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6ubmitted to the faculty of the :niversity 9raduate 6chool ;n partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree 0aster of 1iberal 6tudies in the 5ollege of 1iberal 3rts and 6ciences of ;ndiana :niversity
-uly $&&(P7$N&( P$*(
3ccepted by the 9raduate 8aculty ;ndiana :niversity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in the 0aster of 1iberal 6tudies
016 5ommittee
js}6cott 7 6ernau 3h6
@~~ 7ebecca 1 9orstrick 3h6
6ate of 4ral 7xamination
-uly
8or the students and teachers preserving the past in the 0arshall ;slands
llo 0autiej 3elon 0ein 3d
l $&KNOSL('*M(N76
; wish to acknowledge the kqohikZpkZp lmata 0abua (3aramount 5hief) of the 0arshall ;sland for being so gracious as to allow me to conduct my research among his people and lands
; would also like to thank the dedicated staff at Baan 3elon in 0ajel whose thoughtful work in reviving traditional sailing canoe culture in the 0arshall
;slands has allowed a new generation of 0arshallese to take prjde in their past
;n particular ; wish to acknowledge 6ennis 3lessio 3lson 0elen -ill 1uciano and 0entil 1aik for allowing me access to their work site and publications that
B30 has produced
0uch appreciation to :arry 3nien 0aster 5anoe builder who on 0ajikin
;sland 3amo 3toll allowed me to help him in the construction of a traditional sailing canoe and for the use of that boat
3lso to the late 0aster 3avigator 3lton who taught me about traditional celestial navigation and weather reading 3nd for his work in instructing his children in ancient arts of celestial navigation canoe building and weather reading
IU 7$%L( O) &ON7(N76
3reface •v i
5hapter
4verview and :istory of the 7epublic of the 0arshall ;slands
5anoe 5ulture in the 0arshall ;slands
9he 9rowing ;mportance of Baan 3elon ;n 0ajel
9he ;nterviews with 9wo 0ey Baan 3elon ;n 0ajel 3ersonnel
5anoe 5ulture in the Bider 5ontext
3ppendix
7esources 5onsulted i
9lossary v
;nterview 6uestions v i
· 0ethodology and 6ata 5ollection · · vii
9ita ·viii
U P5()$&(
Bhen ; was searching for a topic to write about for my degree ; couldn't think of anything more appropriate than to research on a topic that has long held my interest traditional canoe building 9hough ; had grown up around these canoes and had many relatives involved in their construction it was evident that this was a dying art 4nce ; started investigating the written body of work on the topic of traditional canoe building and especially in the 0arshall ;sland it became apparent that not much scholarly work had been dedicated to the subject 9here has been recent interest in traditional canoe building throughout 3olynesia but scant among the scattered islands of 0icronesia ; started to talk with some of the 0arshallese elders about what ; wanted to research and why 9hey all replied with the same word EjZiioojoj, "it is shameful" 9he elders was saddened that no one particularly from the younger generations were keeping their traditions alive instead opting for more modern things in life 9hey did mention the one hope in keeping this tradition alive and that was the nongovernmental organization Baan 3elon ;n 0ajel (B30) whose staff was researching documenting and training atrisk youth in the ancient art of traditional sailing canoe building and sailing 4efore ; could begin any research in the 0arshall ;slands ; needed to seek the permission of lmata 0abi-a who is the traditional leader and former president of the 0arshall ;slands :e was delighted to see that there was beginning to be "outside" interest in the work that B30 was involved with :e started to tell me stories from his youth of when he would travel from atoll to atoll in PZkZp (large sailing canoes) and how much he still loved the sea ; was humbled that ; was allowed by lmata 0abua the honor of researching a topic dear to his heart and mine 5ontact was made with 6ennis 3lessio and 3lson 0elen of B30 9hough 6ennis was out of the country at the time of my study 3lson helped me out immensely Bithout his help and that of his staff my research would have taken many more years to accomplish ;t was so refreshing to see that a younger generation of 0arshallese gZG taken on the task of reviving a near lost art and were actively transmitting their knowledge to the next generation 0y hope is that one day when ; go back to the 0arshall ;slands ; can gaze at the lagoon and shore line and see many sailing canoes at anchor or gracefully plying the waters as they did so many years ago ;t gives me much hope that canoe building and many of the other cultural arts are seeing a revival of late 9here is much more that needs to be done in order for these arts to be self sustaining :owever insignificant they may be these are the things that make 0arshallese FZqrgZ/IHrH.
