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Heads of the Siedlce School Directorate (1864–1912)

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Heads of the Siedlce School Directorate (1864–1912) RES HISTORICA 50, 2020 DOI:10.17951/rh.2020.50.269-284 Dariusz Szewczuk (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-0097 E-mail: [email protected] Heads of the Siedlce School Directorate (1864–1912) Naczelnicy Siedleckiej Dyrekcji Naukowej (1864–1912) ABSTRACT The article presents and analyses the group of officials heading the Siedlce School Directorate in the years 1864–1912. They were responsible for supervising the functioning of education in the Siedlce Governorate. They also had the right to decide on employing teachers in elementary schools and controlled their teaching and educational work. In the political situation of the era, their tasks also focused on pursuing activities involved in Rus- sification. The article attempts to answer the question as to what extent their professional background had an impact on how they accomplished these tasks. It also discusses where they came from, what social strata they were born in, and what education they received. Key words: Kingdom of Poland, Siedlce School Directorate, education administra- tion, heads of school directorates, elementary education PUBLICATION INFO e-ISSN: 2449-8467 ISSN: 2082-6060 THE AUTHOR’S ADDRESS: Dariusz Szewczuk, the Institute of History of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 4A Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, Lublin 20-031, Poland SOURCE OF FUNDING: Statutory Research of the Institute of History of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin SUBMITTED: ACCEPTED: PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2020.01.30 2020.03.07 2020.12.28 EDITORIAL WEBSITE OF THE JOURNAL: COMMITTEE E-mail: https://journals.umcs.pl/rh [email protected] 270 DARIUSz SzewczUk The second half of the 19th century belongs to an extremely interesting period in the history of the Polish nation, especially in the lands under Russian rule referred to as the Kingdom of Poland. In the 1860’s and 1870’s, the Russian authorities undertook a series of actions aimed at unifying the legal and administrative solutions in force in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland, which were modelled on those applicable in the Russian Empire. The solutions adopted in this regard served the integration of the Kingdom with the Russian Empire. Educational institutions were recognized as an important tool for the partitioner to pursue the policy of Russification. The outbreak of the January Uprising resulted in the imposition of an increasingly strict Russian policy towards the Polish population inhabiting the lands of the Kingdom of Poland. The repression by the tsarist authorities not only affected the direct participants of the uprising, but was also aimed at liquidating the remnants of the Kingdom’s autonomy. These actions undermined the achievements of Aleksander Wielopolski of the early 1860’s, when he managed to regain partial autonomy of the Kingdom under the framework of the Russian Empire1. Education proved to be one of the foremost autonomous areas which the partitioning authorities finally decided to abolish. The schooling system in the Kingdom of Poland was made subject to direct supervision and instruction of the Ministry of Enlightenment in St. Petersburg, which meant the undoing of educational reforms introduced by Wielopolski2. Nikolay Milyutin was the reformer of schooling system in the Kingdom, presented to and accepted by the Russian Tsar Alexander II. Milyutin assumed in his plan that the direct control of the Russian central authorities over education in the Kingdom of Poland would make it possible to remove Polish gentry and clergy from their influence on education, and thus on the peasantry constituting the majority of the Kingdom’s population. Education was to become one of the factors that would serve to win peasants over to the rule of the Tsar, portrayed as the defender and protector of the people3. The process of introducing administrative and organizational solutions in the field of education identical to those in the Russian Empire was initiated by an ukase (decree) on the new organization of school administration 1 Ukaz przywracający Radę Stanu Królestwa Polskiego z 14/26 III 1861 r., ‘Dziennik Praw Królestwa Polskiego’ [hereinafter: DPKP], vol. 57, Warszawa 1860–1861, pp. 333–341. 2 It is described in detail by K. Poznański, Opinia publiczna Królestwa Polskiego wobec sprawy oświaty ludu w 1861 roku, ‘Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty’ 1964, 7; idem, Reforma szkolna w Królestwie Polskim w 1862 roku, Wrocław 1968, pp. 69–94. See also: S. Sempołowska, Reforma szkolna 1862 roku, in: Pisma pedagogiczne i oświatowe, Warszawa 1962. 