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Distribution of Periphytic Diatoms in the Rivers of the Lake Ladoga Basin (Northwestern Russia)

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Distribution of Periphytic Diatoms in the Rivers of the Lake Ladoga Basin (Northwestern Russia) Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Acta Bot. Croat. 68 (2), 301–312, 2009 CODEN: ABCRA25 ISSN 0365–0588 Distribution of periphytic diatoms in the rivers of the Lake Ladoga basin (Northwestern Russia) ALEXANDER G. RUSANOV1*, ELENA V. S TANISLAVSKAYA1,EVA ACS2 1 Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanova 9, 196 105, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2 Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Danube Research Station, Jávorka S. u. 14, 2131 Göd, Hungary. Relationships between distribution of periphytic diatoms and environmental variables in 19 rivers of the Lake Ladoga basin (Northwestern Russia) were examined using gradient analysis. On the basis of geology and river water chemistry, the Lake Ladoga basin could be separated into two main parts, the northern and the southern sub-basin. The rivers in the northern sub-basin are slightly acidic and low in conductivity (mean value 53 mScm–1); the rivers in the southern sub-basin have neutral to slightly alkaline waters with higher conductivities (mean value 168 mScm–1). A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) defined two groups of rivers generally corresponding to the two main parts of the Lake Ladoga basin. Fragilaria capucina var. rumpens, Frustulia saxonica and Tabellaria flocculosa were the typical species for the northern sub-basin, whereas Cocconeis pla- centula var. euglypta, Ulnaria ulna and Gomphonema parvulum were characteristic spe- cies for the southern sub-basin. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified conductivity, pH, bicarbonate, total phosphorus and water colour as the most important environmental variables related to changes in assemblage structure. Both DCA and CCA ordination showed that conductivity related to geology was the most important variable, while concentration of total phosphorus was the second most important variable. Weighted averaging was used to infer total phosphorus from relative biomass of diatoms. The pre- dictive ability of the inference model was sufficiently strong with r2 = 0.71 and RMSEP = 1.9 mgL–1. These results strongly support the use of a diatom-based inference phosphorus model for indicating eutrophication in the rivers of the Lake Ladoga basin. Keywords: Diatom, periphyton, distribution, gradient, eutrophication, Lake Ladoga, Russia Introduction Periphytic diatoms are excellent indicators of ecological condition of rivers and streams, because of their ability to respond rapidly to changes in nutrient concentrations. The sensitivity of diatoms to eutrophication has led to development of monitoring methods * Corresponding author: [email protected] ACTA BOT. CROAT. 68 (2), 2009 301 U:\ACTA BOTANICA\Acta-Botan 2-09\Rusanov.vp 6. listopad 2009 10:22:08 Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees RUSANOV A. G., STANISLAVSKAYA E. V., ACS E. and indices to assess water quality of rivers. Several diatom-based indices are being used to estimate trophic status of European rivers (e.g. KELLY and WHITTON 1995, ROTT et al. 2003). However, the applicability of these indices may be limited to specific geographic regions, because autecological metrics of diatoms can vary across different geographic areas (POTA- POVA and CHARLES 2007). Species response to nutrient enrichment may also depend on other environmental factors, which are related to geology of the underlying bedrocks, land use and other landscape characteristics. Therefore, in order to improve diatom-based wa- ter-quality assessment, autecological metrics of indicator species should be developed by quantifying species distribution along environmental gradients within a particular region. In this study, distributional patterns of periphytic diatoms in relation to environmental variables in 18 inflow rivers of the Lake Ladoga and the outflowing Neva River were in- vestigated using multivariate ordination methods. In addition, this study assessed the po- tential use of periphytic diatoms as indicators of eutrophication in the rivers of the Lake Ladoga basin by developing a diatom-based inference model for total phosphorus. Characteristics of the water bodies The Lake Ladoga basin (Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast, Northwestern Rus- sia) has a length of more than 1,000 km (north-south) and a catchment area of 260,000 km2. It can be divided into two main parts, the northern and the southern sub-basin, which differ in geomorphology and geology. The northern part is located on the Baltic Shield comprised of acid crystalline and metamorphic rocks (granite in majority and gneiss). The southern part is dominated by terrigenous and carbonaceous