The Reemergence of Traditional Sailing Canoe

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Reemergence of Traditional Sailing Canoe 74496 ;3 9:7 673 9:7 77707797357 48 9736;9;4331 63;1;39 53347 4:;16;39 ;3 9:7 773:41;5 48 9:7 0376:311 ;613366 5:7;69;33 33;73 17:033 6ubmitted to the faculty of the :niversity 9raduate 6chool ;n partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree 0aster of 1iberal 6tudies in the 5ollege of 1iberal 3rts and 6ciences of ;ndiana :niversity -uly $&&(P7$N&( P$*( 3ccepted by the 9raduate 8aculty ;ndiana :niversity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in the 0aster of 1iberal 6tudies 016 5ommittee js}6cott 7 6ernau 3h6 @~~ 7ebecca 1 9orstrick 3h6 6ate of 4ral 7xamination -uly 8or the students and teachers preserving the past in the 0arshall ;slands llo 0autiej 3elon 0ein 3d l $&KNOSL('*M(N76 ; wish to acknowledge the kqohikZpkZp lmata 0abua (3aramount 5hief) of the 0arshall ;sland for being so gracious as to allow me to conduct my research among his people and lands ; would also like to thank the dedicated staff at Baan 3elon in 0ajel whose thoughtful work in reviving traditional sailing canoe culture in the 0arshall ;slands has allowed a new generation of 0arshallese to take prjde in their past ;n particular ; wish to acknowledge 6ennis 3lessio 3lson 0elen -ill 1uciano and 0entil 1aik for allowing me access to their work site and publications that B30 has produced 0uch appreciation to :arry 3nien 0aster 5anoe builder who on 0ajikin ;sland 3amo 3toll allowed me to help him in the construction of a traditional sailing canoe and for the use of that boat 3lso to the late 0aster 3avigator 3lton who taught me about traditional celestial navigation and weather reading 3nd for his work in instructing his children in ancient arts of celestial navigation canoe building and weather reading IU 7$%L( O) &ON7(N76 3reface •v i 5hapter 4verview and :istory of the 7epublic of the 0arshall ;slands 5anoe 5ulture in the 0arshall ;slands 9he 9rowing ;mportance of Baan 3elon ;n 0ajel 9he ;nterviews with 9wo 0ey Baan 3elon ;n 0ajel 3ersonnel 5anoe 5ulture in the Bider 5ontext 3ppendix 7esources 5onsulted i 9lossary v ;nterview 6uestions v i · 0ethodology and 6ata 5ollection · · vii 9ita ·viii U P5()$&( Bhen ; was searching for a topic to write about for my degree ; couldn't think of anything more appropriate than to research on a topic that has long held my interest traditional canoe building 9hough ; had grown up around these canoes and had many relatives involved in their construction it was evident that this was a dying art 4nce ; started investigating the written body of work on the topic of traditional canoe building and especially in the 0arshall ;sland it became apparent that not much scholarly work had been dedicated to the subject 9here has been recent interest in traditional canoe building throughout 3olynesia but scant among the scattered islands of 0icronesia ; started to talk with some of the 0arshallese elders about what ; wanted to research and why 9hey all replied with the same word EjZiioojoj, "it is shameful" 9he elders was saddened that no one particularly from the younger generations were keeping their traditions alive instead opting for more modern things in life 9hey did mention the one hope in keeping this tradition alive and that was the nongovernmental organization Baan 3elon ;n 0ajel (B30) whose staff was researching documenting and training atrisk youth in the ancient art of traditional sailing canoe building and sailing 4efore ; could begin any research in the 0arshall ;slands ; needed to seek the permission of lmata 0abi-a who is the traditional leader and former president of the 0arshall ;slands :e was delighted to see that there was beginning to be "outside" interest in the work that B30 was involved with :e started to tell me stories from his youth of when he would travel from atoll to atoll in PZkZp (large sailing canoes) and how much he still loved the sea ; was humbled that ; was allowed by lmata 0abua the honor of researching a topic dear to his heart and mine 5ontact was made with 6ennis 3lessio and 3lson 0elen of B30 9hough 6ennis was out of the country at the time of my study 3lson helped me out immensely Bithout his help and that of his staff my research would have taken many more years to accomplish ;t was so refreshing to see that a younger generation of 0arshallese gZG taken on the task of reviving a near lost art and were actively transmitting their knowledge to the next generation 0y hope is that one day when ; go back to the 0arshall ;slands ; can gaze at the lagoon and shore line and see many sailing canoes at anchor or gracefully plying the