figure 20: Glasgow Herald 17th December 1852

Woollen Mill The Woollen Mill appears on the c.1800 plan but there is no indication of ownership marked as is the case in the surrounding properties. However, in the feu disposition to Robert Kerr dated the 4th November 1816 for the Doggartland Corn Mill, the southern boundary is described as partly by Walter Galloway's property and partly by Thomas Logan's property (NRS RS14/104/276). See the described boundary marked in red, figure 21; James Hendry’s property although on the east side of the Dalry to Kilbirnie road is described as part of the lands of Doggartland, figure 21 (ASGU GUA 20831; NRS RS14/104/42).

Figure 21: Plan c.1800 boundary marked in red

Robert Kerr is listed as a woollen carder at Doggartland in 1837 (Pigot & Co, 1837, 255). In 1861 William Smart is shown under worsted spinners, woollen, at Doggartland (Slater, 1861,

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359). By 1865 his widow has taken over the wool carding mill (ScotlandPeople, 2015b). She continues to be listed as M Smart at Doggartland Mill until 1882 (NLS, 2016a, 172). An advertisement in 1885 shows she has gone into partnership with her nephew, figure 22 (The Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 1885).

Figure 22: The Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald 23rd October1885

Martha Smart and her nephew were still shown as operating the mill in 1886 (Slater, 1886, 217). However, in 1893 the proprietor of the Doggartland Mill had changed and was now listed as E. Liddell (NLS, 2016b, 172). In 1895 the mill, which was let to Ebenezer Liddell, was advertised for sale with a steam engine, fixed plant, machinery and an adjoining cottage, figure 23

Figure 23: Glasgow Herald 13th July 1895

Ebenezer Liddell continues to be shown as a woollen manufacturer at Doggartland Mill until 1901 (NLS, 2016c, 648).

Howie’s Dye Works In 1901 John Howie & Co., yarn merchants and dyers are listed at 121 James Street Bridgeton, Glasgow and at Doggartland (NLS, 1901,299). John Campbell was the manager of the Doggartland Mill in 1905 (Dalry Burns Club, 2017). By 1930 Mrs Maria Wilson Howie, widow and sole partner, was carrying on the business as a dyer and yarn merchant at the Doggartland Dye Works and continued to trade as, John Howie & Co. (ScotlandPeople, 2016a). In 1935 John Howie & Co. became a limited company and maintained its operation at Doggartland Mill (The Scotsman, 1935, 10). Still in operation in 1951 John Howie & Co., at Doggartland Mills, employed one hundred and twenty one people to spin and dye yarn (Strawhorn and Boyd, 1951, 411).

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Secondary sources

Flax Mills and Bleachfields Flax mills came in to prominence in the 1730s (Durie, 1979, 37). In 1772 there were 22 flax mills in Ayrshire (Warden, 1867, 455). The number of flax mills in Scotland increased from 253 in 1771 to 408 by 1800 (Durie, 1979, 72). The building of flax mills was largely determined by landowners and many were built by farmers to acquire a government grant (Nisbet, 2009, 6). The recommended process of bleaching linen yarn started with opening the hanks and laying them, covered in cold water, in a bucking keeve or bucking tub for about nine hours (Maxwell, 1743, 344). There would be a spigot near the bottom of the tub to let out the water and this process was repeated many times until the water ran clear (ibid). Figure 24 shows a bucking tub being used for laundry, it is raised on a frame and has a stopper underneath that allows the water to run out into the bucket placed underneath the tub.

Figure 24: The Lye-Washer by Jean-François Millet c.1852 Plentiful amounts of water were required by a bleachfield and the earlier ones had several buildings spread across their sites (Nisbet, 2009, 7). The bleachfield washing mills developed from the previous flax mills, figure 25 (ibid).

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Figure 25: Washing wheel on which water falls to give motion (Rees, 1820, p.11).

Even though there was an increase in the number of public bleachfields most bleaching was still carried out on small bleachfields run by the weavers themselves; they could process small quantities much cheaper than using the large bleachfields (Durie, 1979, 83). Almost all bleachfields bleached yarn, as a service to the weavers, as well as cloth (ibid, 86). However, by 1815 there was a major decline in handloom weaving (ibid, 99). There had been growth and expansion up to that year but the reduced demand from private weavers and the falling charges of the larger fields meant that only a few small fields were left operating (ibid, 106).

Turkey Red Dye and Calico Printing The calico print manufacturers started in Scotland, on the banks of the Clyde, in 1732 (Turnbull, 1951, 90). Unlike other types of manufacturers of that era they had to be exceptionally skilled in all three areas of aesthetics, chemistry and engineering to be successful calico printers (Parnell, 1846, 466). Grey cloth, that is cloth straight from the loom and grey in colour, was received from the weavers and this went through many processes before it was ready to be dyed (Kenny, 1982, 9). In all the cloth went through seventeen different processes before it was ready to be printed (Parnell, 1844, 260). It was washed at several stages, singed, bleached and calendered (smoothed), to name but a few of the processes (Anon, 1846, 444). It can be seen from the following plan of a small bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing works how labour and machine intensive the procedures were, figure 26.

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1900, 29). 1900, Norton, (

: A plan: A of asmall bleaching, and dyeing,printing finishingworks Figure 26 Figure

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In block printing each man had his own table and a child to assist called a tearer (Bremner, 1869, 303). The printing block was carved from wood, figure 27.

Figure 27: Printing Block

The block was charged with dye which was kept evenly distributed, by the tearer, using a frame with a woollen cloth stretched over it and lying on a pliable base (Anon, 1846, 444). The printer applied the block, by hand, to the cloth guided by small pins at each corner then he hit it with a wooden mallet to form an impression, figure 28 (ibid, 445).

Figure 28: Block Printing (Anon, 1846, 444).

This method of printing only applied a single colour to the fabric therefore several blocks were needed to make a print with several colours (Anon, 1846, 445). A survey carried out in April 1840 revealed that there were 67 calico printing companies with 5,597 tables, 81 cylinder machines and 213 press machines in Scotland (House of Commons, 1840, 435).

Once the fabric had been dyed it passed through a drying machine. This consists of five to thirteen hollow copper cylinders filled with steam and fitted with machinery to enable the drums to rotate together, figure 29 (Parnell, 1844, 325).

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Figure 29: Cylinder Drying Machine (Sansone, 1888, 222).

These heated rollers were also known as steam cans (Chambers, 1873, 149). Children as well as being tearers were also employed to operate the drying machine. It was reported that in the West of Scotland, on some occasions, girls were to be found working at the steam cans for as many as thirty eight hours in succession (H.M.S.O., 1843, 63).

