DOCSLIB.ORG

Aging Society 2008-06-03

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aging Society 2008-06-03 From: Longevity and Productivity: Experiences from Aging Asia ©APO 2008, ISBN: 92-833-7071-6 Selected papers of the APO Study Meeting on Productivity in Aging Societies held in the Republic of China, 17–20 July 2007. (07-RP-16-GE-STM-B) Edited by Dr. Narender Kumar Chadha Published by the Asian Productivity Organization 1-2-10 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, Japan Tel: (81-3) 5226 3920 • Fax: (81-3) 5226 3950 E-mail: [email protected] • URL: www.apo-tokyo.org Disclaimer and Permission to Use This document is a part of the above-titled publication, and is provided in PDF format for educational use. It may be copied and reproduced for personal use only. For all other purposes, the APO's permission must first be obtained. The responsibility for opinions and factual matter as expressed in this document rests solely with its author(s), and its publication does not constitute an endorsement by the APO of any such expressed opinion, nor is it affirmation of the accuracy of information herein provided. Note: This title is available over the Internet as an APO e-book, and has not been published as a bound edition. Selected papers of the APO Study Meeting on Productivity in Aging Societies held in the Republic of China, 17–20 July 2007. (07-RP-16-GE-STM-B) Dr. Narender Kumar Chadha served as the volume editor. The opinions expressed in this publication do not reflect the official view of the APO. For re- production of the contents in part or in full, the APO’s prior permission is required. ©Asian Productivity Organization 2008 ISBN: 92-833-7071-6 CONTENTS Foreword Chapter 1 The Graying of the Asian Population: Issues and Challenges ............................................Narender Kumar Chadha and Kamlesh Prakash 1 Chapter 2 The Aging Population in Indonesia............................... Omas Bulan Samosir 10 Chapter 3 The Age of Concern .............................................. Narender Kumar Chadha 25 Chapter 4 Aging Society: Emerging Issues and Perspectives from the Republic of China....................................................................................... Mei-Na Hwang 34 Chapter 5 Challenges and Perspectives of Elder Care in the Republic of China ................................................................................................ Ching-Yu Chen 46 Chapter 6 Aging Societies: Emerging Issues and Perspectives from the Philippines .................................................................................. Leticia Trinidad Corillo 60 Chapter 7 Aging Societies: Emerging Issues and Perspectives from Singapore ...............................................................................Angelique Wei Ming Chan 68 Chapter 8 Aging Society and Employment for Older People in Japan: A Case Study of Good Practice .................................................................... Sumiko Ebisuno 81 Chapter 9 Aging Society—Global Trends and Issues: A Perspective from the United States.............................................................................. Priscilla Dawn Allen 101 List of Contributors ................................................................................................................ 111 FOREWORD Aging is a global concern. Thanks to improvements in public health and medicine, the life ex- pectancy of people in most parts of the world is increasing. The aged now account for a growing share of the total population of many countries. The impact of this phenomenon, often accom- panied by declining birth rates, is being felt by both developed and developing countries alike. However, the understanding of the implications of aging societies remains in its infancy in many countries. As people live longer and have fewer children, the number of workers per retired person is de- clining, thereby increasing the dependency ratio. The significantly older, unemployed population also tends to consume an increasing share of the national output by increasing total medical care and social security expenditures. This adds to the strain on society’s scarce resources. A healthy rate of real economic growth could alleviate the pressures created by these challenges, but the prospects of such growth are neither apparent nor uniform for all countries. The problems of an aging society can therefore be far greater for a developing country, although developed countries have not been able to escape their impact. All these signify the increasingly important role of higher productivity in all situations and all countries. I am of the opinion that many of the challenges arising from the increasing number of the aged can only be dealt with by a multipronged approach centered on the family, the society, and the government. The authors of the papers in this publication also think along the same lines. Each author is convinced that no single agent acting alone can bring about a change in the present situation. Contributions from all three are necessary, with the family being the primary support system. The individual chapters in this volume provide insights into each country’s approach to the issues and challenges of an aging society, outlining specific problems, programs, and policies. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the aging status of APO member countries and highlights the issues and challenges faced. Chapters 2–5 expand on the problems faced by participating mem- ber countries and elucidate how they are struggling to find effective solutions. The subsequent chapters describe practical solutions adopted by developed countries with aging societies, namely, Japan, the Republic of China, Singapore, and the USA. This publication is the result of the APO study meeting on Productivity in Aging Societies held in the Republic of China in 2007. It is the first on the subject by the APO, and I hope it facili- tates understanding of the various approaches and specific measures adopted by different countries to find ways of dealing with the impact of increased longevity and the challenges it poses to society and future generations. The APO would like to thank all the authors for their contributions and for making this volume possible. Shigeo Takenaka Secretary-General Tokyo July 2008 CHAPTER 1. THE GRAYING OF THE ASIAN POPULATION: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Dr. Narender Kumar Chadha University of Delhi Kamlesh Prakash APO Secretariat All countries—developing or developed—are experiencing an explosive growth in the population of elderly people. Better diets, improvement in medical facilities, and awareness of healthy lifestyles have brought about an increase in life expectancy rates and a