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History Newsletter CENTER FOR HISTORY OF & LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Vol. 42, No. 1 • Summer 2010

Bright Ideas: From Concept to Hardware in the First

Adapted by Dwight E. Neuenschwander, technology and circumstances to catch absorbing a whose energy with permission, from Bright Idea: The up with Einstein’s vision. matches the energy difference be- First Lasers, an online exhibit of the tween the two levels. Third, Ludwig Center for and Niels Einstein’s 1917 paper depended on Boltzmann’s statistical mechanics gave Bohr Library & Archives at the American four facts that were already well known us an expression for the probability , hereafter called to , but which Einstein put that an atom resides in a state of a “the Exhibit.”[1] http://www.aip.org/ certain energy when it’s part of history/exhibits//. matter in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature. Fourth, Max Almost everyone living in a Planck’s statistical physics gave us an technological society today owns or expression for the energy distribution uses a laser. Compact disc players, in a gas of . Einstein’s 1917 supermarket checkout scanners, laser paper put these four pieces together. printers, and laser pointers are among the applications we encounter daily. Meanwhile, scientists and Some specialized laser applications pushed radio techniques to ever include cauterizing scalpels in surgery, shorter wavelengths. In the 1930s industrial cutters and drills, surveying, some hoped they were on the artificial guide stars for astronomical verge of creating a “death ray” (H.G. observatories, and seismology. Wells’ 1898 novel War of the Worlds, wherein the invading Martians were This year, 2010, we celebrate the fiftieth armed with dreadful death rays anniversary of the invention of the laser. that obliterated everything they hit, If you ask people at random, “When became well known in the US about were the principles first conceptualized this time). That turned out (happily) that make lasers possible?”, many to be unworkable, but the effort led guess some date around 1960. That’s to something better—radar—thanks correctf i you mean the construction together in an original way. First, the to the invention of the magnetron of a working laser. But the concept of in atoms exist in discrete (which later was scaled down to build “stimulated emission” that makes lasers states with quantized energy levels. microwave ovens). By 1940, as World War possible was first articulated by Einstein Second, electrons make transitions II began, these ingenious radar devices backn i 1917![2] It took four decades for between these states by emitting or (Continued on page 2)

In this issue...

Bright Ideas: From Concept to Hardware in the First Lasers...... 1 The Array of Contemporary American Physicists is Online...... 14 HoPE is Alive and Well...... 5 Building the Community of Historians of Physics...... 15 History on Display...... 6 Documentation Preserved...... 17 History of Physics in Spain: CEHIC Group Builds Ground for Historical Research...... 7 Recent Publications of Interest...... 23 Old Friends and Book Donations to the NBL&A...... 8 Outreach at the CHP and NBL&A...... 25 500+ Oral Histories Now Online...... 9 Friends of the Center for History of Physics...... 26 How Scientific Societies Support the Histories of their ...... 10 Cover Photo: A Federation of History-Minded Scientists and looking at a cylinder, the heart of his first laser -Minded Historians and Archivists...... 11 experiments, 1960. Credit: image courtesy of HRL Laboratories, LLC.

AIP Member Societies: The American Physical Society • of America • The Acoustical Society of America • The Society of Rheology • The American Association of Physics Teachers American Crystallographic Association • American Astronomical Society • American Association of Physicists in Medicine • AVS The Science and Technology Society • American Geophysical Union (Bright Ideas, continued from page 1) make a cluster of atoms vibrate in revealing of Princeton worked toward the same could generate rays with wavelengths of waysa ( technique called microwave goal along a different path. Neither a centimeter or less. They were swiftly ). Radar equipment left tried to build a device. In Moscow, pressed into service to detect enemy over from World War II was reworked to A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov were airplanes. provide the radiation. Many of the world’s thinking in the same direction, and they top physicists were thinking about ways built a in 1955. After WWII, physicists had reason to to study systems of molecules by bathing boast that radar had played a crucial role them with this radiation. Who Invented the Laser? in winning the war, and the atomic bomb Physicists had been working for had promptly ended it. What might the Charles Townes of generations toward controlling ever physicists create next? As the Cold had studied molecular physics in the shorter wavelengths. After radio (meters) War got underway, the US government 1930s, and during the war had worked and radar/microwave (centimeters, then poured ever larger funds into basic on radar as an . The millimeters), the logical next step would and applied research.[3] Scenting not Office of Naval Research pressed him be infrared waves. had been only military but civilian applications, and other physicists to put their heads modestly useful, more for scientific corporations and entrepreneurs heaped together and invent a way to make research than for military or industrial their own money on the pile. Industrial powerful beams of radiation at ever applications. Only a few scientists thought and university laboratories proliferated. shorter wavelengths. In 1951 he found an infrared maser might be important It was from this fertile soil that the laser a solution. Under the right conditions and pondered how to make one. would grow. —say, inside a resonating cavity like the ones used to generate radar waves Townes thought about the problems The Maser: First Step to the Laser —the right collection of molecules intensively. One day in 1957, studying Alreadyn i the 1930s scientists could might generate radiation on their the equations for amplifying radiation, have built a laser. They had the optical own. He was applying an engineer’s he realized that it would be easier to techniques and theoretical knowledge insights to a ’s atomic systems. make it happen with very short waves —but nothing pushed these together. Townes gave the problem to Herbert than with infrared waves. He could leap The push came around 1950 from an Zeiger, a postdoctoral student, and across the infrared region to the long- unexpected direction. Short-wavelength James. P Gordon, a graduate student. familiar techniques for manipulating radio waves, called microwaves, could By 1954 they had the device working. ordinary . Townes talked it over Townes called it a with his colleague, friend and brother- MASER, for “Microwave in-law Arthur Schawlow. Schawlow Amplification by found the key—put the atoms you want Stimulated Emission of to stimulate in a long, narrow cavity Radiation”. [4] with mirrors at each end. The waves would shuttle back and forth inside so Townes had predicted that there would be more chances for a remarkable and use- stimulating atoms to radiate. One of the ful property for the mirrors would be only partly silvered radiation from the de- so that some of the rays could leak vice: it would be at a out. This arrangement (the Fabry-Pérot single frequency, as etalon) was familiar to generations of pure as a note from a researchers. tuning fork. And so it was. The high degree of The same arrangement meanwhile order in such radiation occurred to , a graduate woulde giv the maser, student at Columbia University who had and later the laser, im- discussed the problem with Townes. portant practical uses. For his thesis research, Gould had already been working with “pumping” Townes was not alone atoms to higher energy states so they in his line of thought. would emit light. As Gould elaborated of the his ideas and speculated about all the University of things you could do with a concentrated expressed similar ideas beam of light, he realized that he was Charles Townes and J. P. Gordon standing with the second ammo- independently in 1952. onto something far beyond the much- nia beam MASER at Columbia University, 1955. Credit: AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Collection. And Robert H. Dicke discussed “infrared maser.” In his

2 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history notebook he confidently named the yet- medium. He settled to-be-invented device a LASER (for Light on a combination of Amplification by Stimulated Emission and neon in of Radiation). Gould, Schawlow and a long glass tube. An Townes now understood how to build electric discharge a laser—in principle. To actually build through the gas would one would require more ideas and a energize the helium, lot of work. Some of the ideas were and collisions would already in hand. Other physicists in transfer that energy several countries, aiming to build to the neon. It would better masers, had worked out various have operated in the ingenious schemes to pump energy into infrared. Proposed by atoms and molecules in gases and solid Javann i mid-1959 and crystals. In a way they too were inventors builty b Javan, W.R. of the laser. So were many others, clear Bennett Jr., and D.R. back to Einstein. Herriottn i 1960, it would have been the In 1957 Townes talked over some first continuous wave ideas about pumping light energy into laser. But they could atoms with Gould. Worried that he not get laser action. mighte b scooped, Gould wrote down his ideas for the record. He developed Theodore Maiman at many more ideas of how lasers could Hughes Laboratories be built and used, and in April 1959 made calculations and he filed patent applications with his measurements that employer, the high-tech research firm convinced him the TRG. Nine months earlier Schawlow others were wrong Structure of the first by Theodore Maiman. Image cour- and Townes had applied for a patent who said it was im- tesy of HRL Laboratories, LLC. on behalf of Bell Laboratories, which possible to pump much energy into a State 2 that has a long lifetime against employed Schawlow on staff and ay rub crystal, which had earlier been spontaneous emission. Enough atoms Towness a a consultant. This led to a suggested as the lasing medium. Even are hung up in State 2 to produce a long-running patent suit between Bell so, one would need an extraordinarily . When one of the Labs and Gould, which lasted until bright energy source. One day Maiman atoms emits, the others are stimulated 1987 (see the Exhibit). realized the source did not have to shine and the chain reaction ensues. The continuously, as other ruby proponents cycle can be repeated in pulses. The The Race to Build the Laser were trying. A flash lamp would do. light output was a directional, coherent, When Schawlow and Townes pub- Scouring manufacturers’ catalogs, he monochromatic red light of wavelength lished their ideas in 1958, physicists found a very bright lamp with a helical 694.3 nm. everywhere realized that an “optical shape. Just right, he thought, for maser” could be built. Teams at half a fitting a ruby inside. He assembled the Other teams moved quickly when they dozen laboratories set out, each hoping components with the aid of an assistant, heard of Maiman’s work. Altogether, to be the first to succeed. Research Irnee d’Haenens, and in May 1960 by the end of 1960 three quite different groups at Columbia University, TRG observed pulses of red light. It was the types of laser—ruby crystals, calcium Corporation, Westinghouse, IBM, Bell world’s first laser.[5] fluoride crystals, and gas laser—had Labs, and Hughes Laboratories were been demonstrated (see the Exhibit for among those whose seminal ideas often Maiman’s laser consisted of a cylindrical a wealth of detail).[6] ended in useful failures before ultimate synthetic ruby crystal (Al2O3) with 0.05% success was achieved (see the Exhibit for by weight Cr2O3. The ends of the crystal In 1962, the first visible light, a fascinating list of approaches). These were flat and silvered (one end half- continuously operating helium-neon stories have a wealth of circumstances silvered) to form a resonant cavity for laser was built by A.D. White and J.D. and personalities, but let’s pick up the the light. The crystal was “pumped” Rigden at [7, 9]. Their laser story with the investigators at Bell and with light from the . Photons operated at a wavelength of 630 nm. It Hughes Labs. from the flashtube kick electrons in was the first optical oscillator that met the chromium ions into a very short- the requirements of the demands of At Bell Labs, , a former student lived excited State 3. These electrons optical communication. The YAG laser, of Townes, tried gas as the lasing almost instantly (~100 ns) drop down to (Continued on next page) www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 3 N. Phillips. “Dangers Confronting American Science,” Science 116, 439–443 (Oct. 24, 1952).

[4]. J.P Gordon, H.J. Zeiger, and C.W. Townes, “Molecular Microwave Oscillator and a New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of” NH3, Phys. Rev. 95, 282-284 (July 1, 1954); A.L. Schawlow and C.H. Townes, “Infrared and Optical Maser,” Phys. Rev. 112, 1940–1949 (Dec. 1958).

[5] T.H. Maiman, “Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby,” 187, 493–494 (Aug. 6, 1960). L–R: Ali Javan, William R. Bennett, Jr. and Donald R. Herriott adjust the helium-neon laser, 1961. Credit: Alcatel- Lucent USA Inc., courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection. [6] E.g., A. Javan, consisting of a -aluminum- See the AIP Exhibit[1] for intriguing W.R. Bennett Jr., and D.R. Herriott, garnet crystal doped with , details of laser history and the wide “Population Inversion and Continuous was developed in 1964 by J.E. Guesses, variety of its applications. Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas H.M. Marcos, and L.G. Van Utter, also Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture,” of Bell Labs [8, 9]. The YAG was the Acknowledgments Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 106–110 (Feb. 1, 1961). first high-power laser (hundreds of The author expresses his gratitude to watts, compared to milliwatts from the Greg Good, Director of the Center for [7]. A.D White and J.D. Rigden, He-Ne laser), and brought lasers into History of Physics, American Institute of “Continuous Gas Maser Operation machining and drilling applications of Physics, for permission to adapt Bright in the Visible,” Proc. IRE 50, 1697 (July heavy industry. Idea: The First Lasers for this article. 1962).