The first Turkey red dying in Scotland was introduced in 1732 by George MacIntosh at Dalmarnock when he invited Pierre Jacques Papillon, a chemist from Rouen, to his works to show him the secret dyeing process (Turnbull, 1951, 91). Until that time dyeing with this colour was a French monopoly (ibid). Originally the secret of the Turkey red dye process stayed only among a few men in Scotland and it was not until 1803 that the process became public knowledge (Knight, 1844, 290). In the manufacture of Turkey red dye madder was combined with bullock’s blood to achieve the requisite colour (Bremner, 1869, 300). Calico that was dyed Turkey red was not only recognised by its deep fiery tone but its incredible colour fastness, figure 30 (Crookes, 1874, 326).

Figure 30: Turkey red floral patterns

The majority of Turkey red dyeing in Britain was carried out in the Glasgow area (Parnell, 1844, 226).

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Mechanical textile printing first started in a revolutionary way in 1785, at Monsey near Preston, by Scotsman Thomas Bell’s patented cylinder printing press (Parnell, 1844, 231). With the introduction of the cylinder printing machine production of printed calico increased dramatically (Turnbull, 1951, 81). The Excise Returns report output estimated at 50,000 pieces, each of about 30 yards, in 1750; 1,000,000 pieces in 1796; 7,000,000 in 1821 and by 1851 the total production reached 20,000,000 pieces (ibid). A cylinder printing machine operated by a man and a child could produce as much as one hundred block printers and their tearers (Baines, 1835, 266). That is to say, a cylinder machine could produce in four minutes what would take six hours in block printing, figure 31 (Parnell, 1844, 231).

Figure 31: Cylinder printing (Knight, 1843, 296).

There was a gradual decline in block printing and it had nearly disappeared by 1870 (Knecht and Fothergill, 1912, 40). In comparison with other industries, of the era, calico printing required a great deal of capital outlay not only for the initial expense but also for maintaining the stock of raw, part finished and finished materials (Turnbull, 1951, 100). While large firms flourished, the smaller businesses changed hands frequently and their failure was very common (ibid, 113).

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Part II: Archaeological Investigations

Methodology

Excavation Last year at Ryefield a Print Works (Doggartland Holm), a magazine used by the Dalry Rifle Volunteers, the remains of a water mill and the stone capped start of a culverted section of the mill lade were identified and recorded (Brown and Shuttleworth, 2015). The intention this season was to investigate the buildings shown downstream of the mill on the west side of the lade on the plans dated c.1800 and 1819 and also to investigate the nature of the culverted section of the lade which appears on the OS maps of 1858 and later but not on the c.1800 and 1819 plans.

The ladeside buildings In order to locate these two 10m trial trenches were dug from east to west by machine to a depth of about 1.5 metres. Trial Trench 1 was laid out to intercept the north-south walls of the “drying house” on the c.1800 plan. Trial trench 2 was laid out to intercept the corresponding wall of the “dwelling house” on the 1819 plan.

The culverted lade Trenches were planned to expose the inlet, outlet, and points in between of the culverted part of the lade.

An initial walk over the shallow depression marking the course of the lade showed that the culvert begins at the north end with three capstones mortared together and terminates some 80m to the south with a similar single capstone. In between at two points sections of broken and collapsed capstones were visible among the vegetation. Heavy growth of vegetation and later deposits obscured the actual entrance to the culvert from the open lade.

The strategy adopted was to work from north to south clearing vegetation and superficial deposits and opening up small trenches as required to explore the nature of the structures revealed.

Results All numbers referring to trenches, structures and drawings are continued from those in the report of 2015 and are shown on the 2016 site plan, figure 32.

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Site Plan Plan 1:500 at Site

32: Drawing Number 14: Number Drawing 32: Figure Figure

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The ladeside buildings and structures

Trial trench 1 Revealed only natural orange/brown clay/silt with boulders at the lowest depth interpreted as post glacial deposits.

Trial trench 2 Was similar over the first four metres but then started to show white “plaster” fragments. Decreasing the excavation depth to about 0.5m showed that this continued to the end of the planned trench. The north side showed only the natural boulder clay so a new trench, trench 3 was opened by hand expanding the trial trench 2 to the south to further define these initial results.

Trench 3: Structure 6 Cleaning here revealed in plan a deposit, context (6000), about 5m long by 0.5 m wide containing numerous fragments of mortar faced with smooth white plaster along with some stone, a little brick, and some pieces of broken red pantile. In section this feature was of a U-shaped cut, context [6001], against natural glacial deposits on the north side and beneath and filled with context (6000). It was interpreted as a robbed-out wall of a building, Structure 6, figures 33 and 34.

Figure 33: Robber trench Structure 6

Figure 34: Part section of robber trench Structure 6

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To the south of this was a brown silty sand, context (6002), containing numerous flecks of charcoal, sherds and fragments of pottery.

Assuming that the robber trench represented the position of a north wall of a building a hand dug trench was excavated along a north-south direction to the south of that feature in the hope of locating some internal feature or a south wall of the building.

Trench 4: Structure 7 No south wall was found but a structure, denoted Structure 7, made up of a double course of red bricks, context [7000], overlaying slate, context [7001], which in turn overlay a bed of mortar context, [7002], figures 35 and 36.

Figure 35: Trench 4 Structure 7 from the west

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Figure 36: Mortar under lay to slate

This was closed at the west end and clearly continued eastwards. A new trench, Trench 4, was opened to follow the course of this. The feature continued in similar form for about 4m and then changed in that the same substructure was covered by sandstone slabs, context [7003], figure 37.

Figure 37: The slab covered part of Structure 7

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The open part of Structure 7 was embedded in a hard deposit of pebbles and sandy clay, context (6003), and this together with structure 7 was overlaid by, context (6002), as seen in Trench 3, figures 38 and 39.

Figure 38: View into Structure 7 from the west

Figure 39: The west end of Structure7 showing (6002) over laying (6003) and Structure 7

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Pottery and other finds came from this deposit, context (6002).

Structure 7 continued eastward with a change of direction until it met the lade. Here the slope was steeper and the construction different again. Now the sides were made up of rounded stones, context [7004], inserted into the natural, not context (6003), with a slate bed, context [7001], laid between but not under the side stones. Much of the most easterly part had been robbed, but residual stones and slates showed the course, figure 40.

Figure 40: Structure 7 from the east

Structure 8 At the point where the direction changed another similar structure, Structure 8, joined Structure 7 from the south. This had a similar construction to the western part of Structure 7 but here the bricks were replaced by a single course of undressed stones, context [8000], again overlaying the slate bed context, [8001]. This also was embedded in, context (6003), figure 41.