waters as they did so many years ago ;t gives me much hope that canoe building and many of the other cultural arts are seeing a revival of late 9here is much more that needs to be done in order for these arts to be self sustaining :owever insignificant they may be these are the things that make 0arshallese FZqrgZ/IHrH. UI &+$P7(5 1 O9(59,(S $N' +,67O5U O) 7+( 5(P8%L,& O) 7+( M$56+$LL ,6L$N'6 (5M,) 1ocated in the central equatorial 3acific roughly miles B6B of :onolulu :awai'i the 7epublic of the 0arshall ;slands (or sometimes referred to as the 0arshall ;slands) is a group of low lying coral atolls ( islets) and islands of which around are uninhabited 0ost islands are only feet above sea level 9here are two distinct chains of islands within the 70; - the KZsZj 5hain (sunrise) to the east and the KZkhj 5hain (sunset) to the west 9he 70; has a landmass of sq miles or equivalent to about the size of Bashington 65 yet its territorial borders are comparable to about the size of the contiguous :6 9he coral atolls are comprised of a ring of smaller islets enclosing a lagoon area • 9he 70; is part of a larger geographical grouping of island nations that make up 0icronesia of which the 8ederated 6tates of 0icronesia (0osrae 3ohnpei 5huuk) 3auru Dap 3alau and 9uam are also a part 0ajuro 3toll is the capital and serves as the main governmental and commercial center for all the 70; 9he 70; became an independent sovereign nation in after four decades of :6 administration 9his :6 administration KZ`i`kdhm AEnkk, Zghbg gnDED Egd 5nm`kc 5d`f`m B`kkhDEhb 2hDDhkd 'dedmDd SdDE 8hEd `mc Z`D Egd DhEd ne` YdU\ aknnc\ VVII a`EEkd, hD Egd k`UfdDE bnU`k `Enkk hm Egd ZnUkc ZhEg ` k`mc l`DD ne nmk\ . DT. lhkdD \dE dmbnlS`DDhmf `m hlldmDd k`fnnm ne DT. lhkdD. known as the 9rust 9erritory was founded after Borld Bar ;; ;n the 70; entered into a 5ompact of 8ree 3ssociation with the :6 · 0uch of the commercial business is mainly located on 0ajuro 3toll with its access to international port and commercial aircraft facilities while the rest of the atolls rely on fishing small scale agricultural plots and copra production for sustenance and wages 4f the two official languages 0arshallese comes from the root language lndo0alay and shares iinguistic similarities with surrounding island nations 9hough not as a matter of contemporary practice the two atoll chains of the 70; have distinct though archaic dialectical differences 0ost of the population is fluent in both 0arshallese and 7nglish the latter being the other official language 5ensus data for puts the total population of the 70; at around 9he 70l's executive legislative and judicial branches are a combination of western governmental systems and modified traditional forms of custom and law 9he executive branch is the combination of a 4ritish parliamentary system which is popularly elected and then elects a president and a :6 system that has a president as the head of state as opposed to a 3rime 0inister in a 4ritish 6ystem 9he judicial branch is comprised of two systems with separate jurisdictional powers- the 6upreme 5ourts receive their mandates and laws from the executive branch and preside over constitutional issues while the 5ouncil of AbbnUchmf En Dnld EgdnUhdD Egd 2`UDg`kkD ZdUd DdEEkdc a\ `mbhdmE Dd`e`UdUD ne 2dk`mdDh`m (ImcnmdDh`m `mc 2`k`\Dh`m) cdDbdmE `UnXmc a.b . kqooi3 is made up of traditional leaders and presides over matters of custom such as land rights and property allocations Pradestory ob tda M]rsd]hh ,sh]j`s 9he 0arshall ;slands sit on what are presently extinct volcanic cores that erupted more than million years ago 3s this molten matter erupted it formed over time "high islands" examples of which include the islands in the :awaiian chain 4ver time the volcanic fissures closed signaling an end to land formation and eventually these volcanic peaks slowly sunk into the sea propelled by their own weight 7ventually microscopic sea organisms started to cling to the side of the extinct volcano and contributed to the formation of reefs ;t is not certain as to when the 0arshall ;slands had enough soil and plant growth to sustain human activity and habitation but geological and ecological evidence suggests that date might be around 45 (6ye ) 0arshallese stories have a differing viewpoint as to the creation of the islands and the origins of plants 3ccording to myth (6owning ) the 0arshall ;slands were formed after a jealous chief flew away in his canoe carrying a basket of soil 9his basket had a hole in it and soon the soil was scattered across the waters 7ventually the islands "grew" out of the ocean 9he arrival of SghD bnXmbhk hD l`cd XS ne bghdeD DdkdbEdc a\ Egd Iroojlaplap, nU S`U`lnXmE bghde.