decrease in mor- tality that will have an impact on many aspects of society, but at the moment very few policy- makers are aware of the long-term effects. This trend towards an increasing number of people over the age of 60 will certainly pose many problems in the near future, bringing many chal- lenges for policymakers, planners, and social activists. In order to examine long-term effects and find ways of dealing with them, the APO or- ganized a study meeting on “Productivity in Aging Societies” at Taipei, Republic of China, July 17–20, 2007. Resource countries for this conference were Japan, ROC, Singapore, and the U.S. Participant countries were Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Republic of China, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The objective was to take a serious look at global aging and its impact on every participating member country of the APO. Specifically, the goals were to discuss challenges resulting from the increase in elderly populations in APO member countries; to examine approaches in public policy, employment, and health care for the elderly; and to suggest policy directions and recommendations that will enhance the quality of life and productivity of the elderly in society. Asia, one of the largest land areas on earth, is home to the largest number of elderly people in the world. At present it is witnessing an enormous explosion in the population of older people and is faced with the challenge of dealing with the implications of a graying society. Japan, with a population of 127.7 million, has 26.6 million elderly persons, accounting for 28.8% of its total population. This makes it the first super-aging society in Asia. Paradoxically, Japan also faces a declining population, expected to be below a 100 million in 2046. This is a predicament for many countries, not only in Asia but all over the world. Dr. Priscilla Allen, U.S., has noted that in the past the “disengagement theory,” whereby older people opted to drop out of activity in society, was widely accepted. The social environ- ment and the political economy did not support participation by the elderly. However, today the situation is very different. There is a worldwide effort to keep the elderly in the mainstream, to whatever extent possible, to counter the effects of the imbalance in the numbers of the old and the young. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS The extraordinary impact of this rapidly growing segment of the population can be appre- ciated when looking at the actual demographic picture. Every country is struggling with the sheer numbers of older people who need care and protection in every area of life. As stated above, there are 26.6 million people over the age of 65 in Japan, 28.8% of its total population, and this is expected increase to 30 million by 2012 and 35 million by 2018. The U.S., another developed country, is facing the same predicament. In 1914, the elderly population made up only 7% of its total
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adolescents with Disabilities Have Received Relatively Little Attention Historically
    This paper was commissioned for the Committee on Applying Lessons of Optimal Adolescent Health to Improve Behavioral Outcomes for Youth, whose work was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Opinions and statements included in the paper are solely those of the individual authors, and are not necessarily adopted, endorsed, or verified as accurate by the Committee on Applying Lessons of Optimal Adolescent Health to Improve Behavioral Outcomes for Youth, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families, or the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Applying Lessons of Optimal Adolescent Health to Improve Behavioral Outcomes for Youth with Disabilities Willi Horner-Johnson, PhD Lindsay Sauvé, MPH University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities Oregon Health & Science University Introduction Disability is a common part of the human experience. An estimated 25.6% of the adult population (age 18 years and older) of the United States has some type of disability (CDC, 2019), making people with disabilities the largest minority group in the country. Some disabilities are not acquired until middle age or later, while others are present from birth or occur during the developmental period (prior to the age of 22 years; Boyle et al., 2011). Approximately 15% of children ages 3-17 years have a disability (Boyle et al., 2011). The most common causes of disabilities present during the adolescent years are emotional and behavioral disorders, learning disabilities, mild intellectual disability, speech and language impairments, and autism (Gage, Lierheimer, and Goran, 2012). Lower incidence disabilities in this age range include blindness/low vision, deafness/hard-of-hearing, and mobility disabilities (Boyle et al., 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Corrigendum. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2011. 55(8): P
    1. Corrigendum. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2011. 55(8): p. 821-821. A correction to the article "Recruitment and Consent of Women with Intellectual Disabilities in a Randomized Control Trial of a Health Promotion Intervention," that appeared in issue number 55 of the journal is presented. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=afh&AN=62963327&site=ehost-live&scope=site 2. Developing health resources with the help of people with Down syndrome. Learning Disability Practice, 2006. 9(4): p. 16-18. Lynda Russell describes how focus groups, which included people with Down syndrome, helped develop health promotion material for thsoe with learning disabilities. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2009181621&site=ehost-live&scope=site 3. DIGEST. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2012. 29(2): p. 193-198. Reviews of several articles on physical activity are presented, including "Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis," by R. W. Motl and colleagues, published in a 2011 issue of the "Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology" and "Getting From Here to There and Knowing Where: Teaching Global Positioning Systems to Student With Visual Impairments," by C. L. Phillips, published in a 2011 issue of the "Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness." http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=afh&AN=74207719&site=ehost-live&scope=site 4. DIGEST. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2011. 28(4): p. 370-376. The article presents abstracts on several studies about adapted physical activity including "The Accuracy of Talking Pedometers During Free-Living Activities," by C. Albright and G.
