Structure, Activity and Function of the MLL2 (KMT2B) Protein Lysine Methyltransferase

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Structure, Activity and Function of the MLL2 (KMT2B) Protein Lysine Methyltransferase life Review Structure, Activity and Function of the MLL2 (KMT2B) Protein Lysine Methyltransferase Alexia Klonou 1, Sarantis Chlamydas 1,2 and Christina Piperi 1,* 1 Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (S.C.) 2 Research and Development Department, Active Motif, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-7462610 Abstract: The Mixed Lineage Leukemia 2 (MLL2) protein, also known as KMT2B, belongs to the fam- ily of mammalian histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferases. It is a large protein of 2715 amino acids, widely expressed in adult human tissues and a paralog of the MLL1 protein. MLL2 contains a characteristic C-terminal SET domain responsible for methyltransferase activity and forms a protein complex with WRAD (WDR5, RbBP5, ASH2L and DPY30), host cell factors 1/2 (HCF 1/2) and Menin. The MLL2 complex is responsible for H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) on specific gene promoters and nearby cis-regulatory sites, regulating bivalent developmental genes as well as stem cell and germinal cell differentiation gene sets. Moreover, MLL2 plays a critical role in development and germ line deletions of Mll2 have been associated with early growth retardation, neural tube defects and apoptosis that leads to embryonic death. It has also been involved in the control of voluntary movement and the pathogenesis of early stage childhood dystonia. Additionally, tumor-promoting functions of MLL2 have been detected in several cancer types, including colorectal, hepatocellu- lar, follicular cancer and gliomas. In this review, we discuss the main structural and functional Citation: Klonou, A.; Chlamydas, S.; aspects of the MLL2 methyltransferase with particular emphasis on transcriptional mechanisms, Piperi, C. Structure, Activity and gene regulation and association with diseases. Function of the MLL2 (KMT2B) Protein Lysine Methyltransferase. Life Keywords: MLL2; structure; H3K4me3; chromatin regulation; disease; dystonia; cancer 2021, 11, 823. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/life11080823 Academic Editors: Albert Jeltsch and 1. Introduction Arunkumar Dhayalan Chromatin remodeling is a key feature of gene regulation and activity, with histone modifications playing a primary role in the modulation of the chromatin landscape and Received: 8 July 2021 gene expression. Among the most prominent histone modifications is the methylation of Accepted: 10 August 2021 Published: 12 August 2021 histone 3 (H3) lysine (K) residues, detected on gene enhancers and specific gene promoter regions. Mono- and di-methylation of H3K4 (H3K4me1/me2) is mainly observed in Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral enhancers whereas H3K4me3 is present on active gene promoters. Several protein lysine with regard to jurisdictional claims in methyltransferases (PKMTs), including Mixed Lineage Leukemia 1-5 (MLL1-5/KMT2A-E), published maps and institutional affil- SET Domain-Containing 7 (SET7), SET and MYND Domain-Containing 3 (SMYD3), SET9 iations. and PR/SET Domain 9 (PRDM9), are responsible for the transfer of methyl groups onto H3K4. The largest group of human lysine 4 (K4) HMKTs is the Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL/KMT2) protein family, named after the association with a subset of incurable acute leukemias of its founding member. All family members are characterized by a highly conserved catalytically active Su(var)3-9, Enhancer of zeste and Trithorax (SET) domain [1]. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. In yeast, there is a single MLL homolog comprised of a SET domain (SET1) which cat- This article is an open access article alyzes mono-, di- and tri-methylation of histone H3K4, whereas in Drosophila melanogaster distributed under the terms and there are three homologs, namely, Set1, Trithorax-related (Trr) and Trithorax (Trx), respon- conditions of the Creative Commons sible for H3K4 methyltransferase activity [2]. The Trithorax group of proteins has been Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// identified as regulators of Homeotic (Homeobox) genes in Drosophila and are essential for creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ body patterning in multicellular organisms. Their activity is antagonized by the Polycomb 4.0/). group of proteins (PcP) which exerts the repressive role in Homeobox genes expression. Life 2021, 11, 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080823 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/life Life 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 been identified as regulators of Homeotic (Homeobox) genes in Drosophila and are essen- tial for body patterning in multicellular organisms. Their activity is antagonized by the Polycomb group of proteins (PcP) which exerts the repressive role in Homeobox genes Life 2021, 11, 823 expression. 