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Figure 41: Structure 8 joining Structure 7

A line projected from the east end of the robber trench in Trench 3, where the east wall might be expected if Structure 6 was a north gable, passes through where the open part of Structure 7 gives way to the slab covered part, but no trace of such a wall could be found.

These structures their relationships and their gradients, which all slope towards the lade are shown in figure 42.

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Figure 42: Drawing Number 17 Structures 7 and 8 in relation to the lade the to 8 7 relation and in Structures 17 Number Figure Drawing 42:

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All of these structures were overlaid by the charcoal and pot rich deposit, context (6002), which increased in thickness from around 0.1m at the west to 0.4m at the east end, figure 43.

Figure 43: Context (6002) in section at the east end of Structure 7

Where Structure 7 met the lade there was a deposit of plaster-rich material, context (6004), similar to that filling the robber trench, figure 44.

Figure 44: Plaster-rich material context (6004) at the east end of Structure 7

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During the investigation of the lade this area was more fully exposed and is described below.

The Culverted lade

The Culvert Entrance Trench 6 was opened at the entrance to the culverted lade and it was found that beneath the capstones, context [5000], was an inserted “modern” glazed ceramic pipe and collar type cylindrical drainpipe, context [5001]. This was surrounded by a roughly built brick structure, context [5002], filling what had been the open lade. Evidence for this was the presence at each side of the lade of dressed sandstone side stones, context [5003], placed three feet apart. According to the notes on the 1819 plan this was the width of the lade as it exited the mill race. These features can be seen in figures 45 and 46 below.

Figure 45: The entrance to the culvert

Figure 46: The east side at the culvert entrance with dressed side stone and repair

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The west side of the open lade in Trench 6 had been damaged by tree growth and the east side showed evidence of ad hoc repair work using a wooden beam, context [5004], held in place by an inserted iron pipe, figure 46.

Photographs taken of the view down the pipe suggested that there was a brick structure beyond, figures 47 and 48.

Figure 47: View down the pipe suggesting brick structure

Figure 48: View beyond the end of the pipe into the brick structure

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On the basis of these results a new trench, Trench 7, was opened to include the capstones and the area to the immediate south. This revealed a brick arch with the bricks laid on edge and with the long axis parallel to the line of the lade. The edge of the arch was mortared on rounded boulders or cobbles, context [5008], as a buttress, figures 49 and 50.

Figure 49: The culvert arch from above

Figure 50: The culvert arch from the north

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Lying directly on the bricks was a deposit of broken wall plaster, context (5007), identical to that found in Trenches 3 and 4. Where some of the bricks had been displaced a further course could be seen below suggesting at least a two-course construction.

Probing indicated that this feature continued southwards at least to where Structure 7 joined the lade, and so Trench 4 was extended to the east where the brick arch was seen again. Excavation there showed that the construction of the culvert had sealed off the inlet of Structure 7 into the lade and that probably the rounded stones, formerly making up the sides of Structure 7, had been re-used to buttress the arch as seen in Trench 7. The bricks were directly covered by the demolition deposit, context (6003), seen earlier in Trench 4, figures 51 and 52.

Figure 51: Trench 4 Extension from the north

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Figure 52: The blocked junction of Structure 7 with the culverted lade

Further probing along the line of the lade suggested that the brick arch perhaps gave way to a stone slab cover at a point where a slight depression in the ground was filled with different vegetation. Accordingly, a new trench, Trench 11, was opened there. A junction was revealed between the brick arch and an intact sandstone slab, figure 53.

Figure 53: The transition from arch to slab cover as first seen

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Here it became clear that the outermost course of bricks was laid with the long axis vertical, that is at a right angle to those forming the central part of the arch.

One brick had already been displaced and by the next day collapse was almost complete. The mortar here was decayed in contrast to that seen elsewhere, perhaps a result of local soil acidity. For safety reasons all of the loose brickwork was taken down and then the trench extended to show the full extent of the cover slab, figure 54.

Figure 54: The intact cover slab from the east

The collapse created the first opportunity to photograph the interior, particularly the side stones, context [5012], supporting the arch and slabs which were seen to be well formed masonry, figure 55.

Figure 55: The east wall of the lade at the transition from arch to slab

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Trench 10, opened between the start and end of the brick structure, showed similar characteristics, figure 56. This brick covered part of the culvert extended a distance of 30m from the inlet at the north end to the point of transition to slab cover.

Figure 56: Trench 10 from above

The Slab Covered part of the Culvert A further investigation of this part of the structure was made by opening Trench 9 where a broken capstone was visible. This proved to be too heavy for total removal with our resources but the smaller part was taken out and the larger portion levered to a vertical position and secured there so that the interior could be safely cleared of deposits, which was a dark loamy soil interpreted as an accumulation of topsoil which had penetrated the broken cover slab. This confirmed a similar structure to that at the transition point except that here the cover slab rested on a double course of bricks on top of the stone side of the lade, figure 57.

Figure 57: Trench 9 showing the supporting structure for the capstone on the west side

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The culvert end At 81m from the start of the culvert a stone slab, context [5009], was visible among the grass. Trench 8 was opened to investigate this and showed that it corresponded in function to those at the inlet. Cleaning to the south of this exposed a deposit of loosely packed red shale, context (5015), quite unlike anything else seen on the site. It did however resemble the surface of the lane leading to the site and the nearby dwelling “Ryefield Stables.” Removal of this deposit yielded a modern plastic bag near the bottom, suggesting a very recent fill.

It was then clear that the exit from the culvert closely resembled the inlet in the form of the same type of glazed ceramic pipe and collar, context [5010], enclosed on all sides by rough masonry, context [5011], but here it was of broken fragments of stone mortared together rather than brick, figure 58. This stone was identical to that of the cover slabs and probably derived from the breaking of these to insert the pipe and collar drains. An important difference was that projecting from both sides of the trench to the south of the ceramic pipe were the remains, in situ, of a former slab cover, suggesting that such cover had at one time continued to the south, figure 58

Figure 58: Trench 8 showing the outlet from the culvert from the south and residual slab cover

Looking up the interior of the pipe clearly showed a further three still joined together, figure 59.

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Figure 59: The view northwards from the pipe exit

This was confirmed by extending the trench northwards until the tops of these could be seen, and similar residual capstones were present, figure 60.

Figure 60: Trench 8 outlet of the culvert from the west

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The finds Context (6000) and its equivalents, (5005), (5007) and (6004) in trenches 3, 4, 6 and 7 yielded mainly demolition material, wall plaster, pantiles and a little pottery. Context (6002) yielded mainly pottery with some pantile.