    [Show full text]
  • Functioning, Disability, and Health: a Taiwanese Study
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Journal of the Formosan Medical Association (2013) 112, 691e698 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.jfma-online.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evolution of system for disability assessment based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: A Taiwanese study Sue-Wen Teng a, Chia-Feng Yen b, Hua-Fang Liao c, Kwan-Hwa Chang d, Wen-Chou Chi e, Yen-Ho Wang f, Tsan-Hon Liou g,h,*, Taiwan ICF Team a Bureau of Nursing and Health Services Development, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan b Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan c Chinese Association of Early Intervention of Professional for Children with Developmental Delays, Hualien, Taiwan d Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan e Department of Information Management, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan f Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan g Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan h Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan Received 26 March 2013; received in revised form 3 September 2013; accepted 3 September 2013 KEYWORDS Background/Purpose: The criteria for disability were mainly based on the medical model, and the disability; candidates for disability benefits were identified by physicians mainly depending on their degree of International bodily impairment, but without sufficient evaluation of their activity, participation, and environ- Classification of ment in Taiwan.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in the Prevalence of Childhood Disability: Analysis of Data from The
    Research in Developmental Disabilities 34 (2013) 3766–3772 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Research in Developmental Disabilities Trends in the prevalence of childhood disability: Analysis of data from the national disability registry of Taiwan, 2000–2011 a,b c d,e, Der-Chung Lai , Yen-Cheng Tseng , How-Ran Guo * a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan b Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan c Department of Business Administration and Language Education Center, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan d Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan e Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Childhood disability is not uncommon, but data at the national level are limited, especially Article history: Received 5 June 2013 those on the changes in the prevalence over time. On the basis of the Disabled Welfare Act, Accepted 5 August 2013 Taiwan began to certify disabled residents and provide various services in 1980. All the Available online 7 September 2013 cases receiving services are registered, and the registry provides a rare opportunity for studying childhood disability at the national level. Using the data from 2000 to 2011, we Keywords: calculated the age-specific prevalence of all disability combined and assessed the changes Autism spectrum disorders over time. We also calculated the prevalence rate and the proportion in all disabilities Childhood disability combined for each disability category and assessed the trends.
    [Show full text]
  • Of 17 Social Change and the Disability Rights Movement in Taiwan 1981
    Social Change and the Disability Rights Movement in Taiwan 1981-2002 Chang, Heng-hao. Ph.D. Department of Sociology Nanhua University of Chia-Yi Abstract: This paper provides a historical overview of the disability rights movement in Taiwan from 1981 to 2002. It shows the major events in Taiwanese disability history, legislation, and development of disability rights organizations, with a focus on two influential advocacy associations: the Parents’ Association for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (PAPID) and the League of Enabling Associations (LEAs). It also demonstrates that the disability movement has developed in concert with Taiwan’s democratic transition. Key Words: disability rights, social movement, democratization * Editor’s Note – This article was anonymously peer reviewed. ** Author’s Note - The author would like to thank Steven Brown, Hagen Koo, Guobin Yang, Mingbao Yue, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments; and Elizabeth Crouse and Patrick Fillner for their proofreading. *** Author’s Note - Several Chinese Mandarin romanization systems are used in Taiwan. This paper follows the Hanyu Pinyin system. For particular names of organizations and for culturally specific languages, I include the traditional Chinese characters. For specific Taiwanese authors’ names, this paper follows the romanization system used by the particular author (for more detail on romanization of Chinese Mandarin in Taiwan see http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5- gp/yearbook/2001/appendix8.htm). “Disability is everywhere in history, once you begin looking for it, but conspicuously absent in the histories we write” (Baynton, 2001, p. 52). Introduction Taiwan has been known for its “economic miracle,” “third wave democracy” and as an example of the new “Asian welfare paradigm.” Nevertheless, people with disabilities are the hidden minority in Asian society.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORIES, PRACTICES and POLICIES of DISABILITY International, Comparative and Transdisciplinary Perspectives