Recommended publications
  • Changing Views, Cultural Survival Knowledge and Power in the Marshall Islands
    Donna K. Stone Changing Views, Cultural Survival Knowledge and Power in the Marshall Islands rancis Bacon’s insight that “knowl- sures that raised the owners’ social and political edge is power” is as meaningful status. The irooj and citizenry alike entrusted today in the Marshall Islands, and themselves to the leadership of the experienced elsewhere, as it was in 16th-century navigators whose knowledge of the stars, clouds, England.F For over 2,500 years the Marshallese and waves enabled only them to determine the people accrued an immense body of knowledge position of the atolls and predict the weather. that allowed them to survive in an environment The navigator enjoyed privileges that were other- containing few natural resources. In the past, wise reserved only for the irooj and ruler class. when Marshallese people and culture were more Therefore, to ensure a higher social station and a isolated, those who controlled this information better inheritance for their progeny, the naviga- kept it concealed because knowledge represented tors, as well as other members of the nitijela, con- power. cealed the substance of their science. The position of the traditional chief, known Today, with increased external influences, as irooj, was sanctioned and empowered through the shift from traditional rural to urban living, his knowledge. This belief and practice were and the availability of new technologies, tradi- reflected linguistically in the Marshallese expres- tional knowledge and its control no longer offer sion, irooj im jela (the irooj and knowing); “the the same prestige. As “western” values replace or irooj knows everything.” He may not have known diminish Marshallese traditions and are transmit- “everything” but he did control the knowledge ted to younger generations, both the practice and available and regarded as worthwhile in his com- knowledge of the traditional Marshallese way of munity.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Southwestern Silk Road in World History By
    China's Southwestern Silk Road in World History By: James A. Anderson James A. Anderson, "China's Southwestern Silk Road in World History," World History Connected March 2009 http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/6.1/anderson.html Made available courtesy of University of Illinois Press: http://www.press.uillinois.edu/ ***Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from the University of Illinois Press. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document.*** As Robert Clark notes in The Global Imperative, "there is no doubt that trade networks like the Silk Road made possible the flourishing and spread of ancient civilizations to something approximating a global culture of the times."1 Goods, people and ideas all travelled along these long-distance routes spanning or circumventing the vast landmass of Eurasia. From earliest times, there have been three main routes, which connected China with the outside world.2 These were the overland routes that stretched across Eurasia from China to the Mediterranean, known collectively as the "Silk Road"; the Spice Trade shipping routes passing from the South China Sea into the Indian Ocean and beyond, known today as the "Maritime Silk Road"; and the "Southwestern Silk Road," a network of overland passages stretching from Central China through the mountainous areas of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces into the eastern states of South Asia. Although the first two routes are better known to students of World History, the Southwestern Silk Road has a long ancestry and also played an important role in knitting the world together.