2 of 14 Mammalian cells possess six SET1-like H3K4 methyltransferases, including the four MLL1-4 family proteins and Set1A and Set1B (KMT2F, KMT2G). Sequence homology has shownMammalian that two cells human possess homologs six SET1-like exist for H3K4 each methyltransferases,of the H3K4 methyltransferase including the proteins four MLL1-4in Drosophila family. proteinsMore specifically, and Set1A MLL1/KMT2A and Set1B (KMT2F, and MLL2 KMT2G). (4)/KMT2B Sequence have homology a similar has do- shownmain thatstructure two human to Trx, homologs MLL3/KMT2C exist for and each MLL4 of the(2)/KMT2D H3K4 methyltransferase are homologous proteins to Trr while in DrosophilaSET1A and. More SET1B specifically, are homologous MLL1/KMT2A to Set1/dSe and MLL2t1 [2]. (4)/KMT2BAlthough MLL5 have (KMT2E) a similar domainwas orig- structureinally considered to Trx, MLL3/KMT2C as an MLL and family MLL4 member, (2)/KMT2D its divergent are homologous SET domain to Trr whilefrom the SET1A other andfamily SET1B members are homologous as well as tothe Set1/dSet1 lack of lysine [2]. methyltransferase Although MLL5 (KMT2E) activity, have was originallyre-classified consideredit to a different as an subgroup MLL family of SET member, domain its divergentproteins. SET domain from the other family membersOf asimportance, well as the the lack MLL of lysine family methyltransferase members deposit activity, distinct have H3K4 re-classified methylation it tostates a differentand target subgroup different of SETgenomic domain regions. proteins. SET1A/B enzymes establish global H3K4me3 levels throughOf importance, a crosstalk the with MLL the family monoubiquitinati members depositon of the distinct H2B process, H3K4 methylation whereas MLL1 states and andMLL2 target catalyze different the genomic H3K4me3 regions. modifications SET1A/B at enzymes specific gene establish promoters. global H3K4me3 MLL2 further levels im- throughplements a crosstalk H3K4me3 with at thebivalently monoubiquitination marked gene ofpromoters, the H2B process,while MLL3/4 whereas enzymes MLL1 andmedi- MLL2ate H3K4me1 catalyze theat transcription H3K4me3 modifications enhancers throughout at specific the gene human promoters. genome MLL2[3,4]. further implementsAlthough H3K4me3 a direct at functional bivalently role marked of H3K4 gene in transcription promoters, while is still MLL3/4 under investigation, enzymes mediatethe aberrant H3K4me1 transcription at transcription mediated enhancers by MLL throughout family members the human has a genome significant [3,4 ].impact in geneAlthough regulation a direct and normal functional cell rolephysiology of H3K4 with in transcription an ultimate connection is still under to investigation,developmental thedisorders aberrant and transcription cancer [5]. mediated by MLL family members has a significant impact in gene regulationHerein, we and discuss normal the cell major physiology structural with an and ultimatebiochemical connection characteristics to developmental of the MLL2 disorders(KMT2B) and methyltransferase cancer [5]. with emphasis on its cellular and molecular functions as well as Herein,its connection we discuss to diseases. the major structural and biochemical characteristics of the MLL2 (KMT2B) methyltransferase with emphasis on its cellular and molecular functions as well as2. its The connection MLL2 Protein to diseases. Genome duplication during mammalian evolution resulted in two paralogs in each 2. The MLL2 Protein MLL subgroup (MLL1/KMT2A and MLL2(4)/KMT2B) which are analogous proteins withinGenome the Trx-related duplication subgroup, during mammalian referred to evolutionas the MLX resulted family in(MLL-TRX) two paralogs [6]. in each MLL subgroupThe MLL2 (MLL1/KMT2A (KMT2B) gene (OMIM and MLL2(4)/KMT2B) 606834) is located which on chromosome are analogous 19q13.12 proteins and withinconsists the of Trx-related an 8.5–9 kb subgroup, transcript, referred spanning to as 20 the kbMLX of genomic family DNA. (MLL-TRX) It is expressed [6]. in most humanThe MLL2 tissues (KMT2B) [7] and hasgene a similar (OMIM genomic 606834) structure is located with on MLL1 chromosome, present 19q13.12in chromosome and consists11q23. of an 8.5–9 kb transcript, spanning 20 kb of genomic DNA. It is expressed in most MLL1 humanThe tissues MLL2 [7] protein and has is a2715 similar amino genomic acids in structure length and with its structural, present organization in chromo- in- some 11q23. cludes the catalytically active C-terminal SET domain, an AT hook, a CXXC domain and The MLL2 protein is 2715 amino acids in length and its structural organization in- several plant homeotic domains (PHD) in the N-terminal region (Figure 1) [6,8]. The SET cludes the catalytically active C-terminal SET domain, an AT
