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9780521884082Ind CUNY1152/Bernstein 978 0 521 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12637-3 - Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know Jeremy Bernstein P1:KNPIndex 9780521884082More informatioindn CUNY1152/Bernstein 978 0 521 88408 2 August 1, 2007 13:2 INDEX Abelson, Philip isotope separation work, 31–32 discovery of neptunium, 100–102 isotope stability detection work, 30–31 finding of first transuranic, 96 Atkinson, Robert, 203–204 Aberdeen Proving Ground (Maryland), 147 Atlantic magazine, 7 active material, of atom bomb, 249–251 atomic bomb Alamogordo bombing range (Jornada del effect on Hiroshima, 4–5 Muerto), 152 German program, 26, 49 allotropism, 108 Urchin type initiator, 248–249 alpha particles, 18, 19 work of Chadwick, 24–25 artificial isotopes of, 43 atomic model, of Thomson, 16, 23 decay of, 193, 198–203 atomic quantum theory formulation, 18, and decay of plutonium, 144 23, 50 description of, 193, 194–195, 198–203 atomic weight, 93 emission by polonium, 133 Gamow’s barrier penetration theory, 203 Bainbridge, Kenneth, 123 and induction of gamma radiation, 26 barium, 50 quantum point of view of, 195 as fission fragment, 71 ALSOS missions, 229, 231, 238, 251 and Hahn’s uranium experiments, 46 Anderson, Carl, 196 isotopes of, 72 Anderson, Herbert, 74 Strassmann’s discovery of, 72, 280 anti-particle. See positrons (anti-particle) Becker, Herbert, 25 Ardenne, Manfred von, 228 Bell, John, 80 invention of form of calutron, 202 Ben-Gurion, David, 275–277 paper on plutonium-239, 202 Bernstein, Jeremy shipped to Soviet Union by Russia, 202, employment at Brookhaven, 177 260 employment at Harvard cyclotron, Argus explosion project, 176, 177 157 Aston, Francis, 199 employment at Institute of Advanced awarding of Nobel Prize, 32 Studies, 158 287 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12637-3 - Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know Jeremy Bernstein P1:KNPIndex 9780521884082More informatioindn CUNY1152/Bernstein 978 0 521 88408 2 August 1, 2007 13:2 r 288 Index Bernstein, Jeremy bomb design, 5 Galileo test observation, 168 misunderstandings/misconceptions, 6–7 interaction with Adlai Stevenson, 185–186 Ulam-Teller/Teller-Ulam, of hydrogen internship at Los Alamos, 159 bomb, 218 Smoky test observation, 162–168 bombings beryllium, 26, 65, 215–216 of Hiroshima, 4–5, 55, 83 around uranium sphere, 269 Oklahoma City, 4–5 in initiator, 248 Tokyo, 4–5 Serber’s use of, 151 Bothe, Walter, 230, 231 beta decay alpha-particle element bombardment, 25 of neptunium-239, 102 work on graphite moderator, 110–111 theory of, 33, 196, 204 bound electron-proton model, 27, 49, 50, 199 of uranium-239 isotope, 139 Briggs, Lyman, 88 Bethe, Hans British Atomic Energy Research Establishment, arguments against Teller’s proposal, 122 87 collaboration with Teller, 208–210 Brookhaven Laboratories, 177 German reactor plan meeting, 237–238 Bush, George W., 277–278 nuclear physics review articles, 39 stellar energy work, 205–207, 208–210 calutron. See mass spectrometry work on “classical super,” 210 “Can Terrorists Build Nuclear Weapons?” Bhutto, Benazir, 271 article (Mark and Taylor), 256, Bhutto, Zulifkar Ali, 265–266 257–258 binding energy, 27, 203 carbon, neutron-proton nuclear equality, 71 curve of, 203 cathode rays for helium-3, 57 discovery by Crooks, 13–14 for uranium-239, 57–58 and negatively