What’s It Good For? [1] Bright Idea: The First Lasers, http:// [8] J.E. Guesses, H.M. Marcos, and L.G. Fifty years after the first laser, there aip.org/history/exhibits/laser/, Center for Van, Utter “Laser Oscillations in Nd- are few people in modern society Historyf o Physics and Niels Bohr Library Doped Yttrium Aluminum, Yttrium whoe hav not been affected by the & Archives, AIP. Gallium and Gadoliniim Garnets,” Appl. invention. The answers to the question Phys. Lett 4, 182–184 (May 15, 1964). “What’s it good for?” are legion. Lasers [2] Portions of this article on Einstein’s have revolutionized communication; 1917 paper are also adapted herein from [9] For a review of laser history and improved commerce, industry, and D.E. Neuenschwander, “Lasers in 1917: exhaustive references to original entertainment; offer numerous instan- The Stimulated Emission of Radiation,” papers, see A History of Engineering & ces of pain-free surgery; and have Radiations, Spring 2004, pp. 18–21. Science in the Bell System: Electronics become one of the most powerful tools Technology (1925–1975), F.M. Smitts, Ed., for advancing basic and applied science. [2]. A Einstein, “Zur Quantentheorie der AT&T Bell Laboratories (1985). ■ Strahlung,” Phys. Zeit. 18, 121–128 (1917). The next time you play a CD or use a laser printer, think about the long road [4] Government largesse also raised The is not as simple from 1917 to 1960 and these devices serious concerns about who was setting “ as it looks. we should appreciate and not take for the agenda and values for research. They Sir William ” granted. were eloquently expressed by Melba

4 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history HoPE is Alive and Well By Orville Butler and Joe Anderson

Our three-year, NSF-funded study of ily environment, most did not, and even Most interviewees suggested that physics entrepreneurs got off to a fast those that did varied significantly on when they began, they initially did startn i May 2009, and we’ve now complet- what they considered “entrepreneurial.” 100% research, slowly shifting to ed more than 50 interviews with founders Most saw entrepreneurship defined in development with research almost and other physicists at over 30 startups some way to suggest openness to taking or completely disappearing as they in a wide range of specialties. The inter- risks, but entrepreneurial backgrounds brought a product to market. views average about two hours each and do not appear to be a factor encouraging are based on a set of questions that were mosto t g into business. Absence of siloing/ developed by staff and consultants with importance of networking input from working scientists. The His- Patents vs. trade secrets Another intriguing contrast with our toryf o Physics Entrepreneurship (HoPE) While each company had its own mea- HoPI study was the clear absence of in- Studys i a groundbreaking investigation suref o determining when to patent, most tellectual siloing in the startups. While of the role of entrepreneurial physicists discussed patent costs as an impediment. physicistsn i large corporations were hard in developing new technologies. While Costsf o a patent ranged from $10,000 to puto t name important scientists outside we are including a small sample of com- $60,000. Many interviewees who hold their own company, this came easily to panies founded before 1990, most of the academic appointments were happy to the R&D staff and founders of startups. enterprises were started in the last two have the university patent the results of Partf o this undoubtedly reflects the im- decades, all by physicists. (For more in- their research and then license the intel- portancef o networking for startups. formation on selection criteria, see “AIP lectual property from the university. Launches New Study of Physics Entrepre- Funding neurs”n i the Fall 2009 History Newsletter.) Startups are low risk for academics Startup funding appears to take a variety Several professors who were founders of modalities. Some began with venture During the first year we’ve focused on suggested that starting a company was capital ranging from a few million dollars both coasts, conducting site visits and low risk for them. They were not depen- to over one hundred million. Other start- interviews at startups in Boston, the San dent upon the company for their job and ups saw venture capital as a danger to be Francisco Bay Area/Silicon Valley, the Re- the company, once they were tenured, avoided and relied heavily on SBIR (Small search Triangle, and the Pacific North- did not put their academic career at risk. Business Innovation Research) contracts west, along with Tucson and Phoenix However, some said they had to weave to start, and in some cases continue, their in the Southwest. We plan to focus our their way through ethics issues relat- business. A third mode involves contracts next series of site visits on the middle of ingo t their fiduciary relationship with a with larger companies or federal science the country, starting in the Chicago area. company that conflicted with their inter- agencies. Debt financing appears to be Before then, however, project staff will estssn a a employee of the university. less common but also occurs occasionally. concentrate on having the completed in- terviews transcribed and then coded in R&D cycle We welcome questions and comments, Nvivo, the qualitative software that we’re One of the issues we will want to track including suggestions of companies to usingo t analyze the responses. This will carefully in future interviews is the ap- include in the study. Please contact us at givesn u a opportunity to assess our initial pearance of an apparent R&D cycle. [email protected] or [email protected]. ■ results, fine tune the question sets, and adjust strategies for the remainder of the study. Some tentative findings include:

The importance of lab notebooks Mostf o the companies require the use of hard copy lab notebooks in their re- search, which is in sharp contrast with the large companies in our earlier study of the History of Physics in Industry (HoPI), where less than 50% of scientists use lab notebooks. For some of the com- panies, failure to use a lab notebook is an offense that can result in termination.

Entrepreneurial background varies While a few interviewees talked about Associate Historian Orville Butler (right) interviews Shibin Jiang, CEO of AdValue Photonics in being raised in an entrepreneurial fam- Tucson, AZ. Photo courtesy of Joe Anderson. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 5 History on Display and many other collections. The five By H. Frederick Dylla, Executive Director and CEO of AIP most popular exhibits (out of 14 to- tal) received more than 1,700,000 visits during 2009.

I first took advantage of these marvel- ous tools when I was working at Jeffer- son n Lab i 1997, preparing a lecture on J. J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron. In f honor o the centenary of Thomson’s 1897 discovery, the History Center had prepared one of its first online exhib- its, which brought a completeness and to Thomson’s life and work.

Thirteen years later in 2010, the exhibit still trumps Wikipedia’s offerings. As I perused the site and studied the linked references, I became interested in somef o the scientific tools that led to his electron discovery, such as the in- tricate hand-blown glass tubes contain- ing electrodes for exciting discharges in gases, the induction coils for induc- ing high voltages across the tubes, the early vacuum pumps for evacuating air Instruments related to Thompson’s discovery of the electron on display in the lobby of the from the tubes, and the spectroscopes Niels Bohr Library & Archives. Photo courtesy of the Niels Bohr Library & Archives. to analyze the composition of the ex- In my career as a student, teacher, and tistics. The online exhibit “Bright Idea: cited gases. By good fortune, excellent practitioner of science, I have always The First Lasers” (see first article) is the examples of these early instruments valued the history behind the devel- latestn i a successful series of exhib- were maintained as part of the Garland opmentf o a theory or invention: The its that span key developments (from Collection of classical physical instru- historical context adds richness and the discovery of the electron and mentst a Vanderbilt University. human drama to the quest for scien- to the invention of tific knowledge. For that reason, it is the transistor) or center on pioneer- With the help of David Ernst from Vander- my pleasure to highlight several new ing personalities in physics (such as bilt, I arranged for the 19th century appa- resources provided by AIP’s Center for , , and Ernest ratus related to Thomson’s discovery to Historyf o Physics. Lawrence). be borrowed from Vanderbilt for display at Jefferson Lab. This collection has re- The History Center has been develop- These online exhibits draw on the pho- cently been transferred to the American ingb we resources for more than 15 tographs, oral histories, documents, Center for Physics, where it is now on years, which have proven to be quite publications, and other sources in the display (photo above) in the lobby of the popular based on the download sta- AIP Niels Bohr Library and Archives Niels Bohr Library and Archives. ■

Does the Niels Bohr Library & Archives have images of Einstein? Website How do I get permission to use these images? & There are almost 200 images of Einstein in the Emilio Segrè Visual Archive (ESVA, part of Q A the Niels Bohr Library & Archives). Einstein bequeathed his literary estate to the Hebrew ? University of Jerusalem, who later secured celebrity rights to his persona. They have au- thorized Corbis (http://pro.corbis.com/)s a their agent in the commercial use of the Albert Einstein persona, which includes the name, voice, signature, photographs, likeness, and image of Albert Einstein. ESVA provides photos of Einstein and other images for non-commercial use only.

6 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history History of Physics in Spain: CEHIC Group Builds Ground for Historical Research By Xavier Roqué (CEHIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) and Néstor Herran (IRIST, Université de Strasbourg)

In 2006, historians of the Centre for the heritagen i Catalonia: the Department 500 references, most of them published Historyf o Science (CEHIC) at the Uni- of Culture and Media of the Catalan in Spanish, and the group foresees versitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Spain, government, the Institute for Catalan making it available to the public in late launched a research project to estab- Studies, and the Universitat Autònoma 2010. Indeed, an essay-review and guide lish the basis for a history of physics in de Barcelona. In relation to the oral of this literature will be published this twentieth-century Spain. Led by histo- sources, members of the centre have same year to provide an assessment of rianf o physics Xavier Roqué, the proj- performed oral interviews, including the state-of-the-art of the literature on ect has recently received an extension physicists Pere Pasqual, Xavier Campí, they histor of physics in Spain, to iden- of its funding by the Spanish Ministry Oriol Bohigas, Ramon Pascual, Alberto tify gaps in literature and key issues for of Science and Innovation, and has also Galindo, Manuel Asorey, Eduard de Ra- future research and, in general, to pro- been supported by the Center for His- fael, Josep Maria Vidal, Rafael Márquez vide an introduction to new researchers toryf o Physics of the American Insti- Delgado, and Piedad de la Cierva. Infor- in this topic. tutef o Physics. mation about these and other oral his- tory projects is also available through Last, but not least, the project also fos- In, brief the CEHIC project aims at laying theC SA webpage, http://www.sac.cat/ ters research among students and schol- the foundations for a systematic study home.php. ars on the History of Physics in Spain in of the History of Physics in Spain in the the 20th century, dealing with the his- 20th century through the preservation A second objective, related to the map- tory of institutions devoted to physics, ofc scientifi archives, the compilation of ping of research in this domain, aims the interplay between physics and the secondary literature and the support of to establish an online database of lit- biomedical sciences, the evolution of new case studies based on our pioneer- erature on twentieth-century physics physics teaching, or the development of ing Masters and PhD program in history in Spain, which would be the basis of a instrumentation. Some examples of this of science. This is the first history of sci- guide and review essay on this topic. At research are: Carles Gámez’ study of ence program in Spain and has been the moment, the database counts about (Continued on page 20) awarded the so-called Mención de Cali- dad of the Ministry of Education—a dis- tinction that has allowed the centre to invite up to eight visiting lecturers each year and has helped reinforce the inter- national outlook of the programme. In relation to the preservation of physics’ heritage, the project aims to contribute to the identification of archival sources pertaining to the History of Physics in Spain, to the creation of new sources via oral history, and to the integration of the information gathered in the Interna- tional Catalog of Sources (ICOS) at the American Institute of Physics.

At the moment, the centre has already catalogued two main collections of ar- chives, the personal archives of physi- cist Pere Pasqual and the institutional archives of the facilities at AB the U (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). In both cases, the cata- logues have been integrated into the platform Servei d’Arxius de Ciència (SAC, Science Archives Service), an ini- tiative run by the CEHIC which has the Miguel Catalán (1894–1957), a Spanish spectroscopist, recognized regularities in the spectra of supportf o three leading institutions complex atoms, in groups of lines he called multipletes. Credit courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual in the area of scientific research and Archives, W.F. Meggers Collection. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 7 Old Friends and Book Donations to the Niels Bohr Library & Archives By John Layman

Since its founding in 1962, the Niels At about that same time, AIP began Last August, Leonard Jossem passed Bohr Library has built an extraordinary planning its 75th Anniversary cel- away.d I’ known Len as president of collection on the history of modern ebration. Bill helped develop the AIP AAPT and because of the work that we physics, , geophysics, and re- Department of Education and Man- both carried out in AAPT and AIP over lated fields, largely through donations powern i 1961, so I reminded the an- the years. At a memorial program in from the scientists who originally col- niversary organizers that they had the Physics Department at State lected and prized the books. Like every local access to an early staff member University I met Kay Smith, who had re- library, it still has important gaps to fill from the headquarters. He sponsibility for Len’s library. I informed in its holdings. Recently, I’ve helped the became involved in the 75th anniver- they Histor Center and again it is to be- families of two old friends, Bill Kelly and sary planning and appears in the 75th come the beneficiary of a number of Leonard Jossem, find a good home for anniversary DVD. books from the family of Len Jossem. their books, while adding missing titles Five boxes of books have arrived and are to the Library’s collection. When Bill passed away, I felt that his being cataloged. library would interest AIP’s Niels Bohr It happened serendipitously years ago. Library & Archives. He had a long history Although the Niels Bohr Library & Ar- Is wa looking for information on Bill in Physics Education at AIP, the National chive cannot accept all donations, it does Kelly, a member of the American Asso- Research Council, and as consultant to carefully consider each book that is of- ciationf o Physics Teachers (AAPT) from AAPT. I arranged for Joe Anderson (Di- fered. Members of AIP member societies Iowa,n i the AAPT Membership Direc- rector of the Library) and Greg Good and their families should remember this tory. A Bill Kelly appeared as living in (Director of the History Center) to visit as they ponder what to do with libraries Silver Spring, a neighboring suburb the Kelly home to inspect his collection. gathered during long careers in science. heren i , DC. Within min- The result was a gift of forty-seven books utesf o finding the listing I phoned Bill to the Niels Bohr Library & Archives by For more information, please contact and we began meeting for lunch on an Bill Kelly’s family. These books will be Greg Good (301-209-3174), Joe Ander- almost monthly schedule to renew an identified in the Niels Bohr Library’s son (301-209-3183) or send an email to old friendship. book catalog and also with bookplates. [email protected]. ■

Please help us contact...