    [Show full text]
  • And Taewa Māori (Solanum Tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Traditional Knowledge Systems and Crops: Case Studies on the Introduction of Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and Taewa Māori (Solanum tuberosum) to Aotearoa/New Zealand A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of AgriScience in Horticultural Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand Rodrigo Estrada de la Cerda 2015 Kūmara and Taewa Māori, Ōhakea, New Zealand i Abstract Kūmara (Ipomoea batatas) and taewa Māori, or Māori potato (Solanum tuberosum), are arguably the most important Māori traditional crops. Over many centuries, Māori have developed a very intimate relationship to kūmara, and later with taewa, in order to ensure the survival of their people. There are extensive examples of traditional knowledge aligned to kūmara and taewa that strengthen the relationship to the people and acknowledge that relationship as central to the human and crop dispersal from different locations, eventually to Aotearoa / New Zealand. This project looked at the diverse knowledge systems that exist relative to the relationship of Māori to these two food crops; kūmara and taewa. A mixed methodology was applied and information gained from diverse sources including scientific publications, literature in Spanish and English, and Andean, Pacific and Māori traditional knowledge. The evidence on the introduction of kūmara to Aotearoa/New Zealand by Māori is indisputable. Mātauranga Māori confirms the association of kūmara as important cargo for the tribes involved, even detailing the purpose for some of the voyages.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Briefing March 14Th, 2019
    Science Briefing March 14th, 2019 Prof. Annette Lee (St. Cloud State University) The Native American Sky Mr. Kalepa Baybayan (Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawai’i) Dr. Laurie Rousseau-Nepton (Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope) Facilitator: Dr. Christopher Britt Outline of this Science Briefing 1. Prof. Annette Lee, St. Cloud State University; University of Southern Queensland As It is above, it is below: Kapemni doorways in the night sky 2. Kālepa Baybayan, Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawai’i He Lani Ko Luna, A Sky Above: In Losing the Sight of Land You Discover the Stars 3. Dr. Laurie Rousseau-Nepton, Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope A Time When Everyone Was an Astronomer 4. Resources Brief presentation of resources 5. Q&A 2 As It is above; it is below Kapemni doorways in the night sky Painting by A. Lee, A. Lee, © 2014 Painting by Dept. Physics and Astronomy Annette S. Lee Thurs., Mar. 14, 2019 Centre for Astrophysics 3 NASA’s Universe of Learning Science Briefing The Native American Sky Star Map by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy © 2012 Star Map by A. Lee © 2012 4 5 Star Map by A. Lee, W. Wilson, W. Buck © 2016 Star Map by A. Lee © 2016 One Sky Many Astronomies – Permanent Exhibit Canada Science & Technology Museum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 6 7 8 9 Kepler'ssupernova remnant, SN 1604 10 STAR/SPIRIT WORLD Kapemni As it is above… it is below. A Mirroring EARTH/MATERIAL WORLD 11 Tu Blue (Spirit) Woman Birth Woman Wiçakiyuha¡i Stretcher & Mourners Close up, Painting by A. Lee, © 2014 12 Doorway 13 Star Map by A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sons of Palulap: Navigating Without Instruments in Oceania
    RESOURCE FILE 1 of 2 Unit 1 - The Oceans: Historical Perspectives The Sons of Palulap: Navigating Without Instruments in Oceania Darkness fell as the rain of another line squall hissed across the tropical Pacific. The stars were smudged out. Our navigator, Piailug, ordered us to drop the sail of our 30-foot outrigger canoe, Suntory. White Horse, our partner canoe, followed suit, and we settled down to endure the chilly, wet night. Piailug estimated that we were just inside the etak of birds, the fishing grounds for seabirds from the island of Pikelot, our destination. There we drifted, waiting for morning, when the birds would fly out from their nesting sites and thus indicate the way to the island. Two days before, our little fishing expedition had left Satawal, one of the most remote of Micronesia's Caroline Islands. Our purpose was to catch sea turtles, fish, and octopus for the 600 hungry Satawalese. We were led by Mau Piailug, one of the last of the palu. These Micronesian navigators pilot hand-hewn canoes without charts or instruments, guided only by the sea's signs of land: stars, birds, and patterns of waves. Thousands of years ago Piailug's distant cousins, the Polynesians, probably used similar navigational techniques on their epic voyages of discovery to the Marquesas, Tahiti, Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. The Polynesians spread throughout the Pacific from the west in small sailing canoes like that shown opposite. (Map courtesy of Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Photo by author/The Navigators). RESOURCE FILE - Meanwhile in the Pacific - Where Did the Polynesians Come From? - Part 2 79 FOR SEA—Institute of Marine Science ©2000 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing Manual and Web Directory for Organic Spices, Culinary Herbs and Essential Oils