Pottery finds were initially recorded by trench number and context but after study of the pottery many were combined by type that is white undecorated, blue and white hand decorated and blue and white transfer printed. Any unusual pieces were given individual find numbers as in the Finds List appendix 3.

The wall plaster was made up of a mortar base up to about 2cm thick with a very smooth white skimming of plaster about 1-2mm thick over that. Testing of this with acid suggested that it was plaster of Paris (gypsum) rather than lime plaster, figure 61.

Figure 61: Wall plaster, find 189

Pottery could not be closely dated, but fits comfortably within the early decades of the nineteenth century, as that found in 2015 at the site of the mill. There were some differences in that this deposit yielded a high proportion of sherds from small decorated bowls. A sherd from a bowl base bore a Spode mark which was in use from 1780 to 1833, figure 62 (Spode Exhibition Online, 2017).

Figure 62: Spode mark, find 143

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Among the glass finds was a sherd of “cranberry” pink and white glass, again from a bowl, figure 63.

Figure 63: Cranberry Glass, find 162

Numerous stem and bowl fragments of clay smoking pipes were found. Thirteen of the stems bore a maker’s mark and place of origin. These were: W White-Glasgow (5), H McLean-Dalry (2), Cohell-Glasgow (2), Davis-Kilmarnock (1), G Masson-Paisley(1), Pettigrew- Paisley (1) and one simply GLA(sgow).

There were few metal finds but one which may be identifiable has part of a flat curved blade with a haft for a handle set at an angle to the blade. This was interpreted as a grass cutting sickle, figure 64.

Figure 64: Sickle, find 158

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Discussion

Buildings: Flax Mill and Bleachfield Area The failure of Trial Trench 1 to detect a building despite being laid out so as to intercept the long wall of the “drying house” shown on the plan of c.1800 might be explained if either that building was thoroughly demolished or had been built of wood and so left little trace. Neither scenario is totally convincing as some trace of materials in the form of roof slates or tiles or at least metal fixings would have been expected. It is possible that the narrow trench missed any remains, but effort was devoted to the exploration of the definite results found in Trial Trench 2.

The discovery of the robber trench in Trial Trench 2 suggested that there had been a building in that vicinity, but without an open area excavation no evidence was found to be able to define its exact location or extent. Demolition seems to have been thorough and complete. Nevertheless, the finds of wall plaster, pantile and domestic pottery sherds are consistent with demolition of the dwelling house shown on the 1819 estate plan and the location relative to the mill and the spread of finds tend to confirm this conclusion. It seems that the structure was demolished and the stone from the walls recycled for use elsewhere after chipping off the plaster which was dumped in the trenches remaining from the stone removal and any excess down slope on to the brick arch culverting the lade. Pantiles from the roof were also presumably recycled. Context (6002) contained much charcoal which suggests that this may have originated in burning of wooden components of the structure after demolition. Another possibility is that the charcoal derives from fires used to heat the lye used in the linen bleaching process as described in Appendix 6.

It is likely that building materials were recycled for later buildings in the area.

The drains: Flax Mill and Bleachfield Area The brick and slate Structures 7 and 8 are identical with some 18th century drains found at Minories in central London, figure 65 left hand side.

Figure 65: No 94 and 95 Minories, showing the Georgian walls and drains, and later, Victorian, stoneware drains and inspection chambers

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These were domestic drains in a terrace of elaborate Georgian houses, whereas those on our site are in or close to a rural isolated cottage. It seems unlikely that such a dwelling would require drains of that nature to dispose of domestic waste, either sewage or from a kitchen or wash house. A dry closet for the former, and simply discarding outside for the latter seem much more likely in our context.

The fact that the drains are set in a solid foundation of rubble, context (6003), and now only partly covered with capstones can be interpreted as their being originally in a yard, probably paved at what is now the open west end of Structure7, the paving stones having been robbed during demolition. A likely source of liquid to be disposed of is operations relating to flax or linen processing, particularly bleaching and the general area is labelled “bleachfield” on the 19th century plans. In the eighteenth century bleaching of linen involved soaking of the cloth or yarn in “lye” a solution of potassium carbonate, followed by wringing out, rinsing with clean water and then exposing to the sun in the fields. Up to six or more successive treatments were needed depending on the degree of whiteness required. The chemistry of this is discussed in more detail in Appendix 6. This was a time consuming and costly process. It would perhaps have been necessary to keep the grass short which could account for the grass cutting sickle found in Trench 4. Such liquids would have been discharged directly into the open lade from Structure 7 where the two met in our Trench 4 extension. The southern branch, Structure 8, of this system was probably always open, the heights of the side stones being too irregular to neatly support capstones. It may be that it was fed by clean water, perhaps from a water butt and represents an attempt to dilute the effluent from the main drain before discharge to the lade.

The culverted part of the lade In its original form as shown on the early estate plans the lade was open, being culverted sometime before the ordnance survey of 1858. The methods of enclosure are strikingly different, the first 30m being covered by a brick arch and the remainder by sandstone slabs.

There seem to be two possible reasons for this: first, the brick arch method was too expensive and or time consuming to build hence abandoned and replaced by faster and cheaper slab covering. Second, there may be some hydrodynamic purpose to control the flow of water down what is a very gentle gradient of 0.25 m over a distance of 81m. The dimensions of the lade and arch in feet, in which it was designed, may give a clue. The lade is 3 feet wide and the side walls 2 feet deep. The chord measured across the top of the side stones and the peak of the arch gives a radius of 2.5 feet and the length at 30m corresponds to 100 feet which gives a trapped air volume at full flow of 100 cubic feet. These do not look co-incidental but rather indicate careful design. Maybe the aim was to trap air in the arch when the lade was in full flow, which would have had the effect of evening out fluctuations by compressing air trapped in the upper part of the arch and so speeding up the outflow. Similar technology is used in the chemical industry where pulsed flow from a peristaltic pump is smoothed by passing through a chamber containing trapped air-a pulsation damper.

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Of note is the fact that construction of this brick arch section cut off the entry of liquid from the drain Structure 7 into the lade, and so it must have been already out of use or was put out of use at that time.

The slab cover, based on evidence from Trench 8, continued beyond what is now the exit possibly all the way down to the dam at Doggartland Mill.

At both inlet and outlet, the culvert shows evidence of much later repair by inserting cylindrical glazed ceramic pipe and collar drains of at earliest late 19th century type. Probably this was necessary because of collapse of the capstones. The implication being that the water from the lade was still needed downstream at that time.

During the removal of topsoil when extending Trench 4 a metal grid made up of two rectangular section iron bars joined by twelve equally spaced iron rods was found. The measurements in imperial units of 3 feet by 18 inches suggested that it may have been a grid protecting the inlet of the culvert from large floating items in the lade. Insertion in the entrance supported this idea, figure 66.