...the individuals listed below or their heirs so we can put their oral history interview transcripts online. The ! Library’s project to mount the transcripts of our most valuable oral histories on the web is coming to a success- ful conclusion.

Currently, one can read interviews with over 500 physicists and astronomers, including figures like Bohr, Bethe, Chandrasekhar, Gell-Mann, and Rabi, and listen to voice clips of Heisenberg, Gamow, and others, by clicking on the list of names at http:// www.aip.org/history/nbl/oralhistory.html. For a full description of the project, which is funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, see our Fall 2008 newsletter (http://www.aip.org/history/newsletter/fall2008/oral-history.html).

Contacting interviewees and heirs for permissions is one of the most important and most time consuming parts of the project, and you and other newsletter readers have been of enormous help in the past. We are counting on you now to help us include these important individuals in our new online archive. If you have contact information or other information, please get in touch with Julie Gass at [email protected] or 301-209-3182.

Bassani, Franco Frank, Sir Charles Nordheim, Lothar Bogdanov, M. A. Law, Margaret E. Oda, Minow Bok, Bart Jan Lonardi, Alberto Udintsev, Gleb B. Chang, Yu-Che Massevitch, A. C. Wesselink, Adriaan Jan Cocke, W.J. McVittie, George C.

8 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history 500+ Oral Histories Now Online By Julie Gass

Accessing major resources in the Niels include a number of the most impor- ohiproject.html and read about the Bohr Library & Archives has become tant physicists in modern history. For projects a well as listen to compelling much easier. Researchers can read many instance, some of the oldest oral histo- excerpts from 24 interviews. There, of our oral history interviews, the most ries belong to the Archive for the His- you can also find a link to an alphabet- used collection in our library, from their tory of Quantum Physics project. These ical f list o physicists whose digitized own workspaces. We now have over 500 interviews include many of the most interviews are online. A click on the oraly histor transcripts mounted on the well-known faces of 20th century phys- name will take you directly to the in- Web, including most terview. Links are also of the most used and provided in results significant. from searches done in the library’s Inter- We’ve reached this national Catalog of major milestone with a Sources http://www. grant from the Nation- aip.org/history/icos. al Endowment for the Humanities and thanks The library’s catalog re- to the hard work of cords are also indexed the project team. The by major search en- grant-funded work gines such as Google ended in December and Yahoo, so per- 2009, and we’re con- forming a search on tinuing to digitize ad- a physicist will often ditional oral histories, yield results from our albeit at a slower pace. Niels Bohr Library & Archives staff celebrate placing 500+ oral histories online. L–R: catalog. Associate Librarian Julie Gass, Production Assistant Amanda Nelson, Senior Library Assistant Nancy Honeyford, and Senior Library Preservation Assistant Barbara Allen. The oral history collec- The digital oral histo- tion at the Niels Bohr Library & Archives ics. Niels Bohr, and Werner ries will facilitate research around the is rich in the history of modern phys- Heisenberg are just a few of the physi- world, since researchers are only sever- ics, astronomy, geophysics, and allied cists that researchers can find in this al mouse clicks away from reading these sciences. Interviewing projects done collection. We also digitized many of the materials. In fact, they already have. In by the Center for History of Physics oral histories included in the Sources 2009 the digital oral histories received have concentrated on multiple aspects for the History of Modern , over 37,000 web hits, and we expect that of physics. Therefore, the oral history which features interviews with leading the number will increase as we continue collection in its entirety covers a wide astronomers and astrophysicists. Also in our endeavor to mount the entire col- breadth of physics-related sciences, digitized are projects based on history lection online. while the projects that comprise the of the laser, solid state physics and in- collection provide in-depth knowledge dustrial physics. As always, we at the Niels Bohr Library of the individual disciplines themselves. & Archives look forward to hearing Researchers can access these oral his- from our users and appreciate any We concentrated on digitizing these tory interviews several ways. You can feedback. If you have any questions or projects so that users have a broad range goo t our digitization project’s home comments please contact us at nbl@ of materials to access and because they paget a http://www.aip.org/history/nbl/ aip.org. ■

What in the world is PHFAWS? Website PHFAWSs i a great idea with an opaque name. The acronym stands for “Physics History & Finding Aids Website.” This is a part of the Niels Bohr Library & Archives web site, and it Q A provides a powerful tool for finding what is in archival collections at AIP and at other re- ? positories around the world related to history of physical sciences. Go to http://www.aip. org/history/nbl/findingaids.html and enter a search term. For example, the phrase “status of women” returns two finding aids. Professional librarians and archivists write the descriptions of collections in finding aids, with an eye toward the needsf o researchers.

www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 9 How Scientific Societies Support the Histories of their Sciences By Greg Good

Many scientific societies provide sup- port for historians and other people who are investigating the histories of their respective sciences. The American Institute of Physics (AIP) led the way for supporting with the establishment of the Niels Bohr Library & Archives and the Center for History of Physics decades ago.

The History Center’s Grants-in-Aid program has supported scores of his- torians over the years, in their visits to archives, to the Niels Bohr Library, and for conducting oral history interviews. Researchers are supported with up to $2,500 to reimburse the costs of their re- search. The Grants-to-Archives program thate w oversee has helped archives in many countries to preserve and make accessible the manuscripts of many im- portant physicists. These grants vary up to $10,000 for a worthy project.

Allen Shenstone using a silicon spectrum at the Palmer Laboratory in Princeton, , Since AIP is a ‘federation’ of physical circa 1960. Credit: AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, W.F. Meggers Collection. societies—something that might be imperfectly understood by some read- Grants-in-Aid Awarded in Fall 2009 ers—each of those societies may of course support the history of its science Roberto Lalli, Ph.D. Candidate, Univer- Martin Underwood, D.Phil. Physics in its own way. (See the next article, “A sità degli Studi di Milano, Italy, Dipar- (Oxford University), Visiting Scholar, Federation of History-Minded Scientists timento di Fisica. “Some Controversial Department of History and Philosophy and Science-Minded Historians and Ar- Experiments in the Reception of Relativ- of Science, . chivists”, pp. 11–13, for details.) ity Theory. Case Studies of the Sagnac To conduct archival research on Joseph Effect, Dayton C. Miller’s Experiments Rotblatn i the Niels Bohr Archives, Co- The Center for History of Physics sup- at Mt. Wilson, and the Work of Herbert penhagen, Denmark. Rotblat worked ports all these endeavors to encourage E. Ives.” For research conducted at the with , at Los Alamos, and they histor of science. If you or anyone Niels Bohr Library & Archives. helped found the Pugwash movement. you know has information on other programs please email the information Stuart W. Leslie, Ph.D., Professor, Johns Catherine Westfall, Ph.D., Visiting Asso- to me at [email protected]. I will update Hopkins University, Department of His- ciate Professor, Lyman Briggs School of readers on these programs. ■ tory, Science, and Technology. oT con- Science, State University. oT duct oral history interview with Dr. Wil- conduct oral history interview with Dr. liam Livingston, longtime astronomer at John Schiffer, nuclear physicist at the It is important that students bring the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope, Kitt Argonne National Laboratory and the “ a certain ragamuffin, barefoot Peak, Arizona. . ■ irreverence to their studies; they are not here to worship what is A note to former Grant-in-Aid awardees and other scholars who have researched in known, but to question it. the Niels Bohr Library & Archives or conducted oral history interviews for us: Please Jacob Bronowski consider writing a short overview of your research. We will gladly consider articles The Ascent of ”Man up to 1000 words for the next issue of the newsletter.

10 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history A Federation of History-Minded Scientists and Science-Minded Historians and Archivists By Greg Good

This is a complicated situation. We have from a single interested retired scientist/ a cognate group to submit a short report scientists interested in history and his- engineero t a single society staff mem- of a few hundred words for the Winter torians interested in science. We have ber who shoehorns history in alongside 2010 History Newsletter. This newsletter volunteers (those same scientists and membership duties, etc. In short, there should indeed provide an “umbrella” historians) who serve on history com- was f a lot o diversity in the room. function for everyone interested in the mittees for the different societies and history of physics and allied sciences. The staff members of those societies who The society reps around the table spoke Center and the Niels Bohr Library look take their history seriously. Then we about their societies’ projects and activi- forward to a follow-up to this meeting in alsoe hav a few professional historians, ties. They also spoke of challenges they 2011, but we should continue communi- librarians, and archivists who are in fact face.y Man sponsor historical sessions at cating and collaborating in between! educated and paid to help everyone their annual meetings. Some record the else preserve and make known those talks. Some encourage oral history in- History at the Member Societies histories. I am one of the paid histori- terviews, some preserve their societies’ Acoustical Society of America maintains ans and Joe Anderson is one of the paid archival records. Some commemorate a e web pag on the history of the society. librarian-archivists, and we are the first historic sites. Some make prestigious http://asa.aip.org/history.html. to admit that we could not do our jobs awards to senior scholars, while others without all of the others. provide fellowships for doctoral disser- American Association of Physics Teach- tation writers in their respective areas of ers’ Committee on the History and Phi- In the fall of 2009 the History Center and history of science and technology. A few losophy of Physics sponsors sessions at the Niels Bohr Library & Archives spon- also work hard to recruit young scien- annual meetings, including a popular “liv- sored a gathering of people from AIP’s tists into their historically minded ranks. ing history” workshop by Benjamin Frank- member societies, affiliated societies, A few award travel grants to students lin (Robert A. Morse). http://www.aapt. and a few other allies with a similar inter- who want to present a paper or poster at org/aboutaapt/organization/history.cfm. est in history. Altogether, over 25 people the annual meeting. One notable part of the committee’s mis- participated, representing (I’ll use acro- sionso i t deepen a “historical perspective nyms here) AAS, AAPT, ACA, AGU, APS, Below I will highlight the activities of a in physics education at all levels.” The as- AVS, and OSA (member societies); AMS, few of our member and affiliated societ- sociation‘s staff has also worked with us to ASCE, ASME, MSA, and SPS/∑Π∑ (af- ies.t I don’ mean to slight anyone else. In preserve its archival records. filiates); Chemical Heritage Foundation, fact, I encourage readers who represent (Continued on next page) IEEE, Microbeam Analysis Society, Min- eralogical Society of America, NOAA Library, and the University of Maryland History Department (good friends and colleagues). Did I forget anyone?

The purpose of the meeting was com- munication. Some of the societies have big historical enterprises. The Forum for Historyf o Physics (APS) is quite large! (See “Building the Community” in this is- sue.) Interest at the AGU in the history of geophysics is growing. The Historical As- tronomy Division of the AAS, the History of Division of the GSA, IEEE’s History Center, and the Chemical Heri- tage Foundation are also quite large and activen i promoting history of the physi- cal sciences and engineering. The last two (IEEE and CHF) are like our operation at AIP: paid professionals who focus all Sightseeing inside the Kremlin walls before proceeding to Kiev. Henry Kendall (extreme left) and (back to camera) greeting Valentine Telegedi, with the great bell in the their time on history and heritage. Many background, July 1959. Credit: Photograph by J.D. Jackson, courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual other efforts are smaller, and status varies Archives, Jackson Collection. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 11 relatedo t their history. They are devel- oping a virtual museum of artifacts and capturing the knowledge and reminis- cencesf o experts and characters. The volunteer committee at AVS has been notably active in helping preserve the recordsf o the society. The society’s staff has worked with us to preserve its ar- chival records.