    TECHNICAL PAPER MARKETING MANUAL AND WEB DIRECTORY FOR ORGANIC SPICES, CULINARY HERBS AND ESSENTIAL OILS ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT FOR TRADE INFORMATION SERVICES ID=32656 2006 SITC MAR International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Marketing Manual and Web Directory for Organic Spices, Culinary Herbs and Essential Oils. 2nd ed. Geneva: ITC, 2006. vi, 53 p. (Technical paper) Only available at: http://www.intracen.org/organics/technical-assistance-publications.htm Doc. No. MDS-07-124.E. Manual covering specific and technical market information for selected organic products - provides overview of world organic trade; examines structure and characteristics of major import markets for organic spices, herbs, essential oils and oleoresins; covers quality control, packaging and transport aspects; provides list of major traders of the respective products; annexes cover quality standards guidelines; sector related trade associations, and information sources. Descriptors: Organic Products, Spices, Essential oils, Market Surveys, World. EN International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland (http://www.intracen.org) ________________________________________________________________ The designations employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of names of firms/institutions/associations does not imply the endorsement of ITC. This technical paper has not been formally edited by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) ITC encourages the reprinting and translation of its publications to achieve wider dissemination. Short extracts may be freely reproduced, with due acknowledgement of the source.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canoe Is the People LEARNER's TEXT
    The Canoe Is The People LEARNER’S TEXT United Nations Local and Indigenous Educational, Scientific and Knowledge Systems Cultural Organization Learnerstxtfinal_C5.indd 1 14/11/2013 11:28 The Canoe Is the People educational Resource Pack: Learner’s Text The Resource Pack also includes: Teacher’s Manual, CD–ROM and Poster. Produced by the Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) Programme, UNESCO www.unesco.org/links Published in 2013 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France ©2013 UNESCO All rights reserved The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Coordinated by Douglas Nakashima, Head, LINKS Programme, UNESCO Author Gillian O’Connell Printed by UNESCO Printed in France Contact: Douglas Nakashima LINKS Programme UNESCO [email protected] 2 The Canoe Is the People: Indigenous Navigation in the Pacific Learnerstxtfinal_C5.indd 2 14/11/2013 11:28 contents learner’s SECTIONTEXT 3 The Canoe Is the People: Indigenous Navigation in the Pacific Learnerstxtfinal_C5.indd 3 14/11/2013 11:28 Acknowledgements The Canoe Is the People Resource Pack has benefited from the collaborative efforts of a large number of people and institutions who have each contributed to shaping the final product.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary.Pdf
    THE SEAFARER’S WORD A Maritime Dictionary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ranger Hope © 2007- All rights reserved A ● ▬ A: Code flag; Diver below, keep well clear at slow speed. Aa.: Always afloat. Aaaa.: Always accessible - always afloat. A flag + three Code flags; Azimuth or bearing. numerals: Aback: When a wind hits the front of the sails forcing the vessel astern. Abaft: Toward the stern. Abaft of the beam: Bearings over the beam to the stern, the ships after sections. Abandon: To jettison cargo. Abandon ship: To forsake a vessel in favour of the life rafts, life boats. Abate: Diminish, stop. Able bodied seaman: Certificated and experienced seaman, called an AB. Abeam: On the side of the vessel, amidships or at right angles. Aboard: Within or on the vessel. About, go: To manoeuvre to the opposite sailing tack. Above board: Genuine. Able bodied seaman: Advanced deckhand ranked above ordinary seaman. Abreast: Alongside. Side by side Abrid: A plate reinforcing the top of a drilled hole that accepts a pintle. Abrolhos: A violent wind blowing off the South East Brazilian coast between May and August. A.B.S.: American Bureau of Shipping classification society. Able bodied seaman Absorption: The dissipation of energy in the medium through which the energy passes, which is one cause of radio wave attenuation. Abt.: About Abyss: A deep chasm. Abyssal, abysmal: The greatest depth of the ocean Abyssal gap: A narrow break in a sea floor rise or between two abyssal plains.
