DOCSLIB.ORG

The Status of Seabirds and Shorebirds at Ashmore Reef, Cartier Island

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Status of Seabirds and Shorebirds at Ashmore Reef, Cartier Island THE STATUS OF SEABIRDS AND SHOREBIRDS AT ASHMORE REEF, CARTIER ISLAND & BROWSE ISLAND MONITORING PROGRAM FOR THE MONTARA WELL RELEASE PRE-IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND FIRST POST-IMPACT FIELD SURVEY Rohan H. Clarke Australian Centre for Biodiversity School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. Final report: June 2010 Figure 1 Mixed colony of seabirds, predominantly Brown Boobies and Common Noddies, East Island, Ashmore Reef, April 2010 Recommended citation: Clarke, R.H. 2010. The Status of Seabirds and Shorebirds at Ashmore Reef and Cartier and Browse Islands: Monitoring program for the Montara Well release - Pre-impact Assessment and First Post-impact Field Survey. Prepared on behalf of PTTEP Australasia and the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australia (now the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities). Seabirds and Shorebirds at Ashmore Reef, Cartier Reef and Browse Island ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Study Objectives .................................................................................................................... 5 Approach and Methods .......................................................................................................... 6 Pre-impact Assessment......................................................................................................... 6 Collation, analysis & review of existing data ................................................................................... 6 Initial Field Survey.................................................................................................................. 7 Detailed census methods................................................................................................................ 7 Breeding seabirds ........................................................................................................................... 7 Vegetation condition........................................................................................................................ 8 Data collection and management.................................................................................................... 9 Results...................................................................................................................................... 9 Ashmore Reef ........................................................................................................................ 9 Terrestrial environments.................................................................................................................. 9 Seabirds ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Individual Seabird Species Accounts .................................................................................. 21 Wedge-tailed Shearwater.............................................................................................................. 21 Red-tailed Tropicbird..................................................................................................................... 22 White-tailed Tropicbird .................................................................................................................. 23 Masked Booby............................................................................................................................... 24 Red-footed Booby ......................................................................................................................... 25 Brown Booby ................................................................................................................................. 26 Great Frigatebird ........................................................................................................................... 28 Lesser Frigatebird ......................................................................................................................... 29 Crested Tern ................................................................................................................................. 31 Lesser Crested Tern...................................................................................................................... 32 Roseate Tern................................................................................................................................. 33 Bridled Tern................................................................................................................................... 33 Sooty Tern..................................................................................................................................... 35 Common Noddy ............................................................................................................................ 36 Black Noddy .................................................................................................................................. 37 Lesser Noddy ................................................................................................................................39 Egrets and Herons ........................................................................................................................ 41 Shorebirds............................................................................................................................ 42 April 2010 counts........................................................................................................................... 43 Previous records ........................................................................................................................... 44 Stop-over or non-breeding site?.................................................................................................... 44 Cartier Island........................................................................................................................ 48 Terrestrial environments................................................................................................................ 48 Avifauna ........................................................................................................................................ 