    8th Annual Conference of HISTORIES, PRACTICES AND POLICIES OF DISABILITY International, Comparative and Transdisciplinary Perspectives Cologne, Germany // 5 & 6 September 2019 HISTORIES, PRACTICES AND POLICIES OF DISABILITY. INTERNATIONAL, COMPARATIVE AND TRANSDISCIPLI- NARY PERSPECTIVES Disability is a multidimensional phenomenon: it is understood as a lived ex- perience, a social practice, a cultural trope and an international policy issue. A growing body of scholars investigates disability as a historical, social, polit- ical and cultural construction. In the age of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), discourses on disability can be traced throughout a multiplicity of histories, narratives, practices and policies. The existing landscape of innovative disability research and political interventions consists of a broad spectrum of theoretical concepts, methodological and em- pirical approaches and ethical foundations, and draws from the political and social sciences, historical research as well as the cultural studies approaches. Studying disability as a multifaceted object of research raises the following questions: ■ How is historical, socio-political and cultural knowledge about embodiment, health, normality, impairment and dis/ability produced and transformed? ■ How are theories and concepts of disability translated into em- pirical methodology (e.g. participatory and/or emancipatory research), and how can disability research and critical disabili- ty studies inform general academia and political practice?
    [Show full text]
  • The Utilization and Barriers of Pap Smear Among Women with Visual Impairment Wen-Hui Fang1, Chia-Feng Yen2*, Jung Hu3, Jin-Ding Lin4 and Ching-Hui Loh1
    Fang et al. International Journal for Equity in Health (2016) 15:65 DOI 10.1186/s12939-016-0354-4 RESEARCH Open Access The utilization and barriers of Pap smear among women with visual impairment Wen-Hui Fang1, Chia-Feng Yen2*, Jung Hu3, Jin-Ding Lin4 and Ching-Hui Loh1 Abstract Background: Many evidences illustrate that the Pap smear screening successfully reduces if the cervical cancer could be detected and treated sufficiently early. People with disability were higher comorbidity prevalence, and less likely to use preventive health care and health promotion activities. There were also to demonstrate that people with visual impairment has less access to appropriate healthcare services and is less likely to receive screening examinations. In Taiwan, there was no study to explore utilization of Pap smear, associated factors and use barriers about Pap smear screening test among women with visual impairment. The purpose is to explore the utilization and barriers of using Pap smear for women with visual impairment in Taiwan. To identify the barriers of women with visual from process of receiving Pap smear screening test. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted and the totally 316 participators were selected by stratified proportional and random sampling from 15 to 64 year old women with visual impairment who lived in Taipei County during December 2009 to January 2010. The data was been collected by phone interview and the interviewers were well trained before interview. Results: The mean age was 47.1 years old and the highest percentage of disabled severity was mile (40.2 %). Totally, 66.5 % of participators were ever using Pap smear and 38.9 % used it during pass 1 year.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Han-Ping Huang.Pdf
    Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät Erziehungswissenschaft, Psychologie und Soziologie Possibility and Problems of a cross- country Comparative Analysis of Long- term Care Needs and Systems: Germany and Taiwan in Comparison Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Han-Ping Huang, geboren am 02. April, 1978 in Tainan, Taiwan Erstgutachten: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Naegele Zweitgutachten: Prof. Dr. Monika Reichert September, 2017 Content Chapter 1. Issues Related to Long- term Care Needs………………………….…………….1 1.1 The General Situation in Germany and Taiwan……………………………………………..2 1.1.1 The Extended Life Expectancy (at Birth)………............................................................6 1.1.2 Trends in Total Fertility Rate and the Old- Age Dependency Ratio……………………9 1.1.3 Informal care force and Female Labor Force Participation Rate…………………….14 1.1.4 The Principle of Ageing in Place in Taiwan…………………………………….......17 1.2 The Predicament of Long- term Care System in Taiwan………………………………..,...19 1.3 Discussion and Conclusion………………………………………………………………...29 Chapter 2. The Measurement of Long- term Care Needs and Its Attribution…………....31 2.1 The Measurement of Long- term Care Needs with Dementia……….…………………….32 2.2 The Attributes of Long- term Care Recipients in Germany………..………………………37 2.2.1 The Proportion of Care Patterns…………………………………………………….38 2.3 The supply of Long- term Care Service in Taiwan………………………………………...39 2.3.1 The Pattern of Long- term Care Service …………………………………………...…40 2.3.2 The Attributes
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Lived Experiences of Adults with Disability
