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PEPD) Induces Anabolic Processes Through EGFR, Β1-Integrin, and IGF-1R Signaling Pathways in an Experimental Model of Wounded Fibroblasts

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PEPD) Induces Anabolic Processes Through EGFR, Β1-Integrin, and IGF-1R Signaling Pathways in an Experimental Model of Wounded Fibroblasts International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Extracellular Prolidase (PEPD) Induces Anabolic Processes through EGFR, β1-integrin, and IGF-1R Signaling Pathways in an Experimental Model of Wounded Fibroblasts Weronika Baszanowska 1, Magdalena Misiura 2 , Ilona Oscilowska 1 , Jerzy Palka 1 and Wojciech Miltyk 2,* 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kili´nskiego1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] (W.B.); [email protected] (I.O.); [email protected] (J.P.) 2 Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Kili´nskiego1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-85-748-5845 Abstract: The role of prolidase (PEPD) as a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was studied in an experimental model of wound healing in cultured fibroblasts. The cells were treated with PEPD (1–100 nM) and analysis of cell viability, proliferation, migration, collagen biosynthesis, PEPD activity, and the expressions of EGFR, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and β1-integrin recep- tor including downstream signaling proteins were performed. It has been found that PEPD stimulated proliferation and migration of fibroblasts via activation of the EGFR-downstream PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Simultaneously, PEPD stimulated the expression of β1-integrin and IGF-1 re- ceptors and proteins downstream to these receptors such as FAK, Grb2, and ERK1/2. Collagen biosynthesis was increased in control and “wounded” fibroblasts under PEPD treatment. The data suggest that PEPD-induced EGFR signaling may serve as a new attempt to therapy wound healing. Citation: Baszanowska, W.; Misiura, M.; Oscilowska, I.; Palka, J.; Miltyk, Keywords: β1-integrin; EGFR; fibroblasts; IGF-1; PEPD; prolidase; wound healing W. Extracellular Prolidase (PEPD) Induces Anabolic Processes through EGFR, β1-integrin, and IGF-1R Signaling Pathways in an 1. Introduction Experimental Model of Wounded Skin, as the largest organ of the human body, is responsible for several major functions. Fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, It protects against mechanical damage, extreme temperature, microbial infection, radiation, 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ and other environmental factors [1]. Damage of this protective barrier may lead to serious ijms22020942 disturbances in the functioning of the entire body. For this reason, the repair processes of this organ are of particular research interest. Skin repair requires the participation of several Received: 17 December 2020 different cell types [2] as well as many different factors, cellular proteins, soluble growth Accepted: 16 January 2021 Published: 19 January 2021 factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins [3]. In this process fibroblasts and growth factors play a dominant role. It is well established that during the wound healing process Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral fibroblast functions are activated by PDGF, EGF, IGF-1, and others [4]. However, not all with regard to jurisdictional claims in defects in wound healing could be explained based on the growth factors. An example is published maps and institutional affil- prolidase deficiency (PD) that is accompanied, among others, by ulceration and impaired iations. wound healing [5]. It got attention on the role of prolidase in wound healing, particularly because of recent data showing that prolidase operates as a regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2-dependent signaling pathways [6], p53 transcriptional activity [7], and interferon α/β receptor expression [8,9]. Prolidase, known as peptidase D (PEPD), plays a significant role in collagen metabolism Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. and matrix remodeling. It participates in the last step of collagen degradation, cleaving This article is an open access article dipeptides with proline or hydroxyproline at the C terminus. Released proline could be distributed under the terms and used for collagen resynthesis [10–13]. It has been discovered that PEPD is involved in conditions of the Creative Commons the regulation of collagen biosynthesis. Using cellular models it has been shown that Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// collagen-prolidase axis is affected in fibroblast treated with anti-inflammatory drugs [14], creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ pyrroline 5-carboxylate (proline metabolite) [15,16], in experimental inflammation of chon- 4.0/). drocytes [10], during experimental fibroblasts aging [15], activation of integrin receptor Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020942 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 13 the regulation of collagen biosynthesis. Using cellular models it has been shown that col- lagen-prolidase axis is affected in fibroblast treated with anti-inflammatory drugs [14], pyrroline 5-carboxylate (proline metabolite) [15,16], in experimental inflammation of chondrocytes [10], during experimental fibroblasts aging [15], activation of integrin recep- tor for type I collagen in osteogenesis imperfecta-derived fibroblasts [17] and cancer cell Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 942 models [18–20]. 