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1ocated in the central equatorial 3acific roughly miles B6B of
:onolulu :awai'i the 7epublic of the 0arshall ;slands (or sometimes referred to as the 0arshall ;slands) is a group of low lying coral atolls ( islets) and islands of which around are uninhabited 0ost islands are only feet above sea level 9here are two distinct chains of islands within the 70; - the
KZsZj 5hain (sunrise) to the east and the KZkhj 5hain (sunset) to the west 9he
70; has a landmass of sq miles or equivalent to about the size of
Bashington 65 yet its territorial borders are comparable to about the size of the contiguous :6 9he coral atolls are comprised of a ring of smaller islets enclosing a lagoon area • 9he 70; is part of a larger geographical grouping of island nations that make up 0icronesia of which the 8ederated 6tates of
0icronesia (0osrae 3ohnpei 5huuk) 3auru Dap 3alau and 9uam are also a part
0ajuro 3toll is the capital and serves as the main governmental and commercial center for all the 70; 9he 70; became an independent sovereign nation in after four decades of :6 administration 9his :6 administration
KZ`i`kdhm AEnkk, Zghbg gnDED Egd 5nm`kc 5d`f`m B`kkhDEhb 2hDDhkd 'dedmDd SdDE 8hEd `mc Z`D Egd DhEd ne` YdU\ aknnc\ VVII a`EEkd, hD Egd k`UfdDE bnU`k `Enkk hm Egd ZnUkc ZhEg ` k`mc l`DD ne nmk\ . DT. lhkdD \dE dmbnlS`DDhmf `m hlldmDd k`fnnm ne DT. lhkdD.
known as the 9rust 9erritory was founded after Borld Bar ;; ;n the 70;
entered into a 5ompact of 8ree 3ssociation with the :6 ·
0uch of the commercial business is mainly located on 0ajuro 3toll with its
access to international port and commercial aircraft facilities while the rest of the
atolls rely on fishing small scale agricultural plots and copra production for
sustenance and wages 4f the two official languages 0arshallese comes from
the root language lndo0alay and shares iinguistic similarities with surrounding
island nations 9hough not as a matter of contemporary practice the two atoll
chains of the 70; have distinct though archaic dialectical differences 0ost of
the population is fluent in both 0arshallese and 7nglish the latter being the other
official language 5ensus data for puts the total population of the 70; at
around
9he 70l's executive legislative and judicial branches are a combination of western governmental systems and modified traditional forms of custom and
law 9he executive branch is the combination of a 4ritish parliamentary system which is popularly elected and then elects a president and a :6 system that has a president as the head of state as opposed to a 3rime 0inister in a 4ritish
6ystem 9he judicial branch is comprised of two systems with separate jurisdictional powers- the 6upreme 5ourts receive their mandates and laws from the executive branch and preside over constitutional issues while the 5ouncil of
AbbnUchmf En Dnld EgdnUhdD Egd 2`UDg`kkD ZdUd DdEEkdc a\ `mbhdmE Dd`e`UdUD ne 2dk`mdDh`m (ImcnmdDh`m `mc 2`k`\Dh`m) cdDbdmE `UnXmc a.b .