Figure 66: The grid inserted at the inlet to the culverted lade

Possibly it is an original feature pre-dating the insertion of the modern pipe.

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Conclusions The historical and archaeological research done by Kilwinning Heritage in 2015 and 2016 allows a narrative of the industrial history of this lower reach of the Rye valley to be written with some confidence.

Doggartland Mill has been used as the name for several buildings, carrying out various activities within a small area of Doggartland from the 18th to the 20th centuries. Even though the area became known as Ryefield towards the mid-19th century this change of name was not always used. Unravelling the identities of the manufactures and their locations has been a long journey. Figure 67 shows the properties that were called Doggartland Mill and the approximate dates this name was used.

Figure 67: Doggartland Mill.

The land the Flax Mill was located on, before 1808, was part of Doggartland Farm that was then possessed by Alexander Muir. It is possible that it was built, either by the land superior or the farmer, towards the end on the 18th century when grants were being given to expand the linen industry. Bucking tubs were used to clean the linen yarn and cloth and it is conceivable that the drains excavated, figure 42, were used to carry away the dirty water that flowed from the tubs.

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After 1808, the land was feued to John Fleck and operated as a bleachfield. However, he was to pay his feu duty in oatmeal which could suggest that he operated a meal mill. In 1819 he was succeeded by his son, James Fleck, and the plan of the same year show alterations that were required to accommodate the bleachfield. The alterations to the lade are confirmed by the archaeology. However, early in the nineteenth century chemical bleaching became available, Tennant of Glasgow patented Calcium hypochlorite as bleaching powder in 1799 but because of legal challenges to the patent production did not become widespread until 1815. This reduced the time for bleaching from weeks to hours but needed a more industrial environment to operate. Therefore by 1815 there had been a reduction in demand for small bleachfields and only a few were left in use. This implies that may be the alterations were too late and that the bleachfield operation was short lived on this site.

A small Print Works (Doggartland Holm) was built on this area of land, possibly by James Macdonald around 1840 or by James Alison around 1845. It was operated by Buchanan, Ross and Co. calico and shawl printers but after an alleged fire they abandoned the works in August 1847. It was let and occupied by a farmer, Robert Wotherspoon, in 1855 and by 1856 it was partly being used as accommodation for miners. Evidence had not been uncovered to support the theory of a second print works in time for the 2015 report and it was assumed that the advertisement in December 1852, figure 19, for Ryefield Print Works related to the shawl printers. However, further investigation has revealed that there was also a Printfield and Turkey Red Dye Works on the site which had previously been the Doggartland Corn Mill and the advertisement related to this particular works.

Demolition materials and pottery found at both the flax mill site and on the west side of the lade where a dwelling house is shown on the 1819 plan suggests that both were occupied in the early decades of the 19th century. However, the census of 1841 does not record any occupation or empty properties on the flax mill and bleachfield site and so demolition must have taken place prior to 1841. This also possibly indicates that the small Print Works (Doggartland Holm) had not been completed at this time.

Evidence suggests that the Doggartland Corn Mill was active from at least 1761 to 1840 when James Macdonald took possession of the mill. He did not use the existing corn mill building but erected a new structure for his Printworks. Although, it is possible that he used some of the corn mill building as materials for his new building as it was said to be a ruin by 1856.

The legal actions taken against him, for polluting the Cochno Burn, may have convinced James Macdonald to look for other premises to carry on his business. John Macdonald had acquired the mineral rights for the properties and may have encouraged him to feu the lands for a new printing enterprise (ASGU, UGD164/1/12/11/1, 1839). The plentiful supply of water meant it was an ideal situation for the industry. In January 1840 James Macdonald feud three areas of land, amounting to about forty acres, that John Macdonald already held the mineral rights for and they became known as Ryefield.

It was probably James Macdonald who culverted the lade, around 1840, to improve the water supplied to his newly built Turkey red Dye and Calico Print Works.

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The sasine records mention the Cunningham Baidland to Doggartland road and this is the route the census enumerator took in 1841. He travels from Cuningham Baidland to Ryefield, where James Macdonald and his family are recorded, on to Holmhead and then to Doggartland. This would seem to indicate that James Macdonald lived at the houses that were once part of Doggartland farm and later became Ryefield Stables. Although there is a Mill House next to the Doggartland Corn Mill shown on the c.1800 plan this is past the Holmhead property, figure 5. When Alexander Alison Junior took over the properties in 1844 he is reported as demolishing old thatched cottages. In the records of the Blair Estate, held on CD by North Ayrshire Council Heritage Centre in Saltcoats, houses are recorded in the area of Doggartland South, figure 14, where Ryefield Stables is located now.

Due to George Macintosh most of the Turkey red dyeing in Britain took place in the Glasgow area. However, even though Thomas Bell was a Scotsman he gave Lancashire a head start in the industry by installing his ground breaking cylinder printing machine in Monsey. As we have seen in April 1840 there were only 81 cylinder machines but 5,597 tables for block printing in Scotland. To secure a future in the industry a huge capital investment in new technology was need. The ability to design textiles or recognise an attractive and profitable design; comprehend and perform complex chemical processes to produce usable and desirable dyes; and an ability to be familiar with the essential machinery involved were all required by the Turkey red dye and calico printer in order to be successful. The smaller Scottish printing companies could not compete and Lancashire became the main centre in Britain for printing calico.

Evidence from the various advertisements, when the Turkey red Dye and Calico Print Works was for sale or let, confirms that it was using the block printing method. Tables, steam cans, boilers, colours and discharging are all mentioned. Although James Macdonald was reported as operating a successful print and bleachfield and employing about one hundred and fifty people in 1841 he was sequested mid-1841, approximately eighteen months from taking possession of the properties.

The printworks was reported as still working in 1845 and appeared to have been let subsequently at various times until at least 1852. However, it was essentially a ruin by 1895.

The Doggartland Woollen Mill was working from c.1800 until approximately 1901 when E. Liddell is still shown at the mill in the Post Office Directory. When it was advertised for sale in July 1895 it was with a steam engine. Although, originally it must have been powered by water, updating to steam possibly kept the woollen mill financially viable into the 20th century.

The John Howie & Co. Dye Works had a long history at the Doggartland site and some local people still remember it operating in the 1960s. It became a metal castings works around 1990 until 2003. The buildings on the site were mostly demolished in February 2017.

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Further work The 1967 OS map shows the lade emerging from beneath the road close to the dye works and ending at a “sink hole” It is possible that this led to a filter bed before entering the dye works. This area is still open and covered in vegetation at the present time so there may be an opportunity for further works to explore this.

