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Holocaust Und Vergangenheitspolitik in Rumänien“

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Holocaust Und Vergangenheitspolitik in Rumänien“ DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Holocaust und Vergangenheitspolitik in Rumänien“ Verfasserin Nina Maria Horbath angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 190 344 313 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Lehramtsstudium UniStG UF Englisch UniStG UF Geschichte, Sozialkunde Polit. Bildg. UniStG Betreuer: Doz. Dr. Hans Safrian 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINFÜHRUNG ..................................................................................................................... 5 2. DIE SITUATION DER RUMÄNISCHEN JUDEN VOR DEN WELTKRIEGEN ....... 7 2.1 Die Situation der rumänischen Juden in der Zeit vor dem ersten Weltkrieg ............................................ 7 2.2 Die Situation der rumänischen Juden in der Zwischenkriegszeit ............................................................... 9 3. DIE POLITISCHE SITUATION RUMÄNIENS IN DER ZWISCHENKRIEGSZEIT .................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Die innenpolitische Situation Rumäniens in der Zwischenkriegszeit ........................................................ 13 3.2 Die außenpolitische Situation Rumäniens vor dem zweiten Weltkrieg .................................................... 16 3.2.1 Die Auswirkungen der außenpolitischen Lage Rumäniens auf das Schicksal der Juden ........................ 17 3.2.2 Die Auswirkungen der außenpolitischen Lage Rumäniens auf die Staatsführung .................................. 18 4. ION ANTONESCU ............................................................................................................ 20 4.1 Antonescu unmittelbar nach der Machtübernahme – Der „Nationallegionäre Staat“ ........................... 20 4.2 Rumänien unter Antonescu nach dem Ende des „Nationallegionären Staates“ ...................................... 23 4.2.1 Antonescu „Rumänisierungspolitik“ und ihre Legislative ....................................................................... 23 4.2.2 Der Kriegseintritt Rumäniens ................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.3 Die Eroberungen Transnistriens und Odessas .......................................................................................... 26 5. DEPORTATIONEN UND MASSENMORDE AN JUDEN UND ROMA ................... 30 5.1 Das Jassy Pogrom ........................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Der Einmarsch in die Regionen Bukowina und Bessarabien ..................................................................... 33 5.3 Ghettoisierung ................................................................................................................................................ 34 5.4 Deportation ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 5.5 Transnistrien .................................................................................................................................................. 37 5.5.1 Rechtliche Lage der Juden in Transnistrien ............................................................................................. 38 5.5.2 Das Leben in Transnistrien ....................................................................................................................... 39 5.5.3 Seuchen und damit verbundene Maßnahmen der transnistrischen Regierung ......................................... 40 5.5.4 Die geplanten Abschiebungen über den Bug ........................................................................................... 43 5.6 Das Schicksal anderer nicht-rumänischer Minderheiten ........................................................................... 43 6. DIE WENDE IN DER RUMÄNISCHEN ANTIJÜDISCHEN POLITIK .................... 48 6.1 Die Planung und der Abbruch der Deportationen in das Generalgouvernement ................................... 48 6.2 Die Rückführung und Emigration der Juden aus Transnistrien .............................................................. 51 7. DIE WENDE IM KRIEG UND DIE DAMIT VERBUNDENE SITUATION IN RUMÄNIEN ........................................................................................................................... 57 3 7.1 Die Annäherung an die Alliierten ................................................................................................................. 57 7.2 Die Verhandlungen um einen Waffenstillstand mit den Alliierten ........................................................... 59 7.3 Der Coup d’État gegen Ion Antonescu ......................................................................................................... 61 7.4 Die neue Regierung ........................................................................................................................................ 63 8. ZWISCHENRESÜMEE .................................................................................................... 65 9. VERGANGENHEITSPOLITIK ....................................................................................... 66 9.1 Die erste Phase der Vergangenheitspolitik .................................................................................................. 66 9.1.1 Die ersten Versuche der Verleugnung ...................................................................................................... 66 9.1.2 Die vorherrschenden Narrative der ersten Phase ...................................................................................... 67 9.2 Die zweite Phase der Vergangenheitspolitik ................................................................................................ 69 9.3 Die dritte Phase der Vergangenheitspolitik ................................................................................................. 72 9.3.1 Die Rehabilitierung Ion Antonescus und der Antonescu-Kult ................................................................. 72 9.3.2 Die Wende in der Vergangenheitspolitik ................................................................................................. 76 9.4 Die Implementierung der neuen Vergangenheitspolitik im Schulwesen .................................................. 81 9.5 Zur Vergangenheitspolitik in Bezug auf den Holocaust und die Verfolgung der Roma ......................... 84 10. FAZIT ................................................................................................................................ 86 11. ANHANG .......................................................................................................................... 88 11.1 Verwendete Literatur .................................................................................................................................. 88 11.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................................. 91 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ....................................................................................................... 92 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 93 CURRICULUM VITAE ........................................................................................................ 94 4 1. Einführung Am 11. November 2004 wurde Präsident Ion Iliescu der Final Report, eine umfangreiche Forschung zum Thema des Holocaust in Rumänien, von der dafür eigens einberufenen Historikerkommission unter der Leitung von Elie Wiesel übergeben.1 Dieser Final Report sollte aufzeigen, welches Unrecht den Menschen jüdischer Abstammung und den Roma in Rumänien während des zweiten Weltkrieges angetan worden war. Allerdings liegt eine relativ lange Zeitspanne zwischen der Verfolgung und Vernichtung der rumänischen Juden und Roma und der offiziellen, staatlich beauftragten Aufarbeitung dieses Themas. Dies lässt die Frage entstehen, was in Rumänien passiert sein konnte, dass die Vergangenheitspolitik 60 Jahre gebraucht hatte, bis sie damit begonnen hat, den Genozid unter dem Regime Ion Antonescus zu erforschen. Diese Arbeit soll sich dieser Frage widmen: Wie konnte es geschehen, dass Rumänien und die Vergangenheitspolitik des Landes 60 Jahre lang die Morde, die im Holocaust in Rumänien begangen worden waren, nicht erforscht hat? Wieso wurde nicht schon früher eine Historikerkommission damit beauftragt, die Forschung zu diesem Thema voranzutreiben und eine Grundlage für all jene Historiker zu schaffen, die in diesem Fachbereich arbeiten wollen? Welche Faktoren haben sich darauf ausgewirkt, dass eine Aufarbeitung der rumänischen Vergangenheit in Bezug auf den Holocaust erst nach mehr als einem halben Jahrhundert in Gang gesetzt werden konnte? Diese Fragen können aber erst geklärt werden, wenn man sich angesehen hat, wie der rumänische Holocaust überhaupt entstanden ist. Zu diesem Zweck wird es notwendig sein, den in der rumänischen Gesellschaft tief verankerten Antisemitismus zu besprechen, der schon in der Zeit vor dem ersten Weltkrieg seine Auswirkungen auf das Leben der rumänischen Juden zeigte. Dieser Antisemitismus schränkte sie in ihren Rechten zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten mehr oder weniger ein und fand seinen Höhepunkt in der Zeit des zweiten Weltkrieges. Kein anderes Land, außer Deutschland, hat den Holocaust an den Juden
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