48 Browse Island ...................................................................................................................... 49 Terrestrial environments................................................................................................................ 49 Avifauna ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Oil Contamination in April 2010 ........................................................................................... 52 Conclusions and Future Directions.................................................................................... 52 Ongoing Post-impact Assessment ...................................................................................... 52 Twice-annual ground assessments............................................................................................... 52 Statistical Analyses.............................................................................................................. 54 Control datasets ............................................................................................................................ 62 Reserve Systems on the Sahul Shelf: Significant Impact & Assessment Criteria.............. 63 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 65 References ............................................................................................................................. 66 Appendix A............................................................................................................................. 70 Appendix B............................................................................................................................. 72 Appendix C............................................................................................................................. 73 Seabirds and Shorebirds at Ashmore Reef, Cartier Reef and Browse Island iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Breeding distribution of seabirds and herons on the three vegetated islands of 17 Ashmore Reef, Australia Table 2 Count of tropicbirds on West Island, Ashmore Reef during 15 visits between 18 October 1998 and April 2010 Table 3 The maximum count of seabirds obtained during 48 visits between 1979 and 18 1998 and counts of seabirds during 13 visits between Jan 2002 and April 2010 at Middle Island, Ashmore Reef Table 4 The maximum count of seabirds obtained during 51 visits between 1979 and 19 1998 and counts of seabirds during 8 visits between Jan 2002 and April 2010 at East Island, Ashmore Reef Table 5 Count of Eastern Reef Egrets on West Island, Ashmore Reef during 16 visits 19 between Oct 1998 and October 2009 Table 6 Maximum counts of shorebirds recorded at Ashmore Reef between 1979 and 44 2010 Table 7 The maximum count of shorebirds obtained during 69 visits to Ashmore Reef 45 between 1979 and 1998 and data from four complete counts of shorebirds at Ashmore Reef between January 2002 and April 2010 Table 8 Count of shorebirds
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Solomon Islands
    THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 14 SEPTEMBER – 7 OCTOBER 2007 TOUR REPORT LEADER: MARK VAN BEIRS Rain, mud, sweat, steep mountains, shy, skulky birds, shaky logistics and an airline with a dubious reputation, that is what the Solomon Islands tour is all about, but these forgotten islands in the southwest Pacific also hold some very rarely observed birds that very few birders will ever have the privilege to add to their lifelist. Birdquest’s fourth tour to the Solomons went without a hiccup. Solomon Airlines did a great job and never let us down, it rained regularly and we cursed quite a bit on the steep mountain trails, but the birds were out of this world. We birded the islands of Guadalcanal, Rennell, Gizo and Malaita by road, cruised into Ranongga and Vella Lavella by boat, and trekked up into the mountains of Kolombangara, Makira and Santa Isabel. The bird of the tour was the incredible and truly bizarre Solomon Islands Frogmouth that posed so very, very well for us. The fantastic series of endemics ranged from Solomon Sea Eagles, through the many pigeons and doves - including scope views of the very rare Yellow-legged Pigeon and the bizarre Crested Cuckoo- Dove - and parrots, from cockatoos to pygmy parrots, to a biogeographer’s dream array of myzomelas, monarchs and white-eyes. A total of 146 species were seen (and another 5 heard) and included most of the available endemics, but we also enjoyed a close insight into the lifestyle and culture of this traditional Pacific country, and into the complex geography of the beautiful forests and islet-studded reefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve and Cartier Island Marine Reserve
    Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve and Cartier Island Marine Reserve Marine and Terrestrial Introduced Species Prevention and Management Strategy Report for Department of Environment and Heritage Consultant Group Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory CRC Reef Research Centre (Queensland) – Ports and Shipping Program URS Australia Pty Ltd The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Commonwealth Government, the Natural Heritage Trust, the Director of National Parks or the Minister for the Environment and Heritage. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this report are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. ii Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve and Cartier Island Marine Reserve Marine and Terrestrial Introduced Species Prevention and Management Strategy Report for Department of Environment and Heritage January 2004 Authors: Barry C Russell Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory PO Box 4646 Darwin NT 0801 Telephone: 08 8999 8245 Fax: 08 8999 8289 Kerry Neil CRC Reef Research DPI Northern Fisheries, Queensland 38-40 Tingira St Cairns Qld 4870 Telephone: 0411 744 962 Fax: 07 40354664 Robert Hilliard URS Australia Pty Ltd Level 3 Hyatt Centre, 20 Terrace Rd East Perth, Western Australia 6004 Phone: 08-9221-1630 Fax: 08-9221-1639 iii Contents _____________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative Foraging by the House Sparrow Passer Domesticus