Optical Society of America has a “100 Year History Project” under way, in preparation for its 2016 centenary. The project’s mission includes the creation of a historical record of OSA members and activities. OSA is working with His- tory Associates, Inc. to produce a book on this history. It is also encouraging John Wheeler and his wife Janette Wheeler outdoors at their summer home in High Island, audio and video recordings and intends Maine, Summer 1984. Credit: AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Spicer Collection. to launch a historical website in 2010. http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/History/ American Astronomical Society’s Histor- will be given annually, starting in 2011. default.aspx OSA has a History Adviso- ical Astronomy Division (HAD) tmeets a The AGU’s staff and History Committee ry Committee. OSA and APS were two least annually. It usually meets alongside have worked with us to preserve its ar- founding partners of this year’s Laser- the AAS annual meeting, but it some- chival records. The Committee and AIP’s Fest http://www.laserfest.org/. o The s - times meets separately or with another History Center are planning a major re- ciety’s staff has worked with us to pre- AAS division. The division sponsors survey of AGU Fellows. serve its archival records. very popular historical sessions and has also held a Cultural Astronomy Summer American Physical Society’s Forum for American Association of Physicists in School, a two-day workshop. It publishes History of Physics awarded the Abraham Medicine yHistor Committee is active- a newsletter and maintains an extensive Pais Prize ($10,000) for 2010 to Russell Mc- ly interviewing prominent physicists web site. The division awards the pres- Cormmach, Professor Emeritus, Oregon in medicine and has placed about 20 tigious Leroy E. Doggett Prize for His- State University, “For the study of German of these video interviews on the web, torical Astronomy every second year. In science in the 19th and 20th centuries and at their history web page http://www. 2010,t i presented the award to Michael J. a major biography of aapm.org/org/history/. A selection of Crowe, known for decades of publishing (with Christa Jungnickel, his late wife), and historical documents and historical es- on history of mathematics, history of as- for founding the journal Historical Studies says are available there, too. And like tronomy, the astronomer John Herschel, in the Physical Sciences.” The Pais Prize other member societies above, AAPM and especially on the ‘plurality of worlds was awarded to Stephen G. Brush, Profes- staff has worked with us to preserve re- debate’. Crowe is Professor Emeritus, sor Emeritus, University of Maryland, in cords, including oral history interviews Notre Dame University. HAD will award 2009 “For his pioneering, in-depth stud- from earlier years. its first HAD Book Prize for Historical ies in the history of nineteenth and twen- Astronomy in 2011. http://www.aas.org/ tieth century physics.” The Forum also History at Selected had/. The society’s staff has worked with sponsors very popular historical sessions Affiliated Societies uso t preserve its archival records. at APS meetings. http://www.aps.org/ units/fhp/. The society’s staff has worked American Institute of Mining, Metallur- American Crystallographic Association withso u t preserve its archival records. gical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is developing a web page on its history George Zimmerman, an FHP volunteer, has digitized its Transactions (1871–1970) and is seeking to locate and transfer has been especially effective in promot- and 107 technical volumes. The institute older materials to the Niels Bohr Library ing departmental histories and web post- has also digitized important historical and Archives at AIP. ingf o conference talks. and corporate documents. It presents annual awards for history and promotes American Geophysical Union’s History AVS: Science and Technology of Mate- the organization’s history. It maintains of Geophysics Committee raised $15,000 rials, Interfaces, and Processing has a a web site http://www.aimehq.org/his- toward supporting its Doctoral Disser- History Committee charged with pre- tory.cfm and participates in the National tation Fellowship. The award—$5,000— serving books, photos, and instruments Inventors Hall of Fame.

12 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history American Meteorological Society of- American Microscope Society has one Chemical Heritage Foundation has an in- fers a Graduate Student Fellowship in active professional, retired volunteer dependent research library, a museum, they Histor of Science annually, worth who preserves the society’s archives, and a center for scholars. The Othmer $15,000. The purpose is to complete a which run from 1942 to the present, Library of Chemical History includes dissertation on the history of the atmo- about 100 classic books, and over 100 books, archives, photos, and more. The spheric, or related oceanic or hydro- video oral histories produced in the Roy Eddleman Institute for Interpreta- logic sciences. More information is at 1980s. www.microscopy.org. tion and Education focuses on outreach. http://www.ametsoc.org/amsstudentin- The Center for Contemporary History fo/scholfeldocs/gradfellowshipscience. Society of Physics Students and Sigma and Policy offers historically grounded html. The society also sponsors annual Pi Sigma are “linked but distinct” orga- perspectives on issues related to the symposia, an oral history program, and nizations for undergraduate students. molecular sciences and technologies. digital history projects. The s first i for undergraduates inter- The Beckman Center for the History of estedn i physics but not necessarily ma- Chemistry hosts visiting scholars. http:// American Society of Civil Engineers’ His- jors. The second is a lifelong honorary www.chemheritage.org/. tory and Heritage Committee sponsors a society. Both societies have preserved landmark program and maintains a large muchf o their archival material and are IEEE History Committee/IEEE History web site, with descriptions of landmarks, preparing it for long-term preservation. Center shas a its purview the history of biographies of notable civil engineers, These societies can provide useful ad- all f areas o electrical, electronic, com- history timelines, and ASCE history. This vicer fo societies seeking to reach out puting, and information technologies. currentlys i almost a completely volun- to a dispersed membership via social This clearly intersects with the history of teer program. http://content.asce.org/ median o the web. Their web posts and physics. The History Center has a team history/. The committee also gives the newsletters often include historical of historians and related professionals Civil Engineering History and Heritage articles. andt i employs Rutgers University gradu- Award.n I 2009 the award went to Ronald ate students in history. It also employs C. Cox and Howard H. Newlon, Jr. Like-Minded Organizations internst a several levels. http://www. American Microbeam Society has one ieee.org/history_center. The Center has American Society of Mechanical Engi- active professional volunteer working emphasized its wiki-based site http:// neers’ Committee on History and Heri- to preserve the society’s archives and www.ieeeghn.org, IEEE Global History tage sponsors a Historical Mechanical to conduct oral history interviews with Network,s a a way to leverage the knowl- Engineering Landmarks program and the founders. edgef o IEEE’s 400,000 members. ■ maintains a web site with historical re- sources at http://www.asme.org/com- munities/history/. They also recognize outstanding published works with the annual Engineer-Historian Award. The 2009 award went to Graham White for his histories of aircraft piston engines.

Geological Society of America’s His- tory of Geology Division sponsors his- torical sessions at annual GSA meet- ings. The division makes two awards per year, the Mary C. Rabbitt History of Geology Award and the Friedman Historyf o Geology Distinguished Ser- vice Award. The Rabbitt Award went to Davis Young in 2009 for his work on the history of petrology, including a bookn o Norman Bowen of the Carn- egie Institution’s Geophysical Lab. The web s site i http://www.geosociety.org/ awards/09speeches/rabbitt.htm. i The d - vision also awards a $500 stipend for a L–R: David Pines, Christopher Pethick, Lev Pitaevski, Valery Shikin, Sergei Anisimov, and Wil- liam McMillan at the Loomis Laboratory of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- studento t present a historical paper or paign, October 24, 1976. Credit: Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- postert a its annual meeting. paign, courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 13 The Array of Contemporary American Physicists is Online By Will Thomas

torical resources, a fuller, multifaceted picturef o physics can emerge. To aid this process, we have begun putting together “topic guides” that will help organize physicists according to the work they have done rather than just the places they have worked. At the moment, these topic guides cover only a very small time frame and a small fractionf o the scientists in the ACAP project, but we expect their scope and numbero t expand.

We also expect the scope of ACAP itself to expand with time to cover additional

Center for History of Physics’ Postdoc Historian Will Thomas. physicists, including those from prior eras and other countries. The AIP History Center’s newest initia- sons wa and when, and for many major tive, the Array of Contemporary Ameri- American institutions, you can find out We believe that ACAP will serve the can Physicists (ACAP), is now public, whos wa there and when. Biographical needsf o a variety of users. In addition and can be found at http://www.aip.org/ entries are also connected to chrono- to being a reference for professional history/acap. ACAP gathers together and logical lists of major prize winners. historians, we anticipate that its easy interlinks career data on over 800 physi- and intuitive navigation will stimulate cists who have worked in the United ACAP presents only a bare-bones view ideasr fo new historical topics to write States between 1945 and the present. of the physics profession, but through about. links and references to physicists’ If a physicist is in ACAP, in almost all home pages, memoirs, obituaries, oral We also hope that ACAP’s cover- cases you can find out where that per- histories, online videos, and other his- agef o the present as well as the past will make it interesting to physi- cists working today and will provide them a broader understanding of what the “history” of physics consists of, including their own connection to e it. W hope this will stimulate addi- tional interest in historical preservation andn i helping us keep the Emilio Segrè Visual Archives growing.

In addition, as a means of organizing somef o the holdings of the Niels Bohr Library and Archives in a more histori- cally coherent way, we hope to improve the usefulness and awareness of our collections.

The Array of Contemporary American Physicists is two years in the making, andt i will not stop changing and grow- ing now that it is finally public. To help us t build i up in the most useful ways, L–R: Bernard Pagel and Donald Clayton; photo taken in June 1968 before the (then) home of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex. Credit: AIP Emilio Segrè we would greatly appreciate any feed- Visual Archives, Clayton Collection. back users might be able to offer. ■

14 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history Building the Community of Historians of Physics By Greg Good

Community organization is an impor- crease communication and interaction an essential and very lively part of the tant function of the Center for History among historians of physics and allied community. The Forum includes about of Physics. Forty or fifty years ago, when sciences. 3,700 members, representing a very history of physics played a much larger healthy interest in history of physics. role within history of science, coordina- First,e w are building a list-serve of all The members of the Forum, however, tion and communication among con- known, publishing historians of phys- are joined by many like-minded people cerned scholars was rather easier. As ics, geophysics, astrophysics, etc. The in the American Association of Physics the numbers of historians of science in- edgesf o this list are rather fuzzy, of Teachers’ Committee on History and Phi- creased, however, and as more scholars course, but its center is robust. Later losophyf o Physics, the over 1,700 mem- migrated off to new topics like the Cold this summer, all the people on this list bersf o the American Geophysical Union War, the national security state, or areas will receive an email inviting them to who have donated to a scholarship fund in biophysics and geophysics, holding registern o a secure part of the Center’s to support Ph.D. students researching the community together has become a websiteo t produce a directory of his- dissertations in the history of geophys- distinct challenge. The spread of history toriansf o the physical sciences. If you ics, the many members of the Historical of science beyond a handful of Euro- wanto t make sure that you are on this Astronomy Division of the American pean and US institutions has multiplied email list and later in the directory, send Astronomical Society, as well as those this challenge. me a note at [email protected] I i per- in AVS, IEEE, and other societies. Nearly haps a little surprising that such a direc- allf o the AIP member societies support Traditional ways of sustaining a com- tory does not already exist. There is one historyf o physics in some way. (See “His- munity will continue at AIP. We will for historians of geology and another toryf o Physics at AIP Member and Affili- continue to publish this newsletter for historians of meteorology and cli- ated Societies”). ando t provide grants-in-aid to bring matology. How has this never happened scholarso t the Niels Bohr Library & for historians of physics? Maybe the lack of a directory is partly Archives. Staff members will contin- due to this diversity of interests. The ueo t research and write. We realize, I see a rustling of hands at the back of Center for History of Physics intends to however, that more steps are needed. the room. No, I am not forgetting the provide means for these various schol- Toward this end, the Center is hybrid- Forum for the History of Physics of the ars to find common ground. Our future, izing new and old approaches to in- American Physical Society. This group is (Continued on next page)

First row L–R: Robert Laughlin, ?, Kenneth Ford, John Wheeler, ; second row, third from right: Charles Townes, others unidentified, attending ‘Science and Ultimate Reality: Celebrating the Vision of and Taking it Forward into a New Century of Discovery’ held at Princeton in honor of John Wheeler’s 90th birthday, March 15–18, 2002. Credit: courtesy of the John Templeton Foundation. Photographs by Thomas Duncan Photography, http://www.thomasduncanphotography.com/. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 15 (Community, continued from previous page) are the purposes of wielding these Pariso t Barcelona, Oslo, Aarhus, Salva- password-protected web page is only tools? First and foremost, historians dor (Brazil), and numerous universities in one tool for this. The Center is now ex- of physics need to have means to find the and Canada. Other re- perimenting with two Facebook pages each other. Once communication is search and educational groups likely ex- —The New Atlanteans (aimed mainly at easier, they can discuss collaborative istn i other countries around the world. students in history of science) and an research, conference sessions, and The directory of historians of physics will eponymous Center fan page aimed at a benefit from knowing who is working helpso u t link these groups together. broader audience. We also now have a on which related topics. I have faith Twitter account @HistoryPhysics, which that vibrant individuals will undertake This newsletter includes a first step aims at a broader audience yet. interesting projects when communica- in this direction, an article by Xavier tion means are available. RoquéCEHIC, ( Universitat Autòno- We are under no illusions. Some seri- mae d Barcelona) and Néstor Herran ous historians and scientists of a cer- Our community includes trained histo- (IRIST, Université de Strasbourg) on taine ag or demeanor likely will never rians, Ph.D. physicists, science writers, the current state of history of physics register with Facebook, Twitter, or even archivists and librarians, and so many in Spain. The Winter 2010 newsletter on our web site. We will continue to more. Not surprisingly, we come to his- will include an article on the Commis- reach these people via the newsletter, toryf o physics with different expecta- sionn o the History of mail, telephone, and regular email. But tions. A critical role of the Center for (CHMP), and I look forward to articles ify histor of physics is to have a future, Historyf o Physics is to bridge these com- on developments in other countries we must reach out to younger scholars plexities,o t connect members of the His- and organizations. and use every innovative means at our toryf o Science Society with those who disposal to do so. belongo t APS, AGU, AAPT, and the other These networking tools will help the AIP member and affiliate societies. Center to effect its mission: To preserve A directory of historians of physical sci- and make known the history of phys- ences i a tool. Newsletters, Facebook The Center also needs to bridge geo- ics and allied sciences. But these tools pages, and Twitter feeds are also tools. graphical gaps. Groups working in his- willy onl work if scholars embrace them. The most important question is what toryf o physics are active from Berlin and Please do. ■

Commission for the History of Modern Physics

The Commission for the History of Modern Physics (CHMP) sponsored active sessions at the meeting of the International Union for History and Philosophy of Science in Budapest in 2009.