Recommended publications
  • Extreme HOT Regions Are Cpg-Dense Promoters in C. Elegans and Humans
    Research Extreme HOT regions are CpG-dense promoters in C. elegans and humans Ron A.-J. Chen, Przemyslaw Stempor, Thomas A. Down, Eva Zeiser, Sky K. Feuer, and Julie Ahringer1 The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DH, United Kingdom Most vertebrate promoters lie in unmethylated CpG-dense islands, whereas methylation of the more sparsely distributed CpGs in the remainder of the genome is thought to contribute to transcriptional repression. Nonmethylated CG di- nucleotides are recognized by CXXC finger protein 1 (CXXC1, also known as CFP1), which recruits SETD1A (also known as Set1) methyltransferase for trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4, an active promoter mark. Genomic regions enriched for CpGs are thought to be either absent or irrelevant in invertebrates that lack DNA methylation, such as C. elegans; however, a CXXC1 ortholog (CFP-1) is present. Here we demonstrate that C. elegans CFP-1 targets promoters with high CpG density, and these promoters are marked by high levels of H3K4me3. Furthermore, as for mammalian promoters, high CpG content is associated with nucleosome depletion irrespective of transcriptional activity. We further show that highly occupied target (HOT) regions identified by the binding of a large number of transcription factors are CpG-rich pro- moters in C. elegans and human genomes, suggesting that the unusually high factor association at HOT regions may be a consequence of CpG-linked chromatin accessibility. Our results indicate that nonmethylated CpG-dense sequence is a conserved genomic signal that promotes an open chromatin state, targeting by a CXXC1 ortholog, and H3K4me3 modification in both C.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Gene Expression Data for Gene Ontology
    ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION DATA FOR GENE ONTOLOGY BASED PROTEIN FUNCTION PREDICTION A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Robert Daniel Macholan May 2011 ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION DATA FOR GENE ONTOLOGY BASED PROTEIN FUNCTION PREDICTION Robert Daniel Macholan Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ _______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Zhong-Hui Duan Dr. Chien-Chung Chan _______________________________ _______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Chien-Chung Chan Dr. Chand K. Midha _______________________________ _______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Yingcai Xiao Dr. George R. Newkome _______________________________ Date ii ABSTRACT A tremendous increase in genomic data has encouraged biologists to turn to bioinformatics in order to assist in its interpretation and processing. One of the present challenges that need to be overcome in order to understand this data more completely is the development of a reliable method to accurately predict the function of a protein from its genomic information. This study focuses on developing an effective algorithm for protein function prediction. The algorithm is based on proteins that have similar expression patterns. The similarity of the expression data is determined using a novel measure, the slope matrix. The slope matrix introduces a normalized method for the comparison of expression levels throughout a proteome. The algorithm is tested using real microarray gene expression data. Their functions are characterized using gene ontology annotations. The results of the case study indicate the protein function prediction algorithm developed is comparable to the prediction algorithms that are based on the annotations of homologous proteins.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Profile of Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cell Hypofunction in a Transplantable Murine Cancer Model
    Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021 T + is online at: average * The Journal of Immunology , 34 of which you can access for free at: 2016; 197:1477-1488; Prepublished online 1 July from submission to initial decision 4 weeks from acceptance to publication 2016; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600589 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/197/4/1477 Molecular Profile of Tumor-Specific CD8 Cell Hypofunction in a Transplantable Murine Cancer Model Katherine A. Waugh, Sonia M. Leach, Brandon L. Moore, Tullia C. Bruno, Jonathan D. Buhrman and Jill E. Slansky J Immunol cites 95 articles Submit online. Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists ? is published twice each month by Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts http://jimmunol.org/subscription Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2016/07/01/jimmunol.160058 9.DCSupplemental This article http://www.jimmunol.org/content/197/4/1477.full#ref-list-1 Information about subscribing to The JI No Triage! Fast Publication! Rapid Reviews! 30 days* Why • • • Material References Permissions Email Alerts Subscription Supplementary The Journal of Immunology The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2016 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. This information is current as of September 25, 2021. The Journal of Immunology Molecular Profile of Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cell Hypofunction in a Transplantable Murine Cancer Model Katherine A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Structural Basis for Selective Binding of Non-Methylated Cpg Islands by the CFP1 CXXC Domain
    ARTICLE Received 13 Dec 2010 | Accepted 9 Feb 2011 | Published 8 Mar 2011 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1237 The structural basis for selective binding of non-methylated CpG islands by the CFP1 CXXC domain Chao Xu1,*, Chuanbing Bian1,*, Robert Lam1, Aiping Dong1 & Jinrong Min1,2 CFP1 is a CXXC domain-containing protein and an essential component of the SETD1 histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex. CXXC domain proteins direct different chromatin-modifying activities to various chromatin regions. Here, we report crystal structures of the CFP1 CXXC domain in complex with six different CpG DNA sequences. The crescent-shaped CFP1 CXXC domain is wedged into the major groove of the CpG DNA, distorting the B-form DNA, and interacts extensively with the major groove of the DNA. The structures elucidate the molecular mechanism of the non-methylated CpG-binding specificity of the CFP1 CXXC domain. The CpG motif is confined by a tripeptide located in a rigid loop, which only allows the accommodation of the non-methylated CpG dinucleotide. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CFP1 has a preference for a guanosine nucleotide following the CpG motif. 1 Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. 2 Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. *These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.M. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 2:227 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1237 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1237 pG islands contain a high density of CpG content and embrace the promoters of most genes in vertebrate genomes1.
    [Show full text]
  • Modes of Interaction of KMT2 Histone H3 Lysine 4 Methyltransferase/COMPASS Complexes with Chromatin
    cells Review Modes of Interaction of KMT2 Histone H3 Lysine 4 Methyltransferase/COMPASS Complexes with Chromatin Agnieszka Bochy ´nska,Juliane Lüscher-Firzlaff and Bernhard Lüscher * ID Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] (A.B.); jluescher-fi[email protected] (J.L.-F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-241-8088850; Fax: +49-241-8082427 Received: 18 January 2018; Accepted: 27 February 2018; Published: 2 March 2018 Abstract: Regulation of gene expression is achieved by sequence-specific transcriptional regulators, which convey the information that is contained in the sequence of DNA into RNA polymerase activity. This is achieved by the recruitment of transcriptional co-factors. One of the consequences of co-factor recruitment is the control of specific properties of nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin, and their protein components, the core histones. The main principles are to regulate the position and the characteristics of nucleosomes. The latter includes modulating the composition of core histones and their variants that are integrated into nucleosomes, and the post-translational modification of these histones referred to as histone marks. One of these marks is the methylation of lysine 4 of the core histone H3 (H3K4). While mono-methylation of H3K4 (H3K4me1) is located preferentially at active enhancers, tri-methylation (H3K4me3) is a mark found at open and potentially active promoters. Thus, H3K4 methylation is typically associated with gene transcription. The class 2 lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) are the main enzymes that methylate H3K4. KMT2 enzymes function in complexes that contain a necessary core complex composed of WDR5, RBBP5, ASH2L, and DPY30, the so-called WRAD complex.