    46 AUSTRALIAN FIELD ORNITHOLOGY 2005, 22, 46--47 Innovative Foraging by the House Sparrow Passer domesticus NEIL SHELLEY 16 Birdrock Avenue, Mount Martha, Victoria 3934 (Email: [email protected]) Summary This note describes an incidental observation of House Sparrows Passer domesticus foraging for insects trapped within the engine bay of motor vehicles in south-eastern Australia. Introduction The House Sparrow Passer domesticus is commensal with man and its global range has increased significantly recently, closely following human settlement on most continents and many islands (Long 1981, Cramp 1994). It is native to Eurasia and northern Africa (Cramp 1994) and was introduced to Australia in the mid 19th century (Biakers et al. 1984, Schodde & Tidemann 1997, Pizzey & Knight 1999). It is now common in cities and towns throughout eastern Australia (Biakers et al. 1984, Schodde & Tidemann 1997, Pizzey & Knight 1999, Barrett et al. 2003), particularly in association with human habitation (Schodde & Tidemann 1997), but is decreasing nationally (Barrett et al. 2003). Observation On 13 January 2003 at c. 1745 h Eastern Summer Time, a small group of House Sparrows was observed foraging in the street outside a restaurant in Port Fairy, on the south-western coast of Victoria (38°23' S, 142°14' E). Several motor vehicles were angle-parked in the street, nose to the kerb, adjacent to the restaurant. The restaurant had a few tables and chairs on the footpath for outside dining. The Sparrows appeared to be foraging only for food scraps, when one of them entered the front of a parked vehicle and emerged shortly after with an insect, which it then consumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Kendall Birds
    Kendall-Frost Reserve Breeding Common Name Scientific Name Regulatory Status Status Waterfowl - Family Anatidae Brant Branta bernicla W Special Concern Gadwall Ana strepera W American Wigeon Anas americana W Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Y Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera W Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata W Northern Pintail Anas acuta W Green-winged Teal Anas crecca W Redhead Aythya americana W Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis W Bufflehead Bucephala albeola W Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator W Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis W Loons - Family Gaviidae Common Loon Gavia immer W Special Concern Grebes - Family Podicipedidae Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps W Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus W Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis W Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis W Clark's Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii W Pelicans - Family Pelecanidae Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Y Endangered Frigatebirds - Family Fregatidae Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens X Cormorants - Family Phalacrocoracide Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Y Herons and Bitterns - Family Ardeidae Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Y Great Egret Ardea alba Y Snowy Egret Egretta thula Y Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Y Green Heron Butorides virescens Y Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Y Hawks, Kites and Eagles - Family Accipitridae Osprey Pandion haliaetus Y White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus W Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus W Special Concern Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii Y Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus Y Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis
    [Show full text]
  • Ashmore Reef Commonwealth Marine Reserve
    Information Sheet on EAA Flyway Network Sites Information Sheet on EAA Flyway Network Sites (SIS) – 2017 version Available for download from http://www.eaaflyway.net/about/the-flyway/flyway-site-network/ Categories approved by Second Meeting of the Partners of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership in Beijing, China 13-14 November 2007 - Report (Minutes) Agenda Item 3.13 Notes for compilers: 1. The management body intending to nominate a site for inclusion in the East Asian - Australasian Flyway Site Network is requested to complete a Site Information Sheet. The Site Information Sheet will provide the basic information of the site and detail how the site meets the criteria for inclusion in the Flyway Site Network. When there is a new nomination or an SIS update, the following sections with an asterisk (*), from Questions 1-14 and Question 30, must be filled or updated at least so that it can justify the international importance of the habitat for migratory waterbirds. 2. The Site Information Sheet is based on the Ramsar Information Sheet. If the site proposed for the Flyway Site Network is an existing Ramsar site then the documentation process can be simplified. 3. Once completed, the Site Information Sheet (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Flyway Partnership Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the Information Sheet and, where possible, digital versions (e.g. shapefile) of all maps. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Name and contact details of the compiler of this form*: Full name: Dr Mark Carey EAAF SITE CODE FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: Institution/agency: Migratory Species Section Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division Department of the Environment and Energy E A A F 1 3 2 Address : GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia 1 Information Sheet on EAA Flyway Network Sites Telephone: Fax numbers: E-mail address: 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Birding Oxley Creek Common Brisbane, Australia