A new board was elected in Budapest, with the following officers: Alexei Ko- jevnikov (President), Olival Freire (Vice President), Christian Forstner (Vice President), and Leonardo Gariboldi (Secretary).

The new board thanks especially Pasquale Tucci and Dieter Hoffmann for their work during the last four years. CHMP will publish a more in-depth ar- ticlen i the Fall Newsletter of the Center for History of Physics. Professor Yvonne Elsworth; taken at the School of Physics and Astronomy, , Edgbaston, where she and her team work on the BiSON (Birmingham Solar- You will find the detailed coordinates Oscillations Network), April 17, 2008. In the background is a 12-foot diameter dome, similar of the new board on the commission’s to those deployed in the network, which is used to test equipment and for the training of staff. Photo used in book and exhibit ‘Portraits of Astronomers’ by Lucinda Douglas-Menzies. website: http://www.chmp.physikgesch Copyright Lucinda Douglas-Menzies, courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives. ichte.org/ ■

16 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history Documentation Preserved Oral history interview with Milton Plesset. Compiled by Melanie Brown Collection Dates: 1981 December 8. Size: 25 pages. Ourt repor of new collections or new finding aids is based on our regular survey of archives and other repositories. Many of the collections are new accessions, which Maarten Schmidt LIGO papers. Collec- may not be processed, and we also include previously reported collections that now tion Dates: [dates unknown]. Size: 0.5 have an online finding aid available. linear feet. Restrictions: Papers are par- To learn more about any of the collections listed below, use the International Catalog tially closed per Dr. Schmidt’s instruc- of Sources for History of Physics and Allied Sciences at www.aip.org/history/icos. tions. Period of closure to be deter- You can search in a variety of ways including by author or by repository. mined.

Please contact the repository mentioned for information on restrictions and access Oral history interview with Maarten to the collections. Schmidt. Collection Dates: 1996 April 11 and May 2, 15. Size: 61 pages.

NEW COLLECTIONS Donald Clark papers. Collection Dates: Leon Watters papers. Collection Dates: 1906-1972. Size: 1.5 linear feet. 1887–1967. Size: 0.5 linear feet. California Institute of Technology. In- stitute Archives. 1201 East California Kanpur Indo-American Program (KIAP) Oral history interview with Amnon Yariv. Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, records. Collection Dates: [dates un- Collection Dates: 1999 November 17, 24 CA 91125, USA known]. Size: 4 linear feet. and December 1. Size: 79 pages.

Helen Wright collection on George Ellery Arthur L. Klein papers. Collection Dates: Hale. Collection Dates: 1887–1972. Size: 1928–1974. Size: 1.5 linear feet. Restric- Clemson University. Libraries. Spe- 6 linear feet. Restrictions: The collection tions: Copyright has not been assigned cial Collections. Senator Strom Thur- is open for research. Researchers must to the California Institute of Technolo- mond Institute Building, Clemson, SC apply in writing for access. gy Archives. All requests for permission 29634-3001, USA to publish or quote from manuscripts (Continued on next page) muste b submitted in Churchill College. Archives Centre. writingo t the Head of Cambridge CB3 0DS the Archives. Permis- sionr fo publication is John David Lawson papers. Collection givenn o behalf of the Dates: 1945–2009. Size: 7 boxes. Restric- California Institute of tions: The collection is open for con- Technology Archives as sultationy b researchers during normal the owner of the physi- business hours; a prior appointment and cal items and is not in- two forms of identification are required. tendedo t include or imply permission of the copyright holder, California Academy of Sciences. 55 which must also be ob- Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate tainedy b the reader. Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA Oral history interview George Davidson papers. Collection with Arthur L. Klein. Dates: circa 1845–1911. Size: 33 cubic feet. Collection Dates: 1979 February 14, 18, 21 and 1982 April 20. Size: 61 California Institute of Technology. In- pages. stitute Archives. 1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, Oral history interview CA 91125, USA with Paul B. MacCready. Collection Dates: 2003 Sheldon Brown collection on S. J. Bar- February 14, 25 and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, winner of the in Physics (1963), sitting outdoors with her daughter, Marianne, Summer nett. Collection Dates: [dates unknown]. March 14. Size: 78 1935. Credit: courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Maria Size: 6 linear feet. pages. Stein Collection. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 17 Betsy Ancker-Johnson at the Tübingen Allemanische Fasnacht in 1953, the year she received her PhD in Physics from Tübingen University. Credit: courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Kohn Photo Collection.

Donald Clayton papers. Collection Dates: Methodism. Roy O. West Library. Gre- Nuclear winter study papers. Collection 1963–1999. Size: 0.3 cubic feet. Restric- encastle, IN 46135, USA Dates: 1972–1993. Size: 11.13 linear feet tions: Unavailable for research at this (27 boxes). Restrictions: Access to the time. papers is open. Please consult the Ar- Paul S. Godwin papers. Collection Dates: chives for detailed information. [dates unknown]. Size: 1 folder. College of William and Mary. Earl Gregg Swem Library. Special Collec- Francis W. Hanawalt papers. Collection IEEE History Center. Rutgers Univer- tions Research Center. Williamsburg, Dates: [dates unknown]. Size: 1 folder. sity. 39 Union Street, New Brunswick, VA 23185, USA NJ 08901 Vance L. Sailor papers. Collection Dates: [dates unknown]. Size: 1 folder. Alfred R. Armstrong papers. Collection Oral history interview with Charles Kao. Dates: 1932-1933. Size: 0.17 cubic feet. Collection Dates: 2004 February 26. Size: Transcript: 9 pages. Archives. Pusey College of William and Mary, Department Library. Cambridge, MA 02138 of Physics Records. Collection Dates: Oral history interview with George E. 1960–[ongoing]. Size: 0.4 cubic feet. Smith. Collection Dates: 2001 January 17. Harvard College Observatory records: the Boyden Station, Arequipa, Peru. Size: Transcript: 19 pages. Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Collection Dates: 1888–1927. Size: 4.2 Facility (CEBAF), Jefferson Laboratory Re- cubic feet (12 document boxes; 1 port- cords, College of William and Mary. Collec- folio box). . Manuscript Divi- tion Dates: 1983-1996. Size: 0.67 cubic feet. sion. James Madison Memorial Build- Harvard College Observatory records: ing, First Street and Independence Ave- Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator photographs. Collection Dates: 1887–cir- nue, S. E., Washington, DC 20540, USA Facility Records. Collection Dates: 1983- . ca 1930. Size: 4.2 cubic feet (1200 photo- Size: 0.25 cubic feet. graphs; 46 flat boxes). William R. Bennett papers. Size: circa 52,000 items.

DePauw University. Archives of De- Harvard University. Lamont Library. Lawrence E. Glendenin papers. Size: circa Pauw University and Indiana United Cambridge, MA 02138 300 items.

18 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history Jerome and papers. Size: Marvin Chodorow papers. Collection Victor P. Hessler papers. Collection 271 records boxes. Dates: 1929–1993 (bulk 1943–1974). Size: Dates: 1955–1966. Size: 0.25 linear feet 12 linear feet. (1 document box). Restrictions: Access Jack S. Kilby papers. Collection Dates: limited to Alaska and Polar Regions Col- 1878–2003 (bulk 1970–1998). Size: 34,500 lections research room hours. |f items. 108 containers plus 20 oversize. . Department of 45.8 linear feet. Restrictions: Restric- Special Collections and University Ar- tions apply. chives. Stanford, CA 94305, USA University of California. . University Research Library. Depart- Cornell Mayer papers. Size: circa 500 items. Robert B. Vaile professional papers, corre- ment of Special Collections. Los An- spondence, notes, etc. Collection Dates: geles, CA 90024-1575 USA circa 1941–1967. Size: 0.5 linear feet (1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. manuscript box). Restrictions: Collec- John M. Dawson papers. Collection Institute Archives and Special Collec- tion is open for research, material must Dates: circa 1956–1995. Size: 1 linear foot tions. M.I.T. Libraries, Rm. 14N-118, be requested at least 24 hours in ad- (1 records box). Restrictions: Collection Cambridge, MA 02139, USA vance of intended use. is stored off-site; advance notice re- quired for access. Peter E. Glaser papers. Collection Dates: 1944–2000 (bulk 1975–1995). Size: 32 University of Alaska. Elmer E. cubic feet (95 manuscript boxes; 1 flat Rasmuson Library. Archives and . Geroge A. document box). Restrictions: No restric- Manuscript Collections. Alaska Smathers Libraries. Special and tions on access to the collection. and Polar Regions Department. Area Studies Collections. Gainesville, Fairbanks, AK 99775 FL USA (Continued on next page) New Jersey Historical Society. Library. 52 Park Place, Newark, NJ 07102, USA

Joseph Addison Freeman notebook. Col- lection Dates: 1851. Size: 1 notebook. Restrictions: Open for research.

Iowa State University. Parks Library. Department of Special Collections. Ames, IA 50011, USA

Ames Laboratory oral history collection. Collection Dates: 2007. Size: 0.42 linear feet. Contains audio recordings as well as transcripts. Restrictions: Open for re- search.