kqooi3 is made up of traditional leaders and presides over matters of custom such as land rights and property allocations
Pradestory ob tda M]rsd]hh ,sh]j`s
9he 0arshall ;slands sit on what are presently extinct volcanic cores that erupted more than million years ago 3s this molten matter erupted it formed over time "high islands" examples of which include the islands in the :awaiian chain 4ver time the volcanic fissures closed signaling an end to land formation and eventually these volcanic peaks slowly sunk into the sea propelled by their own weight 7ventually microscopic sea organisms started to cling to the side of the extinct volcano and contributed to the formation of reefs ;t is not certain as to when the 0arshall ;slands had enough soil and plant growth to sustain human activity and habitation but geological and ecological evidence suggests that date might be around 45 (6ye )
0arshallese stories have a differing viewpoint as to the creation of the islands and the origins of plants 3ccording to myth (6owning ) the 0arshall
;slands were formed after a jealous chief flew away in his canoe carrying a basket of soil 9his basket had a hole in it and soon the soil was scattered across the waters 7ventually the islands "grew" out of the ocean 9he arrival of
SghD bnXmbhk hD l`cd XS ne bghdeD DdkdbEdc a\ Egd Iroojlaplap, nU S`U`lnXmE bghde.
coconuts bananas sea creatures and other necessities of life are all a part of the rich oral tradition of story telling throughout the 0arshalls · ··
0ost theories contend that it wasn't until around the time of 5hrist that human settlement was established ;t is believed that the 0arshalls were populated by seafarers coming from the south and west (0elanesia) or from western 0icronesia from areas such as 9uam or the 5huuk islands 9he carbon dating of relics found o3 0ajuro and 7niwetok 3tolls yield dates of around 45 to 36
Bhat these seafarers found upon reaching the shores of the 0arshalls would have been islands with poor soil quality and almost nonexistent sources of fresh water 9hough wells can be dug this water tends to be very brackish due to the low elevation of the islands and the high water table 8resh water would have also been available from the collection of rainwater though the rainy season is only for a few months toward the beginning and end of the year
4ecause many of the islands were not connected to each other by appreciable landmasses almost all of the communication and trade between islands was done by way of canoe either with or without sails 3eople relied heavily on these boats to be able to fish the large lagoons that acted like supermarkets 8rom the lagoon they could catch the myriad varieties of fish turtles shellfish and other sea creatures that inhabited these littoral waters 9his sea catch offset the meager land based nutritional food sources until the later introduction of such foods as bananas mangoes breadfruit pandanus etc ";t is possible that up to plant species including various herbaceous species
shrubs and trees migrated to the southern 0arshalls before the arrival of
humans" (9homas and :atheway )
·0uch-of what we know of prehistory of the 0arshalls is due in large part to
the efforts of 9erman explorers into the 3acific between and such as
0ramer and 3evermann 9he 0arshalls are ·a matrilineal society that is divided
into three social classes- the kqooi class the AkZp class and the KhiHqEZk class
9he kqooi gives parcels of land called vHso to AkZpr. KhiHqEZkr living on the land
provide for the care of that land's crop planting and harvest 9he first fruits of
that land are then given in homage to the kqooi thus allowing for the AkZp and
KhiHqEZk to retain their assignment to that land
9he main crops gathered from the land would be breadfruit (3rtocarpus
atilis) bananas of varying variety pandanus (3andanus tectorius) a_nd
coconuts :arvesting times for these plant coincided with seasonally occurring
rainy and dry seasons 3andanus was harvested 6ecember to 3pril while
breadfruit season was from 0ay to 3ovember 0ethods of preserving food to
stave off the lean season had been established and many are still in practice to
date
Bith land being extremely scarce there was much competition among the
kqooir to claim by conquest or treaty new land and AkZpr to secure land tenure for
Sgd nkcdDE edl`kd ZnXkc hmgdUhE `kk k`mc UhfgED `mc Egdm ZnXkc S`DD Egdl En gdU dkcdDE c`XfgEdU. ;fEgd dkcdDE bghkc ZdUd l`kd gd ZnXkc gnkc Egd EhEkd XmEhk ghD S`DDhmf `E Zghbg Ehld hE ZnXkc S`DD mnE En ghD bghkcUdm aXE Egd md[E dkcdDE Dhakhmf. BUd`ceUXhE hD ` ldladU neEgd ehf e`lhk\ `mc hD g`UYdDEdc enU ` Y`UhdE\ ne ennc XDdD `mc hED Znnc hD Egd l`hm bnlSnmdmE neb`mnd aXhkchmf. SgdDd EUddD b`m fUnZ En ad nYdU \d`UD nkc `mc ad nYdU ft hm gdhfgE 5`mc`mXD b`m ad dhEgdU ` EUdd nU DgUXa fUnZhmf XSZ`UcD ne ft `mc hD bg`U`bEdUhbdc a\ `dUh`k SUnS UnnED `mc ` SUhbjk\ DEdl.