sedimentary rocks (sandstone, lime- stone and dolomite) of the Russian Platform. The rivers flowing into Lake Ladoga on the northern and eastern coasts (Burnaya, Khiitolan, Iijoki, Mijnola, Yanis, Uksun, Tulema, Vidlitsa, Tuloksa, Olonka, Svir) belong to the northern sub-basin, while rivers of the west- ern, southern and southeastern coasts (Avloga, Morje, Lava, Volkhov, Syas, Pasha, Oyat,) belong to the southern sub-basin (Fig. 1). The division of the Lake Ladoga basin into two areas is reflected in differences in the water chemistry of their rivers (SOLOVIEVA1967). The rivers of the northern sub-basin generally have slightly acidic waters with low conductivi- ties, whereas the rivers of the southern sub-basin have neutral to slightly alkaline waters with high conductivities (up to 350 mScm–1) (Tab. 1). The studied rivers range widely in water colour, which reflects differences in the percentage of lakes/wetlands in the river catchments. The Pasha, Tulema, Iijoki, Avloga, Olonka, Tuloksa and Morje rivers with wetland-dominated catchments are characterized by darker water colour with values rang- ing from 150 to 275 Pt-Co units (Tab. 1). In contrast, the rivers Khiitolan, Svir and Burnaya with a high percentages of lakes in the catchments (14–20%) have less coloured water (<50 Pt-Co units). Due to anthropogenic eutrophication in the 1970s and 1980s, the amount of nutrients transported by the rivers increased considerably (RASPLETINA 1982). The highest concentrations of total phosphorus were recorded where the drainage area was subjected to the greatest anthropogenic impact, mainly in the southern rivers Volkhov and Lava, rivers of the western coast Morje and Avloga, some rivers of the eastern coast Olonka and Tu- loksa, and in the northern river Iijoki (Tab. 1). Only in the rivers of the northern and north- eastern coast, less subject to anthropogenic influence (Burnaya, Yanis, Uksun, Tulema and Svir), did the concentration of nutrients remain at the level of the 1960s (total phosphorus: 15–24 mgL–1). The hydrochemistry of the Neva River source is largely determined by 302 ACTA BOT. CROAT. 68 (2), 2009 U:\ACTA BOTANICA\Acta-Botan 2-09\Rusanov.vp 6. listopad 2009 10:22:08 Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees PERIPHYTIC DIATOMS IN THE LAKE LADOGA BASIN Fig. 1. Location of the sampling sites in the rivers of the Lake Ladoga basin. Open (group A) and filled (group B) circles are rivers which were included in groups defined by DCA ordination of diatom composition data. hydrochemical regime of Lake Ladoga and to a lesser extent by the water mass supplied by the major inflows of Lake Ladoga, the Volkhov and Burnaya rivers (RASPLETINA et al. 2006). Materials and methods Periphytic diatom samples were collected from stones and macrophytes in the mouths of 18 tributaries of Lake Ladoga and in the source of the Neva River in May, July and Sep- tember 2000–2001. In all, 135 diatom samples were collected and analyzed. Water samples were taken simultaneously with diatom samples. They were analyzed for electric conduc- tivity, bicarbonate, pH, soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus and water colour. After acid cleaning and mounting diatoms on slides, diatom valves were identified and enumerated using a light microscope (1000× magnification), by scanning transects until ACTA BOT. CROAT. 68 (2), 2009 303 U:\ACTA BOTANICA\Acta-Botan 2-09\Rusanov.vp 6. listopad 2009 10:22:10 Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees RUSANOV A. G., STANISLAVSKAYA E. V., ACS E. Tab. 1. Hydrological and average hydrochemical characteristics for the 19 study rivers. Discharge TP SRP Conductivity HCO Color River 3 pH (m3 sec–1) (mgL–1) (mgL–1) (mScm–1) (mg L–1) (Pt-Co units) Neva 2400.0 28 5 89 34 7.5 29 Svir 661.0 24 6 55 22 7.1 49 Burnaya 613.0 16 5 65 15 7.1 30 Volkhov 535.0 68 30 197 76 7.5 108 Syas 63.8 34 14 193 129 7.8 131 Pasha 73.7 34 9 115 59 7.3 149 Ojat 58.6 30 14 86 47 7.3 129 Yanis 41.7 18 5 34 8 6.8 69 Olonka 35.2 88 50 61 21 6.9 187 Tulema 21.8 20 8 33 11 6.8 149 Khiitolan 14.7 35 10 92 25 7.1 38 Vidlitsa 18.5 46 8 44 19 6.9 102 Uksun 15.0 17 3 26 6 6.6 128 Tuloksa 8.6 70 35 41 16 6.6 218 Mijnola 5.2 32 15 58 19 6.8 130 Lava 4.2 102 67 347 196 8.1 123 Morje 4.5 149 80 61 16 6.6 275 Avloga 1.8 395 360 258 121 7.3 155 Iijoki 1.5 190 161 61 18 7.1 179 300 valves were counted. Diatoms were identified to species level using KRAMMER and LANGE-BERTALOT (1986–1991). For common taxa the dimensions of 20–25 cells (fewer cells measured on rare taxa) were measured with an ocular micrometer and were used to calculate biovolume. Biovolume for each diatom taxon was estimated with the geometrical equations proposed by HILLEBRAND et al. (1999). The 61 most abundant diatom taxa contributing on average 96.8% (min 62.1%, max 99.7%) to the total diatom biovolume in periphyton samples were included in the statistical analyses.
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