DOCSLIB.ORG

Hybrid Worlds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hybrid Worlds CLAWAR Association Series on Robot Ethics and Standards Hybrid Worlds: Societal and Ethical Challenges Editors Selmer Bringsjord Mohammad O. Tokhi Maria Isabel Aldinhas Ferreira Naveen S. Govindarajulu HYBRID WORLDS: Societal and Ethical Challenges HYBRID WORLDS: Societal and Ethical Challenges ICRES 2018 Proceedings, New York, USA 20-21 August 2018 Editors Selmer Bringsjord Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA Mohammad Osman Tokhi London South Bank University, UK Maria Isabel Aldinhas Ferreira University of Lisbon, Portugal Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA © CLAWAR Association Ltd, UK Published by CLAWAR Association Ltd, UK (www.clawar.org) Hybrid worlds: Societal and ethical challenges Proceedings of the International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards Copyright © 2018 by CLAWAR Association Ltd ISBN 978-1-9164490-1-5 PREFACE Hybrid worlds is the proceedings book of ICRES 2018 - the third edition of International Conference series on Robot Ethics and Standards, organized by CLAWAR Association in collaboration with the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) within the premises of RPI in Troy, New York, USA during 20 – 21 August 2018. ICRES 2018 brings new developments and new research findings in robot ethics and ethical issues of robotic and associated technologies. The topics covered include artificial intelligence, artificial moral agents and moral decisions, robot companionship and consequent ethical risks, and ethical obligations. The ICRES 2018 conference includes a total of 22 articles, including four plenary lectures, from 11 countries. This number has been arrived at through rigorous review of initial submissions, where each paper initially submitted has received on average three reviews. The editors would like to thank members of the International Scientific Committee and National Organising Committee for their efforts in reviewing the submitted articles, and the authors in addressing the comments and suggestions of the reviewers in their final submissions. It is believed that the ICRES 2018 proceedings will be a valuable source of reference for research and development in the rapidly growing area of robotics and associated technologies. S. Bringsjord, M. O. Tokhi, M. I. A. Ferreira and N. S. Govindarajulu vii CONFERENCE ORGANISERS CLAWAR Association www.clawar.org Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute https://www.rpi.edu/ Rensselaer AI and Reasoning Lab https://rair.cogsci.rpi.edu/ viii CONFERENCE SPONSORS Soft Bank Robotics https://www.softbankrobotics.com/ Deep Detection http://www.deepdetection.com/ Rensselaer School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences http://www.hass.rpi.edu/ ix CONFERENCE COMMITTEES AND CHAIRS Conference General Co-Chairs Selmer Bringsjord – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Mohammad Osman Tokhi – London South Bank University, UK Maria Isabel Aldinhas Ferreira – University of Lisbon, Portugal Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Advisory Committee Gurvinder S. Virk (Chair) – CLAWAR Association, UK Raja Chatila – University Pierre Marie Curie, France Roeland de Bruin LL.M – Utrecht University, The Netherlands Program Committee Mohammad Osman Tokhi (Chair) – London South Bank University, UK Filipo Cavallo – Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Italy Nigel Crook – Oxford Brookes University, UK Maaike Harbers – Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Joe Johnson – University of Connecticut, USA Naho Kitano – Hibot Corporation, Japan Wilhelm Klein – City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong John Licato – University of South Florida, USA Pedro Lima – ISR/IST University of Lisbon, Portugal Vincent Müller – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Amit Pandey – SoftBank Robotics Edson Prestes – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil João Sequeira – University of Lisbon, Portugal Mei Si – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA David Vernon – University of Skövde, Sweden Sean Welsh – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Organising Committee Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu (Chair) – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Shreya Banerjee – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Selmer Bringsjord – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Dimitris Chrysostomou – Aalborg University, Denmark Rikhiya Ghosh – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Paula Monahan – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Atriya Sen – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA x TABLE OF CONTENTS Title ........................................................................................................................................ i Preface ................................................................................................................................. vii Conference organisers ........................................................................................................ viii Conference sponsors ............................................................................................................. ix Conference committees and chairs ......................................................................................... x Table of contents .................................................................................................................. xi Section–1: Plenary presentations Creating the modern standard for ethical A/IS ...................................................................... 