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Acknowledgements Grateful thanks are due to the landowners Davina and Tom Boyd for permission to excavate and for Tom’s help in opening up the trial trenches. Thanks to Thomas Rees and staff of Rathmell Archaeology Ltd for the loan of equipment and their unwavering encouragement and support. Special thanks go to Louise Turner, of Rathmell Archaeology, for her expertise in helping to analyse the pottery finds. A particular thanks to Robin McClory for his expert advice and to Elvy Mardjono for her transcribing skills. Thanks to the Kilwinning Heritage volunteers who helped to carry out the work – Katherine Scott, Michael Scott with a special thanks to James Watterson and Drew Wilson without whom the excavation would not have been possible.

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List of Illustrations Figure 1: Location of Ryefield Print Works (Doggartland Holm) site (source: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Drakemyre,+Dalry,+North+Ayrshire+KA24/@55.7166077 ,-.7216037,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x4889c9a92c3bb351:0xa0c681c7ca3cac0) Figure 2: Location of Ryefield Print Works (Doggartland Holm) site (source: own photo) Figure 3: OS Map 1911 (source: http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16&lat=55.7174&lon=-4.7271&layers=6&b=1) Figure 4: Robert Aitken’s Dalry Parish Map 1827 (source: NAHC North Ayrshire Heritage Centre) Figure 5: OS Map 1858 (source: http://maps.nls.uk/view/74926821) Figure 6: OS Map 1858 (source: http://maps.nls.uk/view/74926803) Figure 7: OS Map 1895 (source: http://maps.nls.uk/view/82866492) Figure 8: OS Map 1895 (source: http://maps.nls.uk/view/82866723 Figure 9: OS Map 1908 (source: http://maps.nls.uk/view/82866495) Figure 10: OS Map 1908 (source: http://maps.nls.uk/view/82866726) Figure 11: National Grid 1:2500, Published 1967, Using: EDINA Historic Digimap Service, http://edina.ac.uk/digimap, Downloaded: March 2016 Figure 12: National Grid 1:2500, Published 1978, Using: EDINA Historic Digimap Service, http://edina.ac.uk/digimap, Downloaded: March 2016 Figure 13: National Grid 1:2500, Published 1992, Using: EDINA Historic Digimap Service, http://edina.ac.uk/digimap, Downloaded: March 2016 Figure 14: Plan c.1800 (source: adapted from; Archive Services, University of Glasgow, GUA 20831) Figure 15: Plan 1819 (source: adapted from; Archive Services, University of Glasgow, GUA 20836) Figure 16: Plan c.1800 (source: adapted from; Archive Services, University of Glasgow, GUA 20831) Figure 17: Glasgow Herald 1st January 1844 st Figure 18: The Ayr Advertiser 1 August 1844 th Figure 19: Glasgow Herald 20 October 1851 Figure 20: Glasgow Herald 17th December 1852 Figure 21: Plan c.1800 boundary marked in red (source: adapted from; Archive Services, University of Glasgow, GUA 20831) Figure 22: The Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald 23rd October1885 Figure 23: Glasgow Herald 13th July 1895 Figure 24: The Lye-Washer by Jean-François Millet c.1852 (source: http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/3656) Figure 25: Washing wheel on which water falls to give motion (source: Rees, A. 1820. The Cyclopædia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature Vol II. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown.) Figure 26: A plan of a small bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing works (source: Norton, D. G. 1900. Finishing Processes for Cotton Fabrics. Manchester: Norton & Co. Ltd.) Figure 27: Printing Block (source: http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/collections/life- work/key-industries/textiles/calico-shawl-printing-in-kilmarnock/calico-printing- block.aspx)

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Figure 28: Block Printing (source: Anon, 1846. The useful arts and manufactures of Great Britain. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.) Figure 29: Cylinder Drying Machine (source: Sansone, A. 1888. Dyeing: comprising the dyeing and bleaching of wool, silk, cotton, flax, hemp, china grass &c. Manchester: Abel Heywood & Son. Figure 30: Turkey red floral patterns (source: http://blog.nms.ac.uk/2012/06/22/turkey- red-a-study-in-scarlet/) Figure 31: Cylinder printing (source: Knight, C. 1843. A Day At A Lancashire Print Works. The Penny magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London: Charles Knight & Co. pp. 289-296.) Figure 32: Drawing Number 14 Figure 33: Robber trench Structure 6 (source: own photo) Figure 34: Part section of robber trench Structure 6 (source: own photo) Figure 35: Trench 4 Structure 7 from the west (source: own photo) Figure 36: Mortar under lay to slate (source: own photo) Figure 37: The slab covered part of Structure 7 (source: own photo) Figure 38: View into Structure 7 from the west (source: own photo) Figure 39: The west end of Structure7 showing (6002) over laying (6003) and Structure 7 (source: own photo) Figure 40: Structure 7 from the east (source: own photo) Figure 41: Structure 8 joining Structure 7 (source: own photo) Figure 42: Drawing Number 17 Structures 7 and 8 in relation to the lade Figure 43: Context (6002) in section at the east end of Structure 7 (source: own photo) Figure 44: Plaster-rich material context (6004) at the east end of Structure 7 (source: own photo) Figure 45: The entrance to the culvert (source: own photo) Figure 46: The east side at the culvert entrance with dressed side stone and repair (source: own photo) Figure 47: View down the pipe suggesting brick structure (source: own photo) Figure 48: View beyond the end of the pipe into the brick structure (source: own photo) Figure 49: The culvert arch from above (source: own photo) Figure 50: The culvert arch from the north (source: own photo) Figure 51: Trench 4 Extension from the north (source: own photo) Figure 52: The blocked junction of Structure 7 with the culverted lade (source: own photo) Figure 53: The transition from arch to slab cover as first seen (source: own photo) Figure 54: The intact cover slab from the east (source: own photo) Figure 55: The east wall of the lade at the transition from arch to slab (source: own photo) Figure 56: Trench 10 from above (source: own photo) Figure 57: Trench 9 showing the supporting structure for the capstone on the west side (source: own photo) Figure 58: Trench 8 showing the outlet from the culvert from the south and residual slab cover (source: own photo) Figure 59: The view northwards from the pipe exit (source: own photo) Figure 60: Trench 8 outlet of the culvert from the west (source: own photo) Figure 61: Wall plaster, find 189 (source: own photo)