    IJDS 2018; Vol. 5 No. 1, May 2018, pp. 10-25 10 ISSN: 2355 – 2158 Cite this as: Singh, Ritu, Chopra, Geeta. ‘Don’t Stare At Me….’ Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Adults With Disability. Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies (IJDS).2018: Vol. 5(1): PP 10 - 25. ‘DON’T STARE AT ME….’ EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF ADULTS WITH DISABILITY 1*Ritu Singh, 2Geeta Chopra 1, 2Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, India Abstract The spirit of rights based approach calls for the meaningful involvement of people with disabilities in daily aspects of life and their participation is crucial if we want to build an inclusive and prosperous society. For achieving the aim of inclusion it becomes necessary to go by the slogan of disabled people‘s organizations i.e. ―Nothing about us, without us‖; this further defines the purpose of present paper which locates the perspectives of people with disabilities in terms of what it means to live with a disability. Much has been focussed on the opinions of caregivers when it comes to talking about people with disabilities thus keeping aside the insider‘s perspectives of living the phenomenon of disability. The lived experiences of people with disabilities is the need of an hour when across the globe thrust in on inclusion. The paper explores the identity, self-concept, self-consciousness, participation, sexuality, barriers, and employment, all seen through the eyes of the adults with disability. The adults with disabilities feel themselves as normal, want to be included by participating in social and economic domains and explore sexuality as non-disabled people; it is the presence of the barriers in social and environmental zones that hinder their inclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    Clothing for the female crutch user: Case studies of the clothing worn by the middle class American female crutch user Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wu, Meng-Hui Margaret, 1962- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 13:11:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291750 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Picture of Americia Reproductive Outcomes Fact Sheet
    REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES QUICK FACTS Of the 6 million pregnancies in the United States Age, genetics, medical each year, approximately 2.2 million end with health, socioeconomic status, behaviors, health miscarriage or stillbirth or are voluntarily care, and environmental exposures all affect the terminated; about a half million babies are born ability to conceive, carry, prematurely; and about 120,000 babies have and deliver a healthy full-term baby.1,2,3 birth defects. The role of environmental exposures in reproductive INTRODUCTION and infant health is complex and not largely More than three million healthy babies are born annually in the United understood. States. The parents’ age, genetics, medical health, socioeconomic status, behaviors, access to health care, and environmental exposures all affect No national database their ability to conceive, carry, and deliver a healthy full-term baby. to track all birth defects Unfortunately, not every woman can become pregnant; not every woman exists. Currently, over 40 who becomes pregnant can carry her baby to full term; and not every states have population- based birth defects baby is born healthy. Identification of the specific risk factors involved surveillance systems and is needed to develop prevention and intervention strategies to prevent participate in the adverse reproductive outcomes. National Birth Defects Prevention Network, Our understanding of what causes adverse reproductive outcomes has a nonprofit organization increased greatly over the past decades. However, there is still much that collects, analyzes, we do not know. In particular, the role of environmental exposures and disseminates birth in reproductive and infant health is complex and largely not understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex and Geographic Differences in the Prevalence of Reported Childhood Motor Disability and Their Trends in Taiwan
    Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2018, Article ID 6754230, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6754230 Research Article Sex and Geographic Differences in the Prevalence of Reported Childhood Motor Disability and Their Trends in Taiwan Cheng-Fang Tsai ,1,2 How-Ran Guo ,3,4,5 Yen-Cheng Tseng,6 and Der-Chung Lai 1,7 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, 539ZhongxiaoRoad,Chiayi600,Taiwan 2Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan 3Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan 4Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan 5OccupationalSafety,HealthandMedicineResearchCenter,NationalChengKungUniversity,138Sheng-LiRoad,Tainan704,Taiwan 6Language Education Center and Department of Tourism, Food and Beverage Management, Chang Jung Christian University, 1 Chang-Da Road, Tainan 711, Taiwan 7DepartmentofSeniorCitizenServiceManagement,ChiaNanUniversityofPharmacy&Science,60ErrenRoad,Section1, Tainan 717, Taiwan Correspondence should be addressed to Der-Chung Lai; [email protected] Received 17 October 2017; Accepted 28 February 2018; Published 5 April 2018 Academic Editor: Laura Guidetti Copyright © 2018 Cheng-Fang Tsai et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Motor disability (MD) is not uncommon in children, but data at the national level are scarce. As the Taiwan government certifes and registers disabled residents for providing services on a routine basis, the registry provides a unique opportunity for studying MD.
    [Show full text]