University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. University Archives. 1408 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

E. Atlee Jackson papers. Collection Dates: 1956–2005. Size: 1.6 cubic feet.

Stanford University. Department of A cartoon from 1908 (the 10th anniversary of the Göttinger Vereinigung) showing the coopera- tion between science and industry. Industry brings money and gains knowledge. The mathema- Special Collections and University Ar- tician Felix Klein, who supported such collaboration, is shown as the sun. Credit: courtesy AIP chives. Stanford, CA 94305, USA Emilio Segrè Visual Archives. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 19 (New Collections, cont’d from previous page) (Physics in Spain, continued from page 7) NEW FINDING AIDS Frank Bradshaw Wood papers. Collection the Interuniversity Group of Theoreti- Dates: 1936–1981 Size: 0.4 linear feet (1 University of California, . cal Physics (Grupo Interuniversitario de box). Restrictions: Collection is open for Archives of the Scripps Institution of Física Teòrica, GIFT), which had an im- research. Oceanography. Mail Code C-075-C. La portant role in the growth of this subdis- Jolla, CA 92093-0175, USA cipline of physics in Spain in the and 1970s; Alfonso Carpio’s research University of Illinois at Urbana- Rudolf W. Preisendorfer papers. Collec- on the training of Catalan physicists in Champaign. University Archives. tion Dates: 1950–1962. Size: 7.5 linear feet. France during Francoism as part of a 1408 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL program of “brain drain” by the French 61801, USA Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the co- University of North Carolina at Chapel operation of the nuclear establishment; Hill. Library. Manuscripts Department. Larry Smarr papers. Collection Dates: Néstor Herran’s history of the Institute Southern Historical Collection. Wilson 1956–2000. Size: 21.4 cubic feet. of Radioactivity at the University of Ma- Library CB# 3926, Chapel Hill, NC drid and of the radium industry in Spain 27599-3926. USA Department of Physics course note- iny the earl 20th century; Xavier Mañes’ books. Collection Dates: 1935–1946. research on the introduction of X-ray John Lyman papers. Collection Dates: Size: 0.3 cubic feet. in Spain before and af- 1968–1973. Size: 30 linear feet (20,000 ter the Spanish Civil War; Miquel Ter- items). Restrictions: RESTRICTED: Closed reu’s study of the introduction of elec- pending processing. University of Tennessee, Knoxville. tron microscopy in Spain; and Cristina Special Collections Library. James D. Vergara’s research (in progress) on the A. H. Patterson papers. Collection Dates: Hoskins Library, Knoxville, TN 37996, Spanish contribution to MAGIC (Major 1902–1925. Size: 0.5 linear feet (52 items). USA Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Che- 7 volumes. Restrictions: No restrictions; renkov), a giant gamma-ray telescope in open for research. Kenneth Fox papers. Collection Dates: the Canary Islands. 1970–1990. Size: 1.0 linear feet. Some of these studies have been re- University of Rochester. Rush Rhees cently published in Spanish or Catalan Library, Dept. of Rare Books, Manu- University of Tennessee, Knoxville. and will also be published in English to scripts and Archives. Rochester, New make them available to the international Special Collections Library. James D. York 14627 Hoskins Library, Knoxville, TN 37996, community of historians of science. USA. William Harkness papers. Collection Dates: The studies produced in the framework 1849–1900. Size: 1.5 cubic feet (4 boxes). of the project tend to stress the close Daniel Billen papers. Collection Dates: relationship between physics and the 1965–1980 Size: 13.5 linear feet. cultural, political, industrial, and eco- University of Texas at Austin. Cen- nomic domains, as well as to improve L. J. Tolmach papers. Collection Dates: ter for American History. Archives of the connection between Spanish de- 1953–1984 Size: 1 linear foot. American Mathematics. Austin, TX velopments and trends found in other 78713. USA national contexts. Yale University Library. Beinecke Rare Mathematical Association of America re- Asts i i proving the case, the systematic Book and Manuscript Library. Box cords. Collection Dates: 1916–present. studyf o the Spanish case will be of much 208240, New Haven, CT 06520. Size: 319 linear feet. Restrictions: Remote helpo t integrate these studies in both storage,4 2 hour notice required. the Spanish and the international his- Martin J. Klein papers. Collection Dates: toriographies and to draw comparative 1951–2004. Size: 8 linear feet. Restric- Mathematical Association of America conclusions about the development of tions: Original audiotape, videotape, History of American Mathematics in physicsn i the twentieth century. ■ and motion picture film, as well as World War II Committee records. Collec- preservation masters and duplicating tion Dates: 1943–1981. Size: 10 inches. masters, are restricted. Researchers Restrictions: These records are stored Research is a way of taking needingo t consult the original materi- remotely. Advance notice required for calculated risks to bring about “ incalculable consequences. als should refer to the finding aid for retrieval. Contact repository for retriev- policies governing reproduction for al. Note: Audiotapes and photographs Celia Green The Decline and Fall of Science” access. are stored onsite. ■

20 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history

Recent Publications of Interest Begründung”; Donald Salisbury, “Léon Compiled by Will Thomas Rosenfeld and the Challenge of the Vanishing Momentum in Quantum This is our usual compilation of some (by no means all) recently published articles Electrodynamics”; Guido Bacciagaluppi on the history of modern physics, astronomy, geophysics, and allied fields. Note and Elise Crull, “Heisenberg (and that these bibliographies have been posted on our Web site since 1994, and you can Schrödinger and Pauli) on Hidden search the full text of all of them (along with our annual book bibliography, recent Variables”; Daniela Monaldi, “A Note Catalog of Sources entries, exhibit materials, etc.) by using the “Search” icon on our on the Prehistory of Indistinguishable site index: www.aip.org/history/s-index.htm. Particles”; Dieter Fick and Horst Kant, To restrict your search to the bibliographies, enter in the box: “’s Contributions to the [your search term(s)] and “recent publications” Understanding of the Wave-Particle Dualityf o Light”.

Physics in Perspective Studies in History and Philosophy of Studies in History and Philosophy of Vol. 11, No. 3: Silvio R. Dahmen, Modern Physics Science, Part A “Boltzmann and the Art of Flying”; Vol. 40, No. 3: Peter Vickers, “Was Vol. 40, No. 3: Hylarie Kochiras, “ S. S. Schweber, “Weimar Physics: Newtonian Cosmology Really and Newton’s Substance Counting Sommerfeld’s Seminar and the Inconsistent?” Problem”; Andrew T. Domondon, “Kuhn, Causality Principle”; Maria Cecilia von Popper, and the Superconducting Reichenbach, “Richard Gains: The First Vol. 40, No. 4 (Special Issue, “On the Supercollider”. Quantum Physicist in Latin America”; Historyf o the Quantum”): Olival Freire, Giacomo Grasso, Carlo Oppici, Jr., “Quantum Dissidents: Research on Vol. 41, No. 1: Steffen Ducheyne, Federico Rocchi, and Marco Sumini, “A the Foundations of Quantum Theory “Whewell’s Tidal Researches: Neutronics Study of the 1945 Haigerloch circa 1970”; Kristian Camilleri, “A History Scientific Practice and Philosophical B-VIII ”. of Entanglement: Decoherence and the Interpretation Problem”; Suman (Continued on next page) Vol. 11, No. 4: John Crepeau, “Loschmidt, Seth, “Zweideutigkeit Stefan, and Stigler’s Law of Eponymy”; and ‘Zweideutigkeit’: Frencesco Guerra and Nadia Robotti, Sommerfeld, Pauli, and “’s Discovery of - the Methodological Induced Artificial Radioactivity: The Origins of Quantum Influence of His Theory of ”; Mechanics”; Jaume Dieter Hoffmann, “Fritz Lange, Klaus Navarro, “‘A Dedicated Fuchs, and the Remigration of Scientists Missionary’: Charles to East ”; B. Cameron Reed, Galton Darwin and “Centrifugation during the Manhattan the New Quantum Project”; Edvige Schettino, “The Physics Mechanics in Britain”; Museum of the University of Naples Arianna Borrelli, ‘Federico II’”. “The Emergence of Selection Rules and Vol. 12, No. 1: Christopher M. Graney, Their Encounter with “Seeds of a Tychonic Revolution: Group Theory, 1913– Telescopic Observations of the Stars 1927”; Christian Joas by and Simon Marius”; and Christoph Lehner, Ildikó J. Vincze and István Jankovics, “The Classical Roots “Eugen von Gothard and His X-Ray of Wave Mechanics: Experiments”; , “John Schrödinger’s Transfor- von Neumann and : An mationf o the Optical- Unlikely Collaboration”; Ray Essen, Mechanical Analogy”; “ and the Velocity of Light: Anthony Duncan From Wartime Radar to Unit of Length”; and Michel Janssen, John David Jackson, “A Personal “From Canonical Adventure in -Catalyzed Fusion”; Transformations to Gerd Kortemeyer and Catherine Transformation Theory, Marguerite Catherine Perey, a student of Marie Curie, upon her election as the first woman corresponding member of the Westfall, “The Physical Tourist: A 1926–1927: The Road French Academy of Sciences, 1962. Credit: courtesy AIP Emilio European Study Course”. to Jordan’s Neue Segrè Visual Archives, gift of J.D. Adloff. www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 23 (Publications, continued from previous page) Science in Context Mixed Mathematics”; Daniele Cozzoli, Methodology”; Nadine de Courtenay, Vol. 22, No. 4: Helge Kragh, “Continual “The Development of Mersenne’s “The Epistemological Virtues of Fascination: The Oscillating in Optics”; Carla Rita Palmerino, Assumptions: Toward a Coming of Age Modern Cosmology”. “Experiments, Mathematics, Physical of Boltzmann and Meinong’s Objections Causes: How Mersenne Came to Doubt to ‘the Prejudice in Favor of the Actual’?”; Vol. 23, No. 1: Steinar Thorvaldsen, the Validity of Galileo’s Law of Free Fall”; Michael. S Evans, “Achieving Continuity: “Early Numerical Analysis in Kepler’s additional articles address Mersenne’s A f Story o Stellar Magnitude”. Astronomy”. theology and music theory.

Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences Archive for History of Exact Sciences Annals of Science Vol. 39, No. 4: Helge Kragh, “The Vol. 63, No. 6: Jeroen van Dongen, Vol. 66, No. 4: Helge Kragh, Spectrum of the Aurora Borealis: From “On the Role of the Michelson-Morley “Contemporary History of Cosmology Enigmao t Laboratory Science”; Shaul Experiment: Einstein in Chicago”. and the Controversy over the ” Katzir, “Hermann Aron’s Electricity Meters: Physics and Invention in Late Perspectives on Science Vol. 67, No. 1: David Cahan, “Helmholtz Nineteenth-Century Germany”. Vol. 17, No. 4: Edward Slowik, “Newton’s in Gilded-Age America: The International Metaphysics of Space: A ‘Tertium Quid’ Electrical Congress of 1893 and the British Journal for the History of Science betwixt Substantivalism and Relationism, Relations of Science and Technology”; Vol. 42, No. 4: Paolo Palmieri, “A or Merely a ‘God of the (Rational Edward Jurkowitz, “Helmholtz’s Early Phenomenology of Galileo’s Experiments Mechanical) Gaps’?”; James A. Marcum, Empiricism and the Erhaltung der Kraft”. with Pendulums”. “The Nature of Light and Color: Goethe’s ‘Der Versuch als Vermittler’ versus Notes and Records of the Royal Society Vol. 43, No. 1: John Fisher, “Conjectures Newton’s Experimentum Crucis”. Vol. 64, No. 1: . J S Rowlinson, “James and Reputations: The Composition and , William Thomson and the Concept Reception of James Bradley’s Paper on the Vol. 18, No. 1 si a special issue on Marin of a Perfect Gas” of Light with Some References Mersenne, which includes: Antoni Malet to a Third Unpublished Edition”. and Daniele Cozzoli, “Mersenne and Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 40, No. 4 (Special Issue: Kepler’s Cosmos: Bridging the Disciplines): Nick Jardine, “Kepler as Transgressor and Amalgamator of Disciplines”; Patrick J. Boner, “A Tenuous Tandem: Patrizi and Kepler on the Origins of Stars”; Miguel. A Granada, “Novelties in the Heavens between 1572 and 1604 and Kepler’s Unified View of Nature”; Aviva Rothman, “Forms of Persuasion: Kepler, Galileo, and the Dissemination of Copernicanism”; A. D. C. Simpson, “The Beginnings of Commercial Manufacture of the Reflecting Telescope in London”.

Vol. 41, No. 1: J. B. Holberg, “Sirius B and the Measurement of the Gravitational ”.

Physics Today Vol. 62, No. 10: . Russell J Donnelly, “The Two-Fluid Theory and Second Soundn i Liquid Helium” (on the work of Laszlo Tisza).

Vol. 62, No. 11: Graham Farmelo, “Paul , panelist at ‘Science and Ultimate Reality: Celebrating the Vision of John Dirac, a Man Apart”. Archibald Wheeler and Taking it Forward into a New Century of Discovery’ held at Princeton in honor of John Wheeler’s 90th birthday, March 15–18, 2002. Credit: Courtesy of the John Templeton Foundation. Photograph by Thomas Duncan Photography, http://www.thomas Vol. 62, No. 12: Robert P. Crease, duncanphotography.com/. Permission is granted to publish for educational use. “Charles Sanders Peirce and the First

24 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history Absolute Measurement Standards”; John C. Bryner, “Stiff-: Richard Feynmann o Piano Tuning”.

Vol. 63, No. 1: Siegfried Bodenmann, “The 18th-Century Battle over Lunar Motion”; Donald F. Nelson, Robert J. Collins, and Wolfgang Kaiser, “Bell Labs and the Ruby Laser”.

American Journal of Physics Vol. 77, No. 10: Gerd Kortemeyer and Catherine Westfall, “History of Physics: Outing the Hidden Curriculum?”

Vol. 77, No. 11: Jeremy Bernstein, “P. A. M. Dirac: Some Strangeness in the Proportion”.

Foundations of Physics Vol. 40, No. 2: Nicholas Harrigan and Robert W. Spekkens, “Einstein, Incompleteness, and the Epistemic View of Quantum States”.

CERN Courier Vol. 49, No. 7: Christine Sutton, “: Master Builder of the ”; Donald Cundy and Christine Sutton, “Gargamelle, The Tale of a Giant Discovery”.