3 John C. Havens Toward human-level moral cognition in a computational cognitive architecture ................. 4 Paul Bello Autonomous weapons and the future of war ......................................................................... 5 Paul Scharre Fear of robots: A roboticist perspective ................................................................................ 6 Rodolphe Gélin Section–2: Regular presentations Ethical considerations of (contextually) affective robot behaviour ..................................... 13 A. van Maris, N. Zook, P. Caleb-Solly, M. Studley, A. Winfield and S. Dogramadzi Quasi-dilemmas for artificial moral agents ......................................................................... 20 D. Kasenberg, V. Sarathy, T. Arnold, M. Scheutz and T. Williams For AIs, is it ethically/legally permitted that ethical obligations override legal ones? ....... 26 A. Sen, B. Srivastava, K. Talamadupula, N. S. Govindarajulu and S. Bringsjord Virtue ethics via planning and learning ............................................................................... 33 N. S. Govindarajulu, S. Bringsjord and R. Ghosh Probing formal/informal misalignment with the loophole task ........................................... 39 J. Licato and Z. Marji Moral decisions by robots by calculating the minimal damages using verdict history ........ 46 S. Ophir Robot companions for older people – Ethical concerns ...................................................... 53 J. Torresen, T. Schulz, M.. Z. Uddin, W. Khaksar and E. Prestes Appropriateness and feasibility of legal personhood for AI systems .................................. 59 B. Zevenbergen, M. A. Finlayson, M. Kortz, U. Pagallo, J. S. Borg and T. Zapušek Framing risk, the new phenomenon of data surveillance and data monetisation; from an ‘always on’ culture to ‘always on’ artificial intelligence assistants ................................ 65 xi M. Cunneen, M. Mullins and F. Murphy Robot: Asker of questions and changer of norms? .............................................................. 76 R. B. Jackson and T. Williams Towards automating the doctrine of triple effect ................................................................. 82 M. Peveler, N. S. Govindarajulu and S. Bringsjord Similarities in recent works on safe and secure biology and AI research ............................ 89 P. H. O. dos Santos and D. A. C. Barone Drones and data protection issues ....................................................................................... 93 N. Fabiano Revisiting the concept of [work] in the age of autonomous machines ................................ 98 M. I. A. Ferreira AI conceptual risk analysis matrix (CRAM) ..................................................................... 107 M. Ciupa and K. Abney Janus-headed robotics: Dilemmas and paradoxes in robot ethics ...................................... 115 E. E. Kadar Why do we need robotic & AI governance? An analysis of the (socio-) economic implications of robotics and artificial intelligence ............................................................ 129 D. B. O. Boesl and M. Bode Demystifying "value alignment": Formally linking axiology to ethical principles in a deontic cognitive calculus .......................................................................................... 139 S. Bringsjord, N. S. Govindarajulu and A. Sen Author index ....................................................................................................................... 145 xii SECTION–1 PLENARY PRESENTATIONS ICRES 2018: International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards, New York, USA, 20-21 August 2018. https://doi.org/10.13180/icres.2018.20-21.08.p01 CREATING THE MODERN STANDARD FOR ETHICAL A/IS JOHN C. HAVENS Executive Director, The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, USA There's a phrase among engineers - "You don't build a bridge to fall down." Codes of ethics have existed for decades to help guide roboticists, programmers, and academics in their work to help prioritize safety concerns regarding what they build. But as with the introduction of any new technology,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Legal Aspects on the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence
    EAI Endorsed Transactions on Creative Technologies Research Article Legal Aspects on the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Corneliu Andy Puşcã1,* 1 Danubius University of Galati, 3 Galati Blvd., Galati 800654, Romania Abstract Artificially Intelligent agents are more and more present in society. They have the potential to improve our daily life and social welfare. But, the introduction of AI already brings some technologic, industrial and regulatory challenges. The robots operating autonomously, without the intervention or awareness of humans will raise questions regarding attribution of rights or restrictions / obligations for them, liability for their actions, taxation, data privacy, robotic labour replacing human labour. The change of liability paradigm from the operator of the vehicle to the manufacturer started with the imposition of liability for damages arising from an autonomous car. Should robots pay taxes? Maybe it is not fair to tax artificially intelligent agents for benefiting from public expenditure, because the use of public services or infrastructures by an AI agent it’s not a benefit for the agent, but for the user or designer. It can be a necessity, for reasons related to altering patterns of consumption or employment within the economy. The risk of losing control over AI agents are not only related to damages, but also to the protection of personal data and public safety. This can happen due to malfunctions, security breaches, the superior response time of computers compared to humans, unsafe explorations, hacking and so on. In this paper we aim at demonstrating that, with the proliferation of artificial intelligence, questions will come up and legal frameworks will inevitably need to adapt.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Artificial Intelligence Diplomacy