charged particles, 15 Birmingham University, 79 centrifuge work, of Sochumi detainees, employment of Frisch, 75 261–262. See also Zippe centrifuges employment of Peierls, 78–79 Chadwick, James Oliphant’s department chairmanship, atom bomb work, 24–25 79 awarding of Nobel Prize, 28, 129 Bohr, Aage, 237 discovery of neutron, 25–28, 43 Bohr, Neils World War II German internment, 25 atomic quantum theory formulation, 18, chain reactions, 55–67 23, 50 self-sustaining nature of, 77–78 awarding of Nobel Prize, 129 Chemical Society Annual Report (1913), 28 epiphany of, 56 China German reactor plan meeting, 237–238 and aboveground testing, 4 invitation to Gamow, 191 deal making with Khan, 266 and nucleus liquid-drop model, 47–49, 191 hydrogen bomb explosion, 223 quantitative fission theory, 55 number of nuclear weapons, 274 reaction to uranium nucleus fissioning, Christofilos, Nicholas 39 artificial Van Allen Belt creation, 175–176 Bohr’s orbits, 50 particle acceleration scheme, 175 Bohtlingk,¨ Otto, 94 Christy, Robert, 145–146 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12637-3 - Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know Jeremy Bernstein P1:KNPIndex 9780521884082More informatioindn CUNY1152/Bernstein 978 0 521 88408 2 August 1, 2007 13:2 r Index 289 Christy gadget, 145–146, 150–151 deuteron “classical super” weapon, 210–211, binding energy of, 51 213–214, 219–221 irradiation of uranium-238, 103 Clusius, Klaus, 76–77, 82 as nucleus of heavy hydrogen, 98 Cockroft, John, 236 pick up process, 99 Columbia University, 73, 75 produced by fusion, 196 compound nucleus reaction with deuteron, 212–221 of uranium-235, 57 size of, 197 of uranium-236, 58 stripping of, 98 of uranium-238, 57 Dickel, Gerhard, 76 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 186 Diebner, Kurt, 229, 230 Compton, Arthur, 105 Dimona reactor (Israel), 269 Conant, James, 114, 124 “Divergent Chain Reactions in Systems Condon, E. U., 123, 193 Composed of Uranium and Carbon” Corbino, Orso, 34 (Szilard), 111 Coster, Dirk, 45 Dr. Strangelove movie, 3–4, 176 aid for Meitner’s escape from Germany, Dyson, Freeman, 7, 80, 157–158 45 Cowpuncher Committee, 151 Eddington, Arthur Critchfield, Charles, 205–207 “Internal Constitution of the Stars” address, critical mass, 77–78. See also supercritical mass 198 Frisch/Peierl’s estimations, 82–87 stellar energy work of, 198–199 for plutonium, 142 Edgerton, Harold Eugene, 170–171, 178– Serber’s calculations, 125–126 179 Crookes, William, 13–14 Einstein, Albert, 61 crude weapons, making of, 258 awarding of Nobel Prize, 30 crystallography, 107–109 gedanken (thought) experiments of, Curie, Irene,` 26, 43 128–129 cyclotron(s) gravitation theory, 27, 171, 198, 200 Abelson/McMillan’s utilization of, 96 letter to Belgian Ambassador, 66–67 Bothe’s building of, 25–26 letters to Roosevelt, 66–67, 234 at Harvard, 99, 157 theory of gravitation (E = mc2), 27, 171, of Joliot, in Paris, 230 198 Lawrence’s involvement with, 96–98 Einsteinium, 218 limitations in, 98 “eka” naming system, 94–96 McMillan’s work with, 98–103 eka-rhenium, 100 and neutron flux, 139 eka-rhenium-neptunium, 104 electron volts, 50–51 Dark Sun (Rhodes), 8 electrons “death rays,” 81 and artificial Van Allen Belt creation, delayed neutrons, 71 173–176 deuterium of beryllium, 215–216 fusion with deuterium, 212 bombardment of Aston’s device, 31 and hydrogen bombs, 208 escape from surface of metals, 193 mixture