3 R. Wroczyński, Myśl pedagogiczna i programy oświatowe w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, Warszawa 1963, pp. 40–41. DOI: 10.17951/rh.2020.50.269-284 Heads OF THE Siedlce SCHOOL Directorate (1864–1912) 271 in the Kingdom of Poland of 30 August/11 September 1864. Pursuant to its provisions, school directorates headed by directors were established. School directorates took over competences of the liquidated sections of Denominations and Public Enlightenment in the governorate authorities. The Kingdom of Poland was divided into ten directorates: Warsaw, Łódź, Radom, Kielce, Lublin, Chełm, Siedlce, Suwałki, Łomża and Płock, and for the city of Warsaw a school inspector was appointed with the authority of a director of a school directorate. The heads of the directorates and the school inspector of the city of Warsaw became ex officio members of the Public Education Council, in whose work they had the possibility to participate during their official stays in Warsaw4. The institution supervising the school directorates was initially the Government Commission of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment, and later the supervision over them was transferred to the Government Commission of Public Enlightenment5. However, as early as in 1867 the Warsaw School District [hereinafter: WSD] was restored, and it assumed authority of the educational institutions in the Kingdom6. This decision also resulted in the subordination of education in the Kingdom of Poland directly to the Ministry of Public Enlightenment in St. Petersburg. The district was headed by a superintendent who could independently decide on many issues related to the functioning of elementary education. However, some decisions had to be agreed with or forwarded to the Ministry of Education in St. Petersburg for consideration7. The change in the organization of school administration consisting in the establishment of the WSD, and earlier the directorates, meant the unification of the administration and supervision system for education in the Kingdom, following the model in force in the Russian Empire, and subjecting education to the tutelage of the Ministry of Education. The adopted system and the scope of duties of the superintendent overseeing the WSD and the directors supporting him in the directorates was almost identical to that in other school districts of the Russian Empire8. The superintendent’s competences were not very extensive, and his independence was limited by the need to ask the Ministry of Education in St. Petersburg for approval of his decisions 4 Ukaz najwyższy o organizacji Dyrekcji Naukowych w Królestwie Polskim z 30 VIII/11 IX 1864 r., DPKP, vol. 62, Warszawa 1864, pp. 391, 397. 5 More on this topic: T. Manteuffel,Centralne władze oświatowe na terenie byłego Królestwa Kongresowego (1807–1915), Warszawa 1929. 6 K. Poznański, Reforma, pp. 288–289. 7 Ustawa o Okręgu Naukowym Warszawskim z 15/27 V 1867 r., DPKP, vol. 67, Warszawa 1867, p. 65. 8 T. Manteuffel, op. cit., pp. 46–48. DOI: 10.17951/rh.2020.50.269-284 272 DARIUSz SzewczUk regarding even more substantial expenses or certain personnel matters9. Russian authorities designated as superintendents only trusted persons and those considered to be faithful executors of the Tsar’s will. The function of the WSD superintendent was successively performed by: Teodor Witte, Alexandr Apuchtin, Valery Lignin, Grzegorz Saenger, Alexandr Schwarz, Vladimir Belyaev, Grzegorz Lewicki and Prince Ivan Kurakin10. The efficient performance of supervisory functions over education by the heads of the school directorates required to determine the borders of the territories in which the overseen school facilities were located. The territorial division of school directorates adopted in 186411 did not coincide with the borders of the five governorates of the Kingdom. Initially, two school directorates functioned in each governorate, and in the case of the Lublin Governorate these were even three directorates: Lublin, Chełm and Siedlce. This state was changed by the Act on Governorate and Poviat Management in the Governorates of the Kingdom of Poland of 19/31 December 1866, which replaced the previous five governorates with ten new governorates: Warsaw, Kalisz, Piotrków, Radom, Kielce, Lublin, Siedlce, Płock, Łomża and Suwałki. At the same time, the governorates were divided into 85 poviats (counties)12. Interestingly, the area of the formed governorates largely coincided with the earlier demarcation of the areas subordinate to the school directorates. The school supervision system formed in the late 1860’s in terms of its administrative structure persisted until the First World War with minor changes. The first of them was connected with the new division of the Kingdom into governorates introduced in 1866. The Lublin School Directorate was liquidated and the supervision of educational matters in the Lublin governorate was transferred to the Chełm School Directorate. The Łódź directorate, in turn, was divided into two units, one of which took over the management of education in the Kalisz Governorate, while the Łódź directorate dealt with the affairs of schools in the Piotrków Governorate13. The second major change was related to the establishment of the separate Chełm Governorate in 1912. The new governorate was created from the eastern parts of the Siedlce and Lublin Governorates, and 9 Ustawa o Okręgu Naukowym, p. 65. 10 T. Manteuffel, op. cit., pp. 50, 68–69. 11 Postanowienie Komitetu Urządzającego rozdzielające powiaty Królestwa Polskiego pomiędzy 10 Dyrekcji Naukowych w z 19 IX/1 X 1864 r., DPKP, vol.
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