    [Show full text]
  • Commentary on "Diffusionists" and Legitimate Aims in Polynesian Prehistory
    Commentary On "Diffusionists" and Legitimate Aims in Polynesian Prehistory Received 6July 1983 PETER BELLWOOD RECENTLY had the rather unpleasant experience ofreading Alan Howard's review (AP 22: 221-228) of The Prehistory of Polynesia, edited by Jesse Jennings. A number of I contributors to this volume, including myself, are described in this review in a seemingly derogatory fashion as "diffusionists;' partly I suspect because our papers have not been centrally concerned with Howard's "game;' i.e. with the relationships between ecology and cultural adaptation in Polynesian prehistory, or, as Howard phrases it, with "the relative contributions of cultural templates and ecological constraints to various social developments." I wish to take issue with Howard's stance on two accounts; the first concerns the correct use ofthe emotion-charged term "diffusionist," and the second concerns Howard's appar­ ent refusal to consider, as valid fields ofconcern for prehistorians, any approaches which do not fall within the rules ofthe above "game;' which he, as a social anthropologist, evi­ dently considers to be "so much damn fun." In connection with the first issue, the term "diffusion;' as used in the archaeological lit­ erature with which I am familiar, refers to a process ofconsiderable conceptual vagueness by which particular cultural traits or trait-combinations spread from one area to another. Usually in the Polynesian archaeological literature these traits emerge as various items of material culture, such as adze types, art styles, crops, domestic animals, and so forth. Such diffusion, in the few cases where it can actually be demonstrated to have occurred (and where inheritance from a common ancestor or local convergent adaptation can be ruled out as explanations for similarities), mayor may not involve human migration, and other nonmigratory processes such as trade or simple voyaging contact between neighboring Peter Bellwood is a member ofthe Department ofPrehistory and Anthropology, School ofGeneral Studies, the Australian National University.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbs, Spices and Essential Oils
    Printed in Austria V.05-91153—March 2006—300 Herbs, spices and essential oils Post-harvest operations in developing countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (+43-1) 26026-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26926-69 UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.unido.org INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS © UNIDO and FAO 2005 — First published 2005 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: - the Director, Agro-Industries and Sectoral Support Branch, UNIDO, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria or by e-mail to [email protected] - the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Issn 1198-6727
    ISSN 1198-6727 FISHERIES CATCH RECONSTRUCTIONS: ISLANDS, PART IV Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2014 Volume 22 Number 2 ISSN 1198-6727 Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2014 VOLUME 22 NUMBER 2 FISHERIES CATCH RECONSTRUCTIONS: ISLANDS, PART IV Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada Edited by Kyrstn Zylich, Dirk Zeller, Melanie Ang and Daniel Pauly Fisheries Centre Research Reports 22(2) 157 pages © published 2014 by The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia 2202 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4 ISSN 1198-6727 Fisheries Centre Research Reports 22(2) 2014 Edited by Kyrstn Zylich, Dirk Zeller, Melanie Ang and Daniel Pauly CONTENT Preface i Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for Anguilla (1950 - 2010) 1 Robin Ramdeen, Kyrstn Zylich, and Dirk Zeller Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for the British Virgin Islands (1950 - 2010) 9 Robin Ramdeen, Sarah Harper, Kyrstn Zylich, and Dirk Zeller Reconstruction of domestic fisheries catches in the Chagos Archipelago: 1950 - 2010 17 Dirk Zeller and Daniel Pauly Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for Cuba (1950 - 2010) 25 Andrea Au, Kyrstn Zylich, and Dirk Zeller Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for Dominica (1950 - 2010) 33 Robin Ramdeen, Sarah Harper, and Dirk Zeller Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for the Dominican Republic (1950 - 2010) 43 Liesbeth van der Meer, Robin Ramdeen, Kyrstn Zylich, and Dirk Zeller The catch of living marine resources around Greenland from 1950 t0 2010 55
    [Show full text]
  • The Preservative Effects of Natural Herbsspices Used
    KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE THE PRESERVATIVE EFFECTS OF NATURAL HERBS/SPICES USED IN MEAT PRODUCTS BY YAMOAH ANTHONY GIDEON (B.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Science), Hons) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN MEAT SCIENCE NOVEMBER, 2016 THE PRESERVATIVE EFFECTS OF NATURAL HERBS/SPICES USED IN MEAT PRODUCTS BY YAMOAH ANTHONY GIDEON (B.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Science), Hons) A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (Meat Science) Faculty of Agriculture College of Agriculture and Natural Resources NOVEMBER, 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this research was carried out by me and that this thesis is entirely my own account of the research. The work has not been submitted to any other University for a degree. However, works of other researchers and authors which served as sources of information were duly acknowledged. YAMOAH ANTHONY GIDEON (PG9005813) ………………...... ……………… (Student Name and ID) Signature Date PROF. OMOJOLA ANDREW BABANTUDE ………………...... ……………… (Meat Science /Food Safety) Signature Date (Supervisor) Certified by: Mr. WORLAH YAWO AKWETEY ………………...... ……………….. (Head of Department) Signature Date ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my mother- Perpetual Annobil, my wife - Mrs. Naomi A. Yamoah and my son - Kant Owusu Ansah. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My greatest thanks go to the Almighty God for His unfailing mercies and favour offered me throughout this programme. "If it had not been the Lord who was on my side, let Israel now say" (Psalm 124:1).
    [Show full text]