2 of 13 EGFR is a member of the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (ERBB family) which requires dimerization of receptor subunits for autophosphorylation inducing fur- for type I collagen in osteogenesis imperfecta-derived fibroblasts [17] and cancer cell ther signaling [21,22]. This process leads to the induction of proliferation, differentiation, models [18–20]. and migrationEGFR is of a memberthe cells ofthrough the transmembrane the phosph receptororylation tyrosine of proteins kinases in (ERBBseveral family) signaling pathwayswhich requires[23–25]. dimerization The key EGFR of receptor downstream subunits signaling for autophosphorylation involves the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, inducing fur- Ras/Raf/ERK,ther signaling and [21 JAK/STAT,22]. This process pathways leads [6,26,27]. to the induction EGFR ofsignaling proliferation, is coupled differentiation, to adhesion receptorand migration signaling. of Growth the cells promoting through the and phosphorylation anabolic pathways of proteins require in several activation signaling of integ- rin receptorpathways pathways. [23–25]. The For key instance, EGFR downstream stimulation signaling of β1-integrin involves receptor the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, induces autophos- phorylationRas/Raf/ERK, of FAK and that JAK/STAT integrates pathways the signal [6,26 from,27]. growth EGFR signaling factor receptors is coupled leading to adhe- to up- regulationsion receptor of two signaling. MAP kinases: Growth ERK1/2 promoting [28,29] and inducing anabolic cell pathways growth, require differentiation, activation and of integrin receptor pathways. For instance, stimulation of β1-integrin receptor induces metabolism [28,30]. Of special interest is that activation of β1-integrin receptor up-regu- autophosphorylation of FAK that integrates the signal from growth factor receptors leading latesto PEPD up-regulation activity of and two MAPcollagen kinases: biosynthesis ERK1/2 [28 [8,9,12,31].,29] inducing However, cell growth, the differentiation, role of PEPD in the anabolic and growth-promoting processes in tissue regeneration is still unknown. and metabolism [28,30]. Of special interest is that activation of β1-integrin receptor up- regulatesWe hypothesized PEPD activity that and PEPD-EGFR collagen biosynthesis interaction [8,9 may,12,31 represent]. However, an the important role of PEPD mecha- nismin for the regenerative anabolic and growth-promoting processes in the processesskin. Skin in fibroblasts tissue regeneration characterized is still unknown. by high PEPD activity Weand hypothesized the capacity that to synthesize PEPD-EGFR collagen interaction [8] may served represent as model an important cells to study mechanism the effect of PEPDfor regenerative on several processes processes in theaccompan skin. Skinied fibroblasts by experimental characterized wound by high healing. PEPD activity and the capacity to synthesize collagen [8] served as model cells to study the effect of PEPD 2. Resultson several processes accompanied by experimental wound healing. 2.1. 2.The Results Viability of Fibroblasts Is Not Affected by Extracellular PEPD 2.1.The The effect Viability of PEPD of Fibroblasts on cell Is viability Not Affected wa bys evaluated Extracellular by PEPD measurement of MTT (methyl thiazolylThe tetrazolium) effect of PEPD concentration on cell viability (Figure was evaluated1A,B) and by the measurement integrity ofof the MTT cell (methyl membrane (Figurethiazolyl 1C,D). tetrazolium) PEPD-treated concentration fibroblasts (Figure (range1A,B) of and concentration: the integrity 1–100 of the cellnM) membrane did not affect (Figure1C,D). PEPD-treated fibroblasts (range of concentration: 1–100 nM) did not affect cell viability as well as cell membrane integrity in both cell models, control and cell viability as well as cell membrane integrity in both cell models, control and “scratched”, “scratched”,after 24 and after 48 h24 of and incubation, 48 h of respectively.incubation, respectively. Figure 1. The effect of PEPD on fibroblasts viability and cell membrane integrity. Control cells, as well as scratched Figure 1. The effect of PEPD on fibroblasts viability and cell membrane integrity. Control cells, as well as scratched fibro- fibroblasts, were treated with PEPD (1–100 nM) for 24 h (A,C) and 48 h (B,D) followed by measurement
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