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Figure 62: Spode mark, find 143 (source: own photo) Figure 63: Cranberry Glass, find 162 (source: own photo) Figure 64: Sickle, find 158 (source: own photo) Figure 65: No 94 and 95 Minories, showing the Georgian walls and drains, and later, Victorian, stoneware drains and inspection chambers (source: http://urban- archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/100-minories-post-medieval-drains-and.html) Figure 66: The grid inserted at the inlet to the culverted lade (source: own photo) Figure 67: Doggartland Mill (source: adapted from; Archive Services, University of Glasgow, GUA 20831)

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Archival Sources

ASGU Archive Services, University of Glasgow, GUA 20831 c.1800, Plan & sections of mill lade & lands

ASGU Archive Services, University of Glasgow, GUA 20836 22nd October 1819 Plan & sections of mill lade & lands

ASGU Archive Services, University of Glasgow, UGD164/1/12/11/1 1839 Tack between Wm Blair of Blair and John Mcdonald Jr, 29 Apr, concerning mineral rights of the Estate of Blair and the lands of Blair

NAHC North Ayrshire Heritage Centre, Robert Aitken’s Dalry Parish Map 1827

NRS National Records of Scotland, RD5/125/429, 3rd December 1817

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS3/835/212, 30th March 1809

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS3/835/218, 30th March 1809

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS3/2308/215, 12th December 1845

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS14/104/42, 16th September 1816

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS14/104/276, 4th November 1816

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS14/124/36, 3rd December 1817

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS14/263/61, 20th June 1837

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS14/282/268, 29th January 1840

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS14/282/273, 29th January 1840

NRS National Records of Scotland, RS14/473/239, 15th June 1867

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Appendix 1: Context List

Drawings the base of drain S8 of base the Site Name: Ryefield 2016 Ryefield Name: Site slate S8 T5 00T 5Sato uvre aecptns1 16 15 24 25 25 24 26,27 capstones 30 to Latersupport 5000 insert lade open the of side east 29 pipe the into flow water guides 29 lade Start culverted of 28 29 orbank from the pipe in on top 5000? ceramic glazed of fallen 26,27 hoc Ad repair 29 S5 5001 culvert the of pipe the side east the enclosing bricks S5 culvert the of side 28 west the out use of lade after sandstone fill a Dressed late inserted ceramic partpipes when repair of S5 28 pipe and wood supportong iron of Baulk T6 S5 lade open the in deposit demolition T6 S5 18,20,23as same 5002 flow for outlet brick archculvert top the of the forming T6 5000 S5 5006 overlaying deposit demolition T6 17 capstones of collapse after to repair lade 5001 S5 T6 18-20 18-20 brick arch the for 16butress A 5002 S5 pipe of exit culvert insert the over Damaged capstone to mortared allow to 5003 T6 boulders rounded and 5006 5003 16 collars via joined 4 pipes ceramic glazed T7 support for cover slab sde West 5004 S5 S5 surround to for cover ceramicsupport slab stone Eastpipe side T7 lade culverted Intactfor the cover stone 5005 S5 lade 15 culverted the cover for A slab stones Dressed 5016of breakage after topsoil of accumulatiom 5006 23 S5 T4 ext stones Dressed T8 5007 S5 21 capstone former of ends broken T8 21,22 lade the of side west the form 5008 S5 shale red T8 5009 S5 2 into broken slab parts 17 Sandstone T8 5010 S5 7000 underlays drain, the of base yellow some red Bricks some T8 a of drain The sides 5011 S5 " T8 and bricks for slate Bedding 5012 S5 house? " S6 dwelling building sandstones and rounded dressed T8 5013 S5 soil black loam uniform T9 5014 S5 was built culvert the after dumped T9 aof trench robber fill slab sandstone 5015 S5 for cover S6 of part S7 of T9 demolition after deposit final 5016 and stone pantile S5 plaster, wall of A deposit T9 part east the S7of of sides the form 5017 S6for or foundation a yard T9 5018 S6 T11 aof cutwall 5019 for foundation charcoal,pot, metal with clay sandy 5020 6000 like S6 deposit hard compact pebbles demolition with clay sandy 17 T3 5021 S6 S6 S6 T3/TT2 bricks red 6000 T3/4/5 slate 6001 S7 T4,T5 mortar T4 S8 of sides the course forming a6002 single S7 slabs sandstone 6003 S7 cobbles rounded T4 6004 S7 T4 S7 and height size in variable sandstone T4 7000 T4 7001 S8 T4 7002 7003 T5 7004 8000 8001 Context Summary Sheet Summary Context 103 KHAP Code: Site otx oAe ecito nepeainPa Section Plan Interpretation Description Area Context No

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Appendix 2: Drawing List

Site Code: KHAP 103 Site Name: Ryefield Print Works (Doggartland Holm) and Thread Mill

Drawing Number Description 14 Site plan of ladeside structures 15 Trench 3 plan of robber trench Structure 6 16 East facing section through robber trench Structure 6 17 Trenches 4 and 5 plan of Structures 7 and 8 18 Section A-B through Structure 7 19 Section C-D through Structure 7 20 Section E-F through Structure 7 21 Section Trench 4 west end south facing 22 Section Trench 4 east end north facing 23 Section Trench 4 east end west facing 24 Section Trench 6 culvert entrance 25 Section Trench 6 west facing 26 Trench 7 plan 27 Trench 4 extension plan of junction of Structure 7 with the lade 28 Trench 8 plan of culvert exit 29 Section Trench 8 culvert exit 30 Section Trench 8 east facing 31 Trench 10 plan 32 Trench 11 plan of junction of brick arch with slab cover