their families 1and could be given and taken away only at the /qooer discretion
9he kqooi may grant land as an act of gratitude to a faithful servant 4ne such act
referred to as jvoGZHkHl is when land is given by a chief to a commoner as a
bounty for bailing out the chief's canoe in battle expeditions (3bo et al )
)erst (j_oujtars wetd tda Outse`a Sorh`
9he 0arshallese were the first to permanently inhabit this group of atolls
and had been living there for many centuries before the first visitors from outside
of the 3acific began to appear
9he first 7uropean visitor to the 3acific was the 3ortuguese explorer
8erdinand 0agellan (6pring 3pril ) :e was the first to set sail from 7urope Bestwards towards 3sia and the first 7uropean to sail into the
3acific :is voyage across the 3acific in was an attempt the first of its
kind to circumnavigate the globe but it ended for him in the 3hilippines with his death 9hough he never reached the 0arshalls his forays fueled the dreams of other explorers that soon would follow in his wake
9he first 7uropean to make landfall in the 0arshalls was 6panish explorer
3lonso de 6alazar on 3ugust the st in 6alazar was attempting to expand on 0agellan's circumnavigation ;t is not certain on which atoll he made landfall but it is widely believed to have been 9aongi (4okak) 3toll to the extreme
3orth (:ezel ) "3s the 9ictoria struggled northward an island was sighted that appeared green and inviting to the scurvyplagued crew 7eluctantly they
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9his would be the name that would appear on maps for generations when referring to the Marshalls
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- Kotzebue was shocked to find the Marshallese practiced infanticide after the third birth because ofperiodic food shortages
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0/ "Whalers the old saying goes required three things of the islands at which they called/ wood water and women" (Hezel -)
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00 9he lead mutineer 6amuel Comstock had brutally murdered the Globe's captain and crewmembers that were unwilling to be part of his plan to find an "island paradise" and form a new empire 01 9he massacre had been provoked by several acts of cruelty by the mutineers on the natives
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02 Kaibuke would have been an IroojlDplDp or paramount chief 9his would account for his sway over the other Irooj in converting them to Christianity
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03 9his treaty had been signed by Iroojs of the 7alik islands basically giving Germany "preferred country status" in the Marshalls (Hezel -)
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04 Japanese genomic features are still quite prevalent in the Marshalls today
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05 Considered on ofthe major turning points in WWII this battle was the first in which naval ship did not directly engage each other but instead the attack were carried out by carrier based aircraft 06 9his battle of June - is considered the turning point LQ the battle for the Pacific
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.W was ironic that Dennis the founder ofW5M was on the mainland for the duration ofmy time in the Marshalls Much ofthe information for this project was conveyed by 5lson
13 ______
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5ccording to Marshallese myth canoes didn't originally come with a sail 5ccording to the myth Jabro (the youngest) and 9imur (the oldest) two of ten brothers were all part of a canoepaddling race 9he other brothers had already taken off before Jabro could Jabro's mother told him not to fret and showed him a sail and helped Jabro install it to his canoe He quickly came upon and outpaced his other brothers all except 9imur 9imur took the boat from Jabro but changed the direction of the canoe's travel 9imur reached the island thinking he won the race when it fact it was Jabro that won Marshallese still gaze into the night sky and point out the stars named for each of the ten brothers 9imur's star faces away (west) from his brother Jabro 5ll these stars were used for navigation (Grey -)
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Pacific Ocean currents can allow for wood from the Pacific coast ofNorth 5merican to drift to the Marshalls
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9he wappepe is the central design LQ the seal ofthe 7MI government
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