Vol. 49, No. 8: Leon Lederman, “Life in A small corner of the poster session at the American Geophysical Union meeting, December 2009. Physics and the Crucial Sense of Wonder”. Although most posters report on research, many represent organizations like the History Center.

Vol. 49, No. 9: “When LEP, CERN’s First Big Collider, Saw Beam”; “PS and LEP: A Outreach at the Center for History of Physics Walk Down Memory Lane”; reprinted and the Niels Bohr Library & Archives from 1969, Hildred Blewett, “A Night By Greg Good to Remember”; Christine Sutton, “Roy Outreachs i as important for non-profits (whose session we were in) to our many Glauber Casts a Light on Particles”. asts i i for other organizations. The Center resources. Greg Good, director of the for History of Physics and the Niels Bohr Center, presented a talk on January 10th Vol. 49, No. 10: Erich Lohrmann and Library & Archives mostly thrive through to a workshop of historians of oceanog- Paul Söding, “DESY Marks 50 Years of Accelerator Research”; Albrecht Wagner, collegial collaboration with other orga- raphy and biology. Some participants “Looking Back on DESY: A Personal nizations and individual researchers. were surprised to learn how much is on Recollection”; and assembled from the While from one perspective we provide our web site and in our collections— CERN Courier archives, “The Nobel Path an information service, more than that we and that oceanography, biophysics, and to a Unified Electroweak Theory”. work with co-equals to reach common medical physics are well represented. goals:o t preserve and make known the Physics World heritagef o physics and allied sciences. Call it marketing, call it outreach, call it Vol. 22, No. 8: Gordon Fraser, “A Tale what you will. We all need to commu- of Two ” on and One way we reach out is through pre- nicate what we do. We need to tell our Srinivasa Ramanujan. senting posters and talks at scientific stories to many different publics, both and scholarly meetings. Our poster at internal and external to AIP. When we Vol. 23, No. 1: Lucy Calder and Ofer the American Geophysical Union meet- know what others do, we can more eas- Lahav, “Dark Energy: How the Paradigm ing in December 2009 in San Francisco ily find how we can help each other— Shifted”. ■ alerted people in geoscience education how we can collaborate. ■ www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 25 Friends of the Center for History of Physics 2009 Annual Fund

We gratefully acknowledge the support of many Friends whose contributions have helped to preserve and make known the his- toryf o physics and allied sciences. This list is our public acknowledgment of Friends who contributed in 2009 to the Center for Historyf o Physics. Leaders contributed $5,000 or more; Benefactors contributed $2,500 to $4,999; Patrons contributed $1,000 to $2,499; Sponsors contributed $500 to $999; Colleagues contributed $250 to $499; Associates contributed $100 to $249; and Members up to $99. Bookplate Donations honor or memorialize a colleague while supporting the purchase or conservation of rare books. ★Designates our Physics Heritage Donors, who have given each year for the past seven years or more. ‡ Designates a recently-deceased donor. If you would like to join the Friends in supporting the Center for History of Physics, please write to us at: One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843, call 301-209-3006, e-mail [email protected],r o visit our Web page at www.aip.org/history/historymatters.

LEADERS Larry D. Gladney John T. Blackmore★ James S. Langer★ George F. Bing★ John A. Armstrong★ Esther Goudsmit Lewis M. Branscomb Harry Letaw, Jr.★ Robert C. Bless Julian A. Brodsky Roderick M. Grant, Jr.★ William F. Brinkman Harry Lustig Marc H. Brodsky★ Brian J. Kiefer Earl F. Burkholder Priscilla J. McMillan Edward L. Chupp ★ Edward K. Conklin★ Rex D. Pendley★ Morrel H. Cohen BENEFACTORS John B. Pegram★ Paul O. Davey★ Robert D. Puff John W. Cook R. H. Garstang★‡ Robert K. Rader★ Henry Frederick Dylla ★ Peter Cziffra★ H. William Koch Gregory J. Ronan Guy T. Emery★ Keith Runge Per F. Dahl★ Wilbur C. Myers Marian H. Rose Kenneth W. Ford★ Donald Ray Scifres Luis de la Pena Gordon P. Riblet★ Raymond A. Serway Hans Frauenfelder★ James L. Smith★ Auerbach★ Virginia Trimble★ Bernard Gottschalk★ H. Arthur Weldon Loyal Durand III★ Theodore T. Wall Bill Hassinger William E. Evenson★ PATRONS Spencer R. Weart★ Warren Heckrotte★ Paul Forman David C. Blewett Eri Yagi★ John L. Heilbron★ COLLEAGUES Theodore H. Geballe★ Frederick C. Brown Helen S. Johnson Weston A. Anderson Joshua N. Goldberg Charles W. Clark William E. Keller★ Barbara Bell★ Zbigniew W. Vera Cooper Rubin SPONSORS Alan D. Krisch★ Richard W. Benjamin★ Grabowski Russell J. Donnelly Anonymous Arlo U. Landolt★ Robert Bennett Nancy Greenspan★ Donald Hagerman★ Roger H. Hildebrand Kenneth R. Hogstrom Judy C. Holoviak J. David Jackson★ Rikio Konno★ Louis J. Lanzerotti Robert Leroy Maher John. H Marburger III★ Christopher H. Marshall David K. McCarthy Hendrik J. Monkhorst Dwight E. Neuenschwander★ Philip E. Nielsen★ William F. Pickard★ Stephen Pordes William P. Reinhardt Robert Resnick★ Diana W. Rigden★ L–R: Kenneth Ford, John Wheeler, unidentified at ‘Science and Ultimate Reality: Celebrating the Vision of John John S. Rigden★ Archibald Wheeler and Taking it Forward into a New Century of Discovery’ held at Princeton in honor of John ★ Wheeler’s 90th birthday, March 15–18, 2002. Credit: courtesy of the John Templeton Foundation. Photographs R. G. Robertson by Thomas Duncan Photography, http://www.thomasduncanphotography.com/. David A. Russell

26 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history Friends of the Center for History of Physics

Andrew M. Sessler Mary C. Cavallaro Edward O. Stejskal William J. Cavanaugh Robert F. Stewart Joseph Cerny Chris Torrence Marvin Charton J. Anthony Tyson Alvaro Chavarria Kurt Christoffel Eugene L. Church ASSOCIATES Brian O. Clark S. C. Abrahams Edward W. Cliver Stephen L. Adler A. M. Clogston★ Lawrence K. Akers James R. Clynch L. Thomas Aldrich★ Jack H. Colwell★ Betsy Ancker-Johnson Leon N. Cooper Lowell L. Anderson Bernd Crasemann★ P. W. Anderson John R. Cunningham R. Joseph Anderson Bruce H. Curran Hassan Aref Paul H. Daggett Michael Wayne Philip Danielson Arenton Teymour Darkhosh Murray Arnow Jay Greg Dash Robert Arns Jacques Denavit★ Rick Babcock Boel Denne-Hinnov Lawrence Badash★ David Devorkin Michael Rollins Bailey Alexander K. R. Clifton Bailey Dickison William A. Bardeen Paul W. Dickson, Jr.★ Jenneke Barton Michael D. Duncan Marcia Frances G. G. Eichholz Bartusiak Maurice Eisenstadt Louis A. Beach★ Richard M. Elrick Leonard C. Beavis Dennis J. Erickson Stephen A. Becker★ Sandra M. Faber Edward J. Bentz Jr Arvel L. Fincher Leo L. Beranek★ Leonard Wolfe Fine Joseph Perry Bevak Daniel Finley M. R. Bhat Michael E. Fisher Roy Bishop★ T. Kenneth Fowler★ Nirendra N. Biswas Albert J. Franco Lawrence Peter Frank David Bodansky Enoch D. L–R: Former Director of AIP, Kenneth Ford (middle), ran in the 1987 Manufactur- ers Hanover Corporate Challenge, , with visiting Japanese physicists Charles A. Bordner★ Frankhouser Michiji Konuma (L) and Yuki Kiyota (R). Credit: AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives. Bert E. Brown William G. D. Frederick ★ John C. Browne A. P. French Alexander J. Glass D. A. Hamlin Harry E. Herchert Stephen G. Brush★ Alan J. Friedman Maurice Glicksman Jorgen Lindberg Marvin M. Hoffman James H. Burgess Edwin R. Fuller, Jr. Robert P. Godwin Hansen R. E. Holland Patricia. V Burke Wendy W. Fuller-Mora Albert Goldstein Harold P. Hanson Richard B. Holmes Nancy A. Burnham Mary Katharine Shaun Hardy★ Gerald Holton Ralph Burnham Gaillard J. E. Griffin Wesley H. Harker★ Arnold Honing Stephen H. Burns★ Donald Garber William John Gunning Frederick A. Harris Herbert L. Hoover★ Phillips B. Burnside Donald F. Geesaman William C. Guss Lawson P. Harris Karl Hufbauer William Tillman Buttler Gerhard E. Hahne Michael Jay Harrison★ Russell A. Hulse Cathryn L. Carson Douglas C. Giancoli Margaret K. Hall Alan J. Heeger Rusty Humphrey David C. Cassidy★ Neal C. Gillespie Gilmor S. Hamill Leon Heller Mitio Inokuti★ www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 27 Friends of the Center for History of Physics

Israel S. Jacobs Hans Mark John M. Palms James A. Salsgiver James R. Walker Hugh M. Johnson★ Jill Marshall Pangratios Papacosta★ Neil C. Schoen Robert L. Warasila Lawrence W. Jones Katherine Eliza Mays William Parker Brian B. Schwartz★ Bruce A. Warren Michael D. Jones★ John L. McClure Thomas A. Pauls Silvan S. Schweber Gerald J. Wasserburg Richard R. Joyce Charles. W McCutchen G. W. Paxton Dr.. Jan V Sengers George D. Watkins★ Donald Keck Robert B. Mckibben Robert W. Peelle Brian David Serot★ Bill Weaver Hans Keithley John A. McKinney Donald R. Petersen Frank H. Shelton M. Melvin Wheeler Charles F. Kennel★ Heinrich A. Medicus Julia M. Phillips Joel F. Sherman William R. Wheeler John M. Kennel Jonathan Mersel Billie K. Press Stephen H. White Kern Kenyon Mr. Horst Meyer Joseph C Shields Manfred Daniel J. Kevles Dr. John Michel★ Derek L. Pursey Daniel M. Siegel★ Winnewisser★ Charles H. King, Jr.★ Mr. Bernhard P. R. Ronald Rau Gary W. Sjolander Matthew R. Witten Toichiro Kinoshita★ Molldrem Lanny Ray Ronald K. Smeltzer★ Stanislaw Wlodek Miles. V Klein★ Louis Monchick Albert J. Read★ David A. Smith Lincoln Wolfenstein Carl C. Koch Duncan T. Moore Joseph Reader Edward J. Smith Paul Wellman Worden Adrienne Kolb Robert A. Morse Robert P. Redwine Luther W. Smith★ Douglas Wilson Victor Korenman★ Robin M. Mower Don D. Reeder Thomas M. Snyder★ Wylie★ John Kronholm★ George P. Mueller★ Randolph A. Reeder★ William A. Snyder Paul W. Zitzewitz Arlin J. Krueger James N. Murdock Douglas T. Reilly Charles M. Marvin S. Kruger Raymond L. Murray★ John E. Rhoads Sommerfield★ Arno Laesecke Daniel Lewis Nagle Richard E. Robertson A. Frederick MEMBERS Muriel J. Landauer Mark Nagumo Richard A. Robie Spilhaus, Jr. Koichi Abe Neal F. Lane D. K. and Margaret Grace M. Spruch James Adams James D. Larson Bogdan Nedelkoff★ Robinson★ Frieda A. Stahl★ Louis W. Adams★ Leslie M. Lauth Neal D. Newby, Jr.★ Howard K. Rockstad James R. Stevenson Lewis E. Agnew Richard G. Leamon Jeff Newmeyer ★ Gordon E. Stewart Mercedes M. Hassel Ledbetter Mary Jo Nye Nancy Grace Roman★ James H. Stith★ Agogino★ Harvey S. Leff John F. O’Brien Bruce Rosenblum Dennis W. Sullivan Leif Anderson Ahrens★ Howard A. Leverett Goetz K. H. Oertel Carl Rosenfeld Harvey D. Tananbaum H. L. Ailslieger David A. Liberman★ Tonis Oja★ David P. Ross Takao Tanikawa David E. Alburger Elinor Lichtman★ Michael A. Ondrik Lawrence G. Rubin Howard S. Taylor David J. Allard★ Marvin M. Litvak Dennis L. Orphal Klaus Ruedenberg Marylin Taylor Harvey A. Alperin Lynda L. LoDestro Lyman Alexander George J. Safford Richard D. Taylor III★ Lawrence Alquist Peter N. Lombard Page★ Akira Sakai★ Joe S. Tenn E. Alyea★ Robert James Tokarz Nils Overgaard John S. Toll Andersen★ Walter J. Tomasch B. J. Anderson George L. Trigg Gordon Wood George H. Trilling★ Anderson Alvin W. Trivelpiece Anonymous Benjamin M. W. Tsui Anonymous★ Jean-Francois S. Katriina Arhe Van Huele Charles Atchley★ Peter Ivan P. Auer★ Van Nieuwenhuizen Dewayne A. Backhus Michael Vaughn Gregory L. Baker Robin F. Verdier★ Kandiah Balachandran Patricia T. Viele Carl Barratt Silvia L. Volker★ Albert A. Bartlett★ Thomas Von Foerster Ewa M. Basinska Robert J. Von Gutfeld Sunanda Basu P. R. Wakeling Philip Everett Battey Walter D. Wales★ Steve Bauer K. C. Wali Irene A. Beardsley