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Appendix 3: Finds List Site Code: KHAP 103 Site Name: Ryefield Print Works (Doggartland Holm) and Thread Mill Find Area / Context Material Type Description Weight/number No. Trench No. 141 T4/5 6002 ceramic white glazed 257g 142 T4/5 " " " " cream glazed 39g 143 "" " " Blue and white transfer printed 150g 144 " " Blue and white hand decorated 201g 145 " " " miscellanous red/green 116g 146 " " " brown glazed earthenware 79g 147 " " " pale blue willow pattern, some conjoined 83g 148 " " " brown and white hand decorated conjoined 3 pce 149 TT2 " " pale purple hand dec 35g 150 T4/5 " " salt glazed stoneware 1 pce 151 " " " brown glazed stoneware rim 1 pce 152 " " " clay pipe bowls and stems. Some named 97g 153 " " metal lead strip 2.3*1.0*0.2 cm 1 pce 154 " " metal Iron. Tap handle? 1 pce 155 " " metal iron object 191g 156 " " metal iron object 157 " " metal iron nail 44 g 158 " " metal iron sickle blade and shaft ? 1 pce 159 " " metal iron nail 160 " " glass dark green bottle sherds 12 pce 161 " " glass various colorless 162 " " glass cranberry, pink and white 1 pce 163 " " ceramic Blue and white moulded 164 " " ceramic perforated sieve plate, blue and white 1 pce 165 TT2 6000 ceramic Blue and white hand decorated 166TT2 " " brown and yellow tile? 1 pce 167 TT2 " " miscellaneous pot 10 pces 168T4/5 6002 " pot rim, moulded dec 1 pce 169 T4ext 6004 " white hard paste porcelain 1 pce 170 " " " hand dec bowl base with 3 dot mark 1 pce 171 T4 6002 " Pale blue glazed including cup handle 4 pce 172T5 " " misc hand dec 10 pces 173 T4ext " " cream glazed with gilt decoration ! Pce 174 T4 " " rim sherd lustreware 1 pce 175 T4ext " bone small mammal scapula end 1 pce 176 T6 5005 ceramic pantile fragments 2 pces 177 T6 0000 metal/ceramic 2 salt glazed stoneware + I metal bottle top 3 pces 178 T6 5005 ceramic brown glazed stoneware 2 pces 179 T6 " " black glazed earthenware 2 pces 180 T6 " " misc white glazed pot 96g 181 T6 " glass modern bottle frags 2 pces 182 T6 " ceramic Blue and white transfer printed 8 pces 183 T6 " " hand dec various 13 pces 184T6 " " brown glazed rim sherd 1 pce 185 T6 " " Blue and white 1 willow pattern 5 pces 186T6 " " brown and yellow slipware 1 pce 187T6" metal nail 1 188 T6 " CBM wall plaster sample 2 pces 189T36000" " 3 pces 190T4ext6000" " 2 pces 191 T3 " " pantile fragments 11 pces 192 TT2 " " pantile fragments 2 pces 193 T11 6002 ceramic brown glazed earthenware pot lid 1 pce

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Appendix 4: Photo List Site Code: KHAP 103 Site Name: Ryefield Print Works (Doggartland Holm) and Thread Mill

Photo Number Description 1 Robber trench Structure 6 2 Part section of robber trench Structure 6 3 Trench 4 Structure 7 from the west 4 Mortar under lay to slate 5 The slab covered part of S7 6 View into S7 from the west 7 The west end of Structure7 showing (6002) over laying (6003) and Structure7 8 S7 from the east 9 Structure 8 joining Structure 7 10 Context (6002) in section at the east end of Structure7 11 Plaster-rich material context (6004) at the east end of Structure7 12 The entrance to the culvert 13 The east side at the culvert entrance with dressed side stone and repair 14 View down the pipe suggesting brick structure 15 View beyond the end of the pipe into the brick structure. 16 The culvert arch from above 17 The culvert arch from the north 18 Trench 4 Extension from the north 19 The blocked junction of Structure 7 with the culverted lade 20 The transition from arch to slab cover as first seen 21 The intact cover slab from the east 22 The east wall of the lade at the transition from arch to slab 23 Trench 10 from above 24 Trench 9 showing the supporting structure for the capstone on the west side 25 Trench 8 showing the outlet from the culvert from the south and residual slab cover 26 Trench 8 outlet of the culvert from the west 27 The view northwards from the pipe exit 28 Sample of wall plaster 29 Base of Spode bowl 30 Cranberry glass 31 Part of a grass cutting sickle? 32 The grid inserted at the inlet to the culverted lade

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Appendix 5: 1819 Plan References

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Appendix 5: 1819 Plan References

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Appendix 5: 1819 Plan References

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Appendix 6: Notes on the processing of flax

The flax plant yields two useful products, seed and stems. When the plant is mature, the seed is harvested first to be used as cattle feed or to make linseed oil. The stems are cut close to the ground and are the raw material for linen.

The stems contain three main components; cellulose fibres which are chemically the same as cotton, lignin, a brittle woody substance which gives mechanical strength to the stem, and hemicelluloses which are a “glue” binding the other two components together.

The first step in the process is retting where the stems are exposed to microbial action in water which results in the degradation and removal of the hemicelluloses. The dried stems are then mechanically beaten in a mill which breaks up the brittle lignin and achieves a degree of separation from the cellulose fibre. Heckling, a combing process, then completes the separation and also aligns the fibres ready for spinning into yarn. Twisting two or more yarns together then produces a thread, which can be woven into linen fabric.

There remain some minor coloured components which, if a white thread or cloth is needed, must be removed by bleaching.

In the eighteenth century and earlier this was done by soaking the linen in “lye”, a solution of potassium carbonate (potash) in water and then exposing the linen to the sun in the open air followed by neutralising the lye with acid or sour milk and washing with water. This is an oxidative process which breaks down the coloured components rendering the residue soluble in water. To achieve the desired whiteness might need multiple repeats of this process taking many weeks and much labour and materials.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries experiments were made with more direct chemical bleaching using hypochlorite salts of sodium or calcium. This proved capable of the same degree of bleaching in a matter of hours rather than weeks. Tennant of Glasgow patented the manufacture of calcium hypochlorite as “bleaching powder” in 1799 and the traditional process went into decline in the early years of the nineteenth century.

Ralph Shuttleworth 21st November 2016

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Drawings 14 - 32

Site Plan at 1:500 at Plan Site

4: 1 Drawing Number Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Trench 3 plan of robber trench Structure 6. 6. Structure trench robber plan of Trench 3

Drawing Number 15: Number Drawing 6 trench robber Structure through section facing East 16: Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 17: Trenches 4 and 5 plan of Structures 7 and 7 8 and plan Structures of 4 5 Trenches and 17: Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 18: 18: Number Drawing 7 Structure Section A-B through Structure 7 through C-D Section 19: Number Drawing 7 Structure through E-F Section 20: Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 21: Section Trench 4 west end south facing end south facing west 4 Trench Section 21: Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 22: Section Trench 4 east end north facing facing eastend north 4 Trench Section 22: Number Drawing facing eastend west 4 Trench Section 23: Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 24: Section Trench 6 culvert entrance culvert 6 Trench Section 24: Number Drawing west facing 6 Trench Section 25: Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 26: Trench 7 plan plan 7 Trench 26: Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 27: Trench 4 extension plan of junction of Structure 7 with the lade the with Structure 7 of plan of junction 4 Trench 27: extension Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 28: Trench 8 plan of culvert exit exit culvert 8 plan Trench 28: of Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 29: Section Trench 8 culvert exit culvert 8 Trench 29: Section Number Drawing facing east 8 Trench 30: Section Number Drawing

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Drawings 14 - 32

Drawing Number 31: Trench 10 plan 10 Trench plan 31: Number Drawing cover slab arch with brick of of junction 11 Trench plan 32: Number Drawing

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