    [Show full text]
  • A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
    Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Analysis of Transcriptional Bursting-Induced Noise in Mammalian Cells
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/736207; this version posted August 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Title: Genome-wide analysis of transcriptional bursting-induced noise in mammalian cells Authors: Hiroshi Ochiai1*, Tetsutaro Hayashi2, Mana Umeda2, Mika Yoshimura2, Akihito Harada3, Yukiko Shimizu4, Kenta Nakano4, Noriko Saitoh5, Hiroshi Kimura6, Zhe Liu7, Takashi Yamamoto1, Tadashi Okamura4,8, Yasuyuki Ohkawa3, Itoshi Nikaido2,9* Affiliations: 1Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan 2Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN BDR, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan 3Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-0054, Japan 4Department of Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, 812-0054, Japan 5Division of Cancer Biology, The Cancer Institute of JFCR, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan 6Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan 7Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA 8Section of Animal Models, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, 812-0054, Japan 9Bioinformatics Course, Master’s/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (T-LSI), School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Wako, 351-0198, Japan *Corresponding authors Corresponding authors e-mail addresses Hiroshi Ochiai, [email protected] Itoshi Nikaido, [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/736207; this version posted August 15, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Cellular Proteins Interact with LEDGF/P75 Through a Conserved Unstructured Consensus Motif
    ARTICLE Received 19 Jan 2015 | Accepted 1 Jul 2015 | Published 6 Aug 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8968 Multiple cellular proteins interact with LEDGF/p75 through a conserved unstructured consensus motif Petr Tesina1,2,3,*, Katerˇina Cˇerma´kova´4,*, Magdalena Horˇejsˇ´ı3, Katerˇina Procha´zkova´1, Milan Fa´bry3, Subhalakshmi Sharma4, Frauke Christ4, Jonas Demeulemeester4, Zeger Debyser4, Jan De Rijck4,**, Va´clav Veverka1,** & Pavlı´na Rˇeza´cˇova´1,3,** Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is an epigenetic reader and attractive therapeutic target involved in HIV integration and the development of mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL1) fusion-driven leukaemia. Besides HIV integrase and the MLL1-menin complex, LEDGF/p75 interacts with various cellular proteins via its integrase binding domain (IBD). Here we present structural characterization of IBD interactions with transcriptional repressor JPO2 and domesticated transposase PogZ, and show that the PogZ interaction is nearly identical to the interaction of LEDGF/p75 with MLL1. The interaction with the IBD is maintained by an intrinsically disordered IBD-binding motif (IBM) common to all known cellular partners of LEDGF/p75. In addition, based on IBM conservation, we identify and validate IWS1 as a novel LEDGF/p75 interaction partner. Our results also reveal how HIV integrase efficiently displaces cellular binding partners from LEDGF/p75. Finally, the similar binding modes of LEDGF/p75 interaction partners represent a new challenge for the development of selective interaction inhibitors. 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic. 2 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epigenetic Regulator Cfp1
    Article in press - uncorrected proof BioMol Concepts, Vol. 1 (2010), pp. 325–334 • Copyright ᮊ by Walter de Gruyter • Berlin • New York. DOI 10.1515/BMC.2010.031 Review The epigenetic regulator Cfp1 David G. Skalnik concept is illustrated by a variety of phenomena, including Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Section of Pediatric X-chromosome inactivation, in which one X chromosome in Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics and each cell of a developing female blastocyst becomes irre- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University versibly inactivated; genomic imprinting, in which mater- School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, nally and paternally derived alleles of a gene are IN 46202, USA differentially expressed; and the observation that diverse tis- sues express distinct sets of genes to permit unique func- e-mail: [email protected] tional properties, yet each (with rare exceptions) carries identical genetic information (1–4). Epigenetic information is largely encoded within chro- matin structure. A major class of epigenetic modifications is Abstract post-translational modification of histones. Dozens of dis- Numerous epigenetic modifications have been identified and tinct covalent modifications at specific amino acid residues correlated with transcriptionally active euchromatin or have been identified, including acetylation, methylation, repressed heterochromatin and many enzymes responsible phosphorylation, and sumoylation (2, 5, 6). Many of these for the addition and removal of these marks have been char- modifications are tightly correlated with either transcription- acterized. However, less is known regarding how these ally active euchromatin or transcriptionally silenced hetero- enzymes are regulated and targeted to appropriate genomic chromatin. Relatively subtle changes of covalent modifica- locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Utility of Recently Identified Diagnostic, Prognostic, And