    Birding Oxley Creek Common Brisbane, Australia Hugh Possingham and Mat Gilfedder – January 2011 [email protected] www.ecology.uq.edu.au 3379 9388 (h) Other photos, records and comments contributed by: Cathy Gilfedder, Mike Bennett, David Niland, Mark Roberts, Pete Kyne, Conrad Hoskin, Chris Sanderson, Angela Wardell-Johnson, Denis Mollison. This guide provides information about the birds, and how to bird on, Oxley Creek Common. This is a public park (access restricted to the yellow parts of the map, page 6). Over 185 species have been recorded on Oxley Creek Common in the last 83 years, making it one of the best birding spots in Brisbane. This guide is complimented by a full annotated list of the species seen in, or from, the Common. How to get there Oxley Creek Common is in the suburb of Rocklea and is well signposted from Sherwood Road. If approaching from the east (Ipswich Road side), pass the Rocklea Markets and turn left before the bridge crossing Oxley Creek. If approaching from the west (Sherwood side) turn right about 100 m after the bridge over Oxley Creek. The gate is always open. Amenities The main development at Oxley Creek Common is the Red Shed, which is beside the car park (plenty of space). The Red Shed has toilets (composting), water, covered seating, and BBQ facilities. The toilets close about 8pm and open very early. The paths are flat, wide and easy to walk or cycle. When to arrive The diversity of waterbirds is a feature of the Common and these can be good at any time of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge BIRD LIST
    Merrritt Island National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service P.O. Box 2683 Titusville, FL 32781 http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Merritt_Island 321/861 0669 Visitor Center Merritt Island U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1 800/344 WILD National Wildlife Refuge March 2019 Bird List photo: James Lyon Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, located just Seasonal Occurrences east of Titusville, shares a common boundary with the SP - Spring - March, April, May John F. Kennedy Space Center. Its coastal location, SU - Summer - June, July, August tropic-like climate, and wide variety of habitat types FA - Fall - September, October, November contribute to Merritt Island’s diverse bird population. WN - Winter - December, January, February The Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee lists 521 species of birds statewide. To date, 359 You may see some species outside the seasons indicated species have been identified on the refuge. on this checklist. This phenomenon is quite common for many birds. However, the checklist is designed to Of special interest are breeding populations of Bald indicate the general trend of migration and seasonal Eagles, Brown Pelicans, Roseate Spoonbills, Reddish abundance for each species and, therefore, does not Egrets, and Mottled Ducks. Spectacular migrations account for unusual occurrences. of passerine birds, especially warblers, occur during spring and fall. In winter tens of thousands of Abundance Designation waterfowl may be seen. Eight species of herons and C – Common - These birds are present in large egrets are commonly observed year-round. numbers, are widespread, and should be seen if you look in the correct habitat. Tips on Birding A good field guide and binoculars provide the basic U – Uncommon - These birds are present, but because tools useful in the observation and identification of of their low numbers, behavior, habitat, or distribution, birds.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island
    A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island Operated by Chevron Australia This document has been printed by a Sustainable Green Printer on stock that is certified carbon in joint venture with neutral and is Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC) mix certified, ensuring fibres are sourced from certified and well managed forests. The stock 55% recycled (30% pre consumer, 25% post- Cert no. L2/0011.2010 consumer) and has an ISO 14001 Environmental Certification. ISBN 978-0-9871120-1-9 Gorgon Project Osaka Gas | Tokyo Gas | Chubu Electric Power Chevron’s Policy on Working in Sensitive Areas Protecting the safety and health of people and the environment is a Chevron core value. About the Authors Therefore, we: • Strive to design our facilities and conduct our operations to avoid adverse impacts to human health and to operate in an environmentally sound, reliable and Dr Dorian Moro efficient manner. • Conduct our operations responsibly in all areas, including environments with sensitive Dorian Moro works for Chevron Australia as the Terrestrial Ecologist biological characteristics. in the Australasia Strategic Business Unit. His Bachelor of Science Chevron strives to avoid or reduce significant risks and impacts our projects and (Hons) studies at La Trobe University (Victoria), focused on small operations may pose to sensitive species, habitats and ecosystems. This means that we: mammal communities in coastal areas of Victoria. His PhD (University • Integrate biodiversity into our business decision-making and management through our of Western Australia)
    [Show full text]
  • Submarine Morphology of the Sahul Shelf, Northwestern Australia
    TJEERD H. VAN ANDEL JOHN J. VEEVERS SUBMARINE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SAHUL SHELF, NORTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA Abstract: The Sahul Shelf, located between north- of which it probably is the submerged extension. western Australia and the Timor Trough, consists This requires uplift, weathering, and denudation of a central basin surrounded by broad, shallow of the shelf in middle and late Tertiary. Subse- rises. Superimposed on the regional relief is a quently, the shelf was deformed to form the basin system of banks, terraces, and channels. The flat and rises. This deformation caused the original tops of banks and terraces form parts of several drainage to become antecedent. Lower surfaces regional, subhorizontal surfaces. The steplike to- were formed during Pleistocene low sea-level pography closely resembles the system of late stands. Cenozoic erosional surfaces on the adjacent land area with the shelf edge. The Sahul Rise sepa- Introduction rates the Bonaparte Depression from the Timor The Sahul Shelf, off the northwest coast of Trough. The basin is connected with deep Australia, is a very wide continental shelf water by a long, narrow valley with a maximum which derives its interest primarily from its depth of 200 m, Malita Shelf Valley. position between the continental mass of The shelf edge is represented by a gradual Australia and the island arches and geosynclines change in slope, usually marked by a low cliff of Indonesia. An early study, based on con- at 110-130 m. A second shelf edge at approxi- ventional nautical charts, was made by Fair- mately 550 m, reported by Fairbridge (1953), bridge (1953).