with tritium, 209, 215, 216–218 in helium atom, 199 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12637-3 - Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know Jeremy Bernstein P1:KNPIndex 9780521884082More informatioindn CUNY1152/Bernstein 978 0 521 88408 2 August 1, 2007 13:2 r 290 Index electrons (cont.) of plutonium, 8, 171 and noble gases, 94 research funding by navy, 75 in plum pudding model, 23 spontaneous, of plutonium-240, 139 in Rutherford model, 29 of uranium-235, 58, 65 Thomson’s discovery of, 16 of uranium nucleus, 39 Ellis, Charles Drummond, 25 vs. fusion, 210 Eltenton, George, 239 fission bombs, 122 ENIAC computer, 147 damage description, 182–184 Everett, Cornelius, 219–221 “gun-assembly” fission bomb, 129–130 as hydrogen bomb sine qua non, 122 Farm Hall internment detainees, 232–234 Russia’s testing of, 222–223 Fat Man. See Nagasaki plutonium bomb temperature comparison with Sun, 124–125, Feklisov, Alexander, 250 171–173, 178–179 Fermi, Enrico vs. hydrogen bombs, 211 Anderson/Szilard’s aiding of, 74 fissionable isotopes, 58 awarding of Nobel Prize, 33, 35, 129 43-technetium discovery, 100 beta-decay theory, 204 France graphite moderator development, 110 collaboration on Israel nuclear program, Harvard Loeb Lectures, 32 275–276 “homogeneous” reactor idea, 111–113 hydrogen bomb explosion, 223 Noddack’s disbelief in results of, 40–41 number of nuclear weapons, 274 nuclear fission discovery, 35–36 supply of uranium to Iraq, 268–269 paraffin “moderator” discovery, 34–35 Friedrich-Wilhelm University, 61 work on Manhattan Project, 105–110 Frisch, Otto. See also “Memorandum on the Fermium, 218, 221, 222 Properties of a Radioactive ‘Super Feynman, Richard, 129, 165, 181 Bomb’ ” report; “On the Construction fireball of a ‘Super Bomb’; based on a Nuclear air blasts/surface blasts, 180–181 Chain Reaction in Uranium” report of ground burst tests, 163 association with Meitner, 46–47, 52 origin of, 178–179 critical mass estimations, 82–87 and shock wave creation, 179–180 employment by, 75 size of, 165 experiments with/naming of fission, 48–49, Fischer, Emile, 42 51 fissile explosions, 132 and nucleus liquid-drop model, 47–49 fissile isotopes, 58, 76, 77 fission. See also work for British Atomic Energy Research delayed neutrons; prompt neutrons Establishment, 87 Bohr/Wheeler’s quantitative theory, 55 Fuchs, Klaus, 9, 104 discovery of, 8, 35–36, 66, 73, 75 biographical data, 244–245 fragments of, 71 exposure as Russian spy, 213–214, 239–248 and Frisch/Meitner experiments/naming of, Los Alamos spying activities, 239–248, 257 48–49, 51 work on British nuclear program, 246 McMillan’s experiments with, 99 work on “classical super,” 213–214 navy’s funding of research, 75 Fuchs–von Neumann spark plug patent, 216, and Nazi politics, 41–43 218, 220–221, 257 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12637-3 - Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know Jeremy Bernstein P1:KNPIndex 9780521884082More informatioindn CUNY1152/Bernstein 978 0 521 88408 2 August 1, 2007 13:2 r Index 291 fusion, 191–223 interrogation of scientists, 231 and deuterium-tritium mixture, 209, knowledge of utility of plutonium, 104 216–218 nuclear energy programs, 227–229 energy produced by, 196–197 nuclear reactor idea, 109–110 hydrogen example, 196–197 Uranium Club of, 227 production of deuterons/positrons/neutrinos, U.S.
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