    Modern Pathology (2017) 30, 1338–1366 1338 © 2017 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/17 $32.00 Clinical utility of recently identified diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive molecular biomarkers in mature B-cell neoplasms Arantza Onaindia1, L Jeffrey Medeiros2 and Keyur P Patel2 1Instituto de Investigacion Marques de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)/Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain and 2Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Genomic profiling studies have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of mature B-cell neoplasms and have identified markers with prognostic impact. Recurrent mutations in tumor-suppressor genes (TP53, BIRC3, ATM), and common signaling pathways, such as the B-cell receptor (CD79A, CD79B, CARD11, TCF3, ID3), Toll- like receptor (MYD88), NOTCH (NOTCH1/2), nuclear factor-κB, and mitogen activated kinase signaling, have been identified in B-cell neoplasms. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, hairy cell leukemia, and marginal zone lymphomas of splenic, nodal, and extranodal types represent examples of B-cell neoplasms in which novel molecular biomarkers have been discovered in recent years. In addition, ongoing retrospective correlative and prospective outcome studies have resulted in an enhanced understanding of the clinical utility of novel biomarkers. This progress is reflected in the 2016 update of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms, which lists as many as 41 mature B-cell neoplasms (including provisional categories). Consequently, molecular genetic studies are increasingly being applied for the clinical workup of many of these neoplasms. In this review, we focus on the diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic utility of molecular biomarkers in mature B-cell neoplasms.
    [Show full text]
  • Aberrant Activity of Histone–Lysine N-Methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) Complexes in Oncogenesis
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Aberrant Activity of Histone–Lysine N-Methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) Complexes in Oncogenesis Elzbieta Poreba 1,* , Krzysztof Lesniewicz 2 and Julia Durzynska 1,* 1 Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego6, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego6, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (J.D.); Tel.: +48-61-829-5857 (E.P.) Received: 19 November 2020; Accepted: 6 December 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 Abstract: KMT2 (histone-lysine N-methyltransferase subclass 2) complexes methylate lysine 4 on the histone H3 tail at gene promoters and gene enhancers and, thus, control the process of gene transcription. These complexes not only play an essential role in normal development but have also been described as involved in the aberrant growth of tissues. KMT2 mutations resulting from the rearrangements of the KMT2A (MLL1) gene at 11q23 are associated with pediatric mixed-lineage leukemias, and recent studies demonstrate that KMT2 genes are frequently mutated in many types of human cancers. Moreover, other components of the KMT2 complexes have been reported to contribute to oncogenesis. This review summarizes the recent advances in our knowledge of the role of KMT2 complexes in cell transformation. In addition, it discusses the therapeutic targeting of different components of the KMT2 complexes. Keywords: histone–lysine N-methyltransferase 2; COMPASS; COMPASS-like; H3K4 methylation; oncogenesis; cancer; epigenetics; chromatin 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Noelia Díaz Blanco
    Effects of environmental factors on the gonadal transcriptome of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), juvenile growth and sex ratios Noelia Díaz Blanco Ph.D. thesis 2014 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree from the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF). This work has been carried out at the Group of Biology of Reproduction (GBR), at the Department of Renewable Marine Resources of the Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC). Thesis supervisor: Dr. Francesc Piferrer Professor d’Investigació Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) i ii A mis padres A Xavi iii iv Acknowledgements This thesis has been made possible by the support of many people who in one way or another, many times unknowingly, gave me the strength to overcome this "long and winding road". First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Francesc Piferrer, for his patience, guidance and wise advice throughout all this Ph.D. experience. But above all, for the trust he placed on me almost seven years ago when he offered me the opportunity to be part of his team. Thanks also for teaching me how to question always everything, for sharing with me your enthusiasm for science and for giving me the opportunity of learning from you by participating in many projects, collaborations and scientific meetings. I am also thankful to my colleagues (former and present Group of Biology of Reproduction members) for your support and encouragement throughout this journey. To the “exGBRs”, thanks for helping me with my first steps into this world. Working as an undergrad with you Dr.
    [Show full text]