    [Show full text]
  • Predominant Colonization of Malesian Mountains by Australian Tree Lineages
    Received: 28 February 2019 | Revised: 30 September 2019 | Accepted: 7 October 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13747 RESEARCH PAPER Predominant colonization of Malesian mountains by Australian tree lineages Fabian Brambach1 | Christoph Leuschner1 | Aiyen Tjoa2 | Heike Culmsee1,3 1Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Abstract Goettingen, Germany Aim: Massive biota mixing due to plate-tectonic movement has shaped the bioge- 2 Agriculture Faculty, Tadulako University, ography of Malesia and during the colonization process, Asian plant lineages have Palu, Indonesia 3DBU Natural Heritage, German Federal presumably been more successful than their Australian counterparts. We aim to gain Foundation for the Environment, Osnabrück, a deeper understanding of this colonization asymmetry and its underlying mecha- Germany nisms by analysing how species richness and abundance of Asian versus Australian Correspondence tree lineages in three Malesian subregions change along environmental gradients. Fabian Brambach, Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty We hypothesize that differing environmental histories of Asia and Australia, and their of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, relation to habitats in Malesia, have been important factors driving assembly pat- University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany. terns of the Malesian flora. Email: [email protected] Location: Malesia, particularly Sundaland, the Philippines and Wallacea. Funding information Taxon: Seed plants (trees). Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
    [Show full text]
  • Updating the Seabird Fauna of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
    Tirtaningtyas & Yordan: Seabirds of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, update 11 UPDATING THE SEABIRD FAUNA OF JAKARTA BAY, INDONESIA FRANSISCA N. TIRTANINGTYAS¹ & KHALEB YORDAN² ¹ Burung Laut Indonesia, Depok, East Java 16421, Indonesia ([email protected]) ² Jakarta Birder, Jl. Betung 1/161, Pondok Bambu, East Jakarta 13430, Indonesia Received 17 August 2016, accepted 20 October 2016 ABSTRACT TIRTANINGTYAS, F.N. & YORDAN, K. 2017. Updating the seabird fauna of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Marine Ornithology 45: 11–16. Jakarta Bay, with an area of about 490 km2, is located at the edge of the Sunda Straits between Java and Sumatra, positioned on the Java coast between the capes of Tanjung Pasir in the west and Tanjung Karawang in the east. Its marine avifauna has been little studied. The ecology of the area is under threat owing to 1) Jakarta’s Governor Regulation No. 121/2012 zoning the northern coastal area of Jakarta for development through the creation of new islands or reclamation; 2) the condition of Jakarta’s rivers, which are becoming more heavily polluted from increasing domestic and industrial waste flowing into the bay; and 3) other factors such as incidental take. Because of these factors, it is useful to update knowledge of the seabird fauna of Jakarta Bay, part of the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. In 2011–2014 we conducted surveys to quantify seabird occurrence in the area. We identified 18 seabird species, 13 of which were new records for Jakarta Bay; more detailed information is presented for Christmas Island Frigatebird Fregata andrewsi. To better protect Jakarta Bay and its wildlife, regular monitoring is strongly recommended, and such monitoring is best conducted in cooperation with the staff of local government, local people, local non-governmental organization personnel and birdwatchers.
    [Show full text]
  • MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD Fregata Magnificens
    PALM BEACH DOLPHIN PROJECT FACT SHEET The Taras Oceanographic Foundation 5905 Stonewood Court - Jupiter, FL 33458 - (561-762-6473) [email protected] MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD Fregata magnificens CLASS: Aves ORDER: Suliformes FAMILY: Fregatidae GENUS: Fregata SPECIES: magnificens A long-winged, fork-tailed bird of tropical oceans, the Magnificent Frigatebird is an agile flier that snatches food off the surface of the ocean and steals food from other birds. It breeds mostly south of the United States, but wanders northward along the coasts during nonbreeding season. Physical Appearance: Frigate birds are the only seabirds where the male and female look strikingly different. All have pre- dominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked tails and long hooked bills. Females have white underbellies and males have a distinctive red throat pouch, which they inflate during the breeding season to attract females Their wings are long and pointed and can span up to 2.3 meters (7.5 ft), the largest wing area to body weight ratio of any bird. These birds are about 35-45 inches ((89 to 114 cm) in length, and weight between 35 and 67 oz (1000-1900 g). The bones of frigate birds are markedly pneumatic (filled with air), making them very light and contribute only 5% to total body weight. The pectoral girdle (shoulder joint) is strong as its bones are fused. Habitat: Frigate birds are found across all tropical oceans. Breeding habitats include mangrove cays on coral reefs, and decidu- ous trees and bushes on dry islands. Feeding range while breeding includes shallow water within lagoons, coral reefs, and deep ocean out of sight of land.
    [Show full text]