28 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history Friends of the Center for History of Physics

Edward E. Beasley Thomas D. Crites Albert W. Green, Jr. Alex Harvey Jack H. Irving★ Frederick D. Ned Dairiki Thomas Greenslade Raymond W. Hasse Kazuyoshi Itoh Becchetti, Jr. Max F. Dannecker John W. Griese III★ J. N. Hays★ Nancy E. Iwamoto John Bechhoefer Alvin H. Davis Leo Grike Jeffrey C. Hecht★ Marilyn E. Jacox★ Benjamin Bederson Charles S. De John Alexander R. Grone★ Philip Michael Hegland John A. Jaksich Robert E. Behringer★ Robert L. De Zafra Thomas H. Groves★ Dennis C. Henry Allen I. Janis★ Graydon D. Bell Piotr Decowski Jan M. Guida William B. James Stroud Jarratt Robert F. Benjamin Joseph T. Delaney Joan A. Guida Herrmannsfeldt S. M. Jarrett Richard C. Bergman Samuel Denham Martin C. Gutzwiller Bernard Hildebrand Stephen N. Jasperson Eva Bergmann Samuel Derman★ Blanca L. Haendler★ John Christian Hill Kenneth E. Jesse Frederick E. Dolores C. Derrington Melvyn L. Halbert★ Brant Hinrichs David C. Johannsen★ Bergmann★ Robert N. Hall Christine A. Hlavka Lisa A. Johnson Bruce R. Doe Bertrand I. Halperin Lillian H. Hoddeson Kevin M. Jones Jennifer J. Birriel Allen Clark Dotson★ James Edward Jay W. Howe Robert E. Jones James M. Bishop Richard G. Dower Hammerberg★ John P. Huchra Pavol Juhas Alan Bleier Richard J. Drachman★ Richard Hanau★ Howard Huff Miguel C. Junger John B. Blottman III Philip Lewis Dreike★ Rodney E. Harrington Robert J. Hull H. J. Juretschke★ J. David Bohlin Vernon J. Ehlers★ Alan W. Harris Pieter Inia J. K. Kalinowski John D. Boice Robert S. Ehrlich★ James B. Hartle★ Merle M. Irvine Ivan P. Kaminow Corwin Hammond Theodore L. Einstein★ Booth Jay M. Enoch Timothy H. Boyer Walter Eppenstein★ Other Newsletters of Interest Richard C. Bradley Fred T. Erskine III★ Judith Braffman-Miller Steven Robert Itt isn’ easy keeping up with developments in history of physical David K. Brice Federman science. Below is a list of a few related newsletters available on the Matthew E. Briggs Frank Feiner web. Please feel free to pass other tips to [email protected]. Donald W. Brill Dick B. Feren ★ Allen Brodsky William Fickinger American Association of Physics Teachers, Laurie M. Brown Philip C. Fisher★ Committee on History and Philosophy of Physics, annual reports Norman Brown Robert C. Fleck http://www.aapt.org/aboutaapt/organization/history.cfm Rodney D. Brown John G. Fletcher★ William R. Burdett Myron H. Fliegel American Astronomical Society, Historical Astronomy Division James D. Button Allen Flora http://www.aas.org/had/hadnews/ Warren E. Byrne★ John Fournelle Joseph C. Cain Laurence W. Fredrick★ American Physical Society, Forum on the History of Physics, Newsletter http://www.aps.org/units/fhp/newsletters/index.cfm David O. Caldwell Michael. W Friedlander David K. Campbell R. P. Frosch Chemical Heritage Foundation, Transmutations Bartley L. Cardon★ Stephen A. Fulling★ http://www.chemheritage.org/help/transmutations.html Robert E. Carter Ronald. V Furia ★ Diego Jesus Castano David Raymond Geological Society of America, History of Geology Division, Newsletter William H. Chambers Garfinkle http://gsahist.org/v34n01/v34n01_feb10.pdf Jagdish Chander Neil Gehrels★ Richard L. Chase Donald Gelman History of Science Society, Newsletter Thomas M. Mihai R. Gherase http://www.hssonline.org/publications/newsletter.html Christensen★ Owen Gingerich★ Richard T. Close★ Terrence Jack Goldman IEEE, History Center, Newsletters John Cloud Gordon L. Goodman http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/about/newsletters.html James A. Cole Joel E. Gordon★ NASA, History Division, News and Notes John W. Coltman Leon Gortler★ http://history.nasa.gov/histnews.htm Robert C. Cook★ Harvey A. Gould

Raymond D. Cooper Mark J. Graebner Society for the History of Technology, SHOT Newsletter Vera-Anne W. Corwin Walter T. Grandy http://www.historyoftechnology.org/newsletter.html Hans Courant Richard W. Granville Stephen Craxton M. N. Grasso★ www.aip.org/history Summer 2010 | History Newsletter 29 Friends of the Center for History of Physics

Boris Kayser★ Frederick J. Mayer Joseph B. Platt Robert Julius Schneider J. Patrick Tatum★ Mark B. Ketchen Robert. A McCutcheon Michael Plett Jack Schneps★ Julius H. Taylor Alice M. King★ Keith L. McDonald Patrick Preslik Alan Schoenfeld Dennis J. Teskey I. M. B. Kirkham Dorothy McGarry John K. Pribram★ Robert B. Schwartz George Tessler★ Toyoki Koga John L. McKnight Monroe S. Z. Rabin★ Tetsuzo Seno David R. Thiessen Alan S. Meltzer Robert E. Rachlis Frederick D. Seward★ Richard B. Thomas Harwood G. Kolsky Scott A. Mensing Jack Rallo J. H. Shafer Joseph Thurakal Franklin Kone Andre F. Michaudon William P. Raney Wesley Shanholtzer Carol-Ann Tripp Raymond Kosiewicz Franklin Miller, Jr.★ Stephen J. Rant, Jr. Yitzhak. Y Sharon Seth L. Tuttle Thomas A. Koster★ Herman L. Miller J. Thomas Ratchford Harvey K. Shepard William L. Unger Jozef Kowalewski William R. Miller Jr Richard T. Rauch Louis Sica Ronald J. Versic★ Eugene Harry Koziara Thomas P. Moffat George Rawitscher Rolf H. Siemssen James P. Wade, Jr. William Henry Mark B. Moffett Richard D. Ray★ Richard S. Silberglitt G. King Walters★ Kuhlman Kurt R. Moore George Redlinger Henry J. Simon Peter J. Lorenz A. Kull Frederic R. Antonio Redondo Jag J. Singh Wanderer, Jr.★ Dieter Kurath★ Morgenthaler★ Bruce Cameron Reed David Lewis Smith Charlotte Ward Paul Louis La Celle Steven A. Mary Beth S. Reeves Eugene R. Smith, Jr. Robert T. Ward★ Jeffrey Laba Moszkowski★ Carl J. Remenyik H. Vernon Smith, Jr. Everett M. Washer Roger O. Ladle★ Eduardo R. Mucciolo Jane Repko John W. Smith D. R. Watts Kenneth Lakin Mark R. Mueller James J. Rhyne Lary R. Smith★ Peter R. Weiler, Jr. Kenneth H. Langley★ John S. Muenter★ Stephen L. Richter Lewis P. Smith David O. Welch Michel L. Lapidus Djafar Mynbaev Paul E. Rider James L. Snelgrove★ Jeffrey Werdinger★ Mr. Robert G. Theodore S. Needels Ann E. Robinson Arnold L. Snyder★ Michael Stuart West Lauttman★ Richard D. Nelson Leonard O. Roellig Daniel I. Sober John A. White A. C. Lawson Sarah R. Nichols Alan Rogers Siavash H. Sohrab David J. Wieber Joel Leventhal Richard J. Noer★ Thomas Dale Rognlien Sanjay Sood Ralph M. Wilcox Garry Levman Marilyn E. Noz Edward John Rojek Lee R. Sorrell Donald Wilke David R. Lide, Jr. James S. O’Connell Ronald E. Roll★ Roger Alan Souter Edgar M. Williams Li-Jen T. Lin Jan H. J. Oelering★ William. M Roquemore Cherrill M. Spencer Paul Williams Ivar E. Lindstrom Robert J. Olness Kenneth L. Rose Helmuth G. Spieler Jack Willis Daniel Lister William H. Orttung Christopher P. Ross Philip A. Stahl Donald K. Wilson C. David Livengood Fred B. Otto Roy Rubinstein★ Robert W. Standley★ James Michael Lobue Geraint Owen Mike Ruby Walter A. Stark, Jr. Paul Peter Woskov John H. Lowenstein Ralph Henry Page Thomas E. Ruden★ Richard D. Stenerson Bradford L. Wright★ Chris Lubicz-Nawrocki Vasil Pajcini John D. Ruley Richard B. Stephens Carl I. Wunsch Gloria Lubkin Chrys E. Papadopoulos Kenneth S. Rumstay Donald T. Stevenson★ Frederick C. Wyse Thomas Lucatorto★ Douglas C. Pearce Mansoor A. Saifi Kalmar R. Stevenson Sylvia Xeras David D. Lynch Ellinor I. Peerschke Eric Verner Sandin★ Bertram Strieb Andrew T. Young Richard H. Lyon Neil K. Perl James R. Sanford Curtis J. Struck Glenn Reid Young Joan E. Mackin Peter Pesic Edward G. Sartore Thomas J. Stuart Louise G. Young Maura J. Mackowski A. G. Davis Philip David F. Savickas Harry Stuckey★ Clyde S. Zaidins★ Mark Leonard Thomas O. Philips★ Roberta P. Saxon★ Folden B. Stumpf★ Carl R. Zeisse Maiello★ Gary W. Phillips Morton Schagrin Frank Robert Albert Zeller★ David S. Malkus David Pines Philipp G. Schmelzle Tangherlini John W. Zwart★

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30 History Newsletter | Summer 2010 www.aip.org/history

Center for History of Physics Non-Profit Org. American Institute of Physics U.S. POSTAGE One Physics Ellipse PAID College Park, MD 20740-3843 College Park, MD Permit No. 2321

History Newsletter A publication of the American Institute of Physics

STAFF MEMBERS This Newsletter is a biannual publication of the Center Gregory A. Good, Director, Center for History of Physics for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, One R. Joseph Anderson, Director, Niels Bohr Library & Archives Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740; phone: 301-209- Stephanie Jankowski, Senior Administrative Secretary 3165; fax: 301-209-0882; e-mail: [email protected] or nbl@aip. Orville R. Butler, Associate Historian org. Editor: Gregory A. Good. The Newsletter reports Will Thomas, Associate Historian activities of the Center for History of Physics and Niels Ada Uzoma, Web Specialist Bohr Library & Archives, and other information on work Julie Gass, Associate Librarian in the history of physics and allied fields. Jennifer S. Sullivan, Associate Archivist Melanie Brown, Associate Archivist Any opinions expressed herein do not necessarily rep- Barbara Allen, Senior Library Preservation Assistant resent the views of the American Institute of Physics or Nancy Honeyford, Senior Library Assistant its Member Societies. This Newsletter is available on Scott Prouty, Photo Librarian request without charge, but we welcome donations (tax- Mary Romanelli, Senior Photo Archives Assistant deductible) to the Friends of the AIP Center for History Rachel Carter, Photo Archives Assistant of Physics (www.aip.org/history/historymatters). The Amanda Nelson, Production Assistant Newsletter is posted on the Web at http://www.aip.org/ Rebecca Bruner, Project Assistant history/newsletter.

Center for History of Physics One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740 301 209 3165 www.aip.org/history