    STUDY Requested by the AIDA committee Artificial Intelligence diplomacy Artificial Intelligence governance as a new European Union external policy tool Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies Directorate-General for Internal Policies Author: Ulrike3 FRANKE EN PE 662.926 – June 2021 Artificial Intelligence diplomacy Artificial Intelligence governance as a new European Union external policy tool Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a tool of power politics, and an element of state diplomacy. The European Union (EU), however, approaches AI primarily from an economic, social, and regulatory angle. This paper discusses the way that AI impacts the European Union’s geopolitical power and its relationship with other countries. It presents possible scenarios for how AI may change the international balance of power and recommends ways for the EU and its Member States to respond. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the special committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age (AIDA). This document was requested by the European Parliament's special committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age. AUTHOR Ulrike FRANKE, European Council on Foreign Relations ADMINISTRATORS RESPONSIBLE Matteo CIUCCI Frédéric GOUARDÈRES EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Catherine NAAS LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR Policy departments provide in-house and external expertise to support EP committees and other parliamentary bodies
    [Show full text]
  • Robotics in Germany and Japan DRESDEN PHILOSOPHY of TECHNOLOGY STUDIES DRESDNER STUDIEN ZUR PHILOSOPHIE DER TECHNOLOGIE
    Robotics in Germany and Japan DRESDEN PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY STUDIES DRESDNER STUDIEN ZUR PHILOSOPHIE DER TECHNOLOGIE Edited by /Herausgegeben von Bernhard Irrgang Vol./Bd. 5 Michael Funk / Bernhard Irrgang (eds.) Robotics in Germany and Japan Philosophical and Technical Perspectives Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robotics in Germany and Japan : philosophical and technical perspectives / Michael Funk, Bernhard Irrgang (eds.). pages cm ----- (Dresden philosophy of technology perspectives, ISSN 1861- -- 423X ; v. 5) ISBN 978-3-631-62071-7 ----- ISBN 978-3-653-03976-4 (ebook) 1. Robotics-----Germany----- Popular works. 2. Robotics----- Japan--Popular works. 3. Robotics-----Philosophy. I. Funk, Michael, 1985- -- editor of compilation. II. Irrgang, Bernhard, editor of compilation. TJ211.15.R626 2014 629.8'920943----- dc23 2013045885 Cover illustration: Humanoid Robot “ARMAR” (KIT, Germany), Photograph: Michael Funk An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISSN 1861-423X • ISBN 978-3-631-62071-7 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-03976-4 (E-PDF) • E-ISBN 978-3-653-99964-8 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-653-99963-1 (MOBI) • DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-03976-4 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0 unported license.
    [Show full text]
  • Roboethics in COVID-19: a Case Study in Dentistry
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 05 May 2021 doi: 10.3389/frobt.2021.612740 RoboEthics in COVID-19: A Case Study in Dentistry Yaser Maddahi 1, Maryam Kalvandi 2, Sofya Langman 3,4, Nicole Capicotto 5 and Kourosh Zareinia 6* 1Department of Research and Development, Tactile Robotics, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2Manitoba Dental Association, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 4Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada, 6Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada The COVID-19 pandemic has caused dramatic effects on the healthcare system, businesses, and education. In many countries, businesses were shut down, universities and schools had to cancel in-person classes, and many workers had to work remotely and socially distance in order to prevent the spread of the virus. These measures opened the door for technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence to play an important role in minimizing the negative effects of such closures. There have been many efforts in the design and development of robotic systems for applications such as disinfection and eldercare. Healthcare education has seen a lot of potential in simulation robots, which offer valuable opportunities for remote learning during the pandemic. Edited by: Simon DiMaio, However, there are ethical considerations that need to be deliberated in the design Intuitive Surgical, Inc., United States and development of such systems. In this paper, we discuss the principles of roboethics Reviewed by: and how these can be applied in the new era of COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study of Safety Governance for Service Robots: on Open-Texture Risk
    From the SelectedWorks of Yueh-Hsuan Weng Spring May 28, 2014 The tudyS of Safety Governance for Service Robots: On Open-Texture Risk Yueh-Hsuan Weng, Peking University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/weng_yueh_hsuan/30/ 博士研究生学位论文 题目： 服务机器人安全监管问题初探 ——以开放组织风险为中心 姓 名： 翁岳暄 学 号： 1001110716 院 系： 法学院 专 业： 法学理论 研究方向： 科技法学 导师姓名： 强世功 教授 二 0 一四 年 五 月 服务机器人安全监管问题初探--以开放组织风险为中心 摘要： 自工业革命以来“蒸汽机”乃至“微电机”陆续地融入人类社会之中，迄今人类 和机械共存的时间已经超过两个世纪，同时法律形成一套固有的监管模式来应对 “蒸汽机”以及“微电机”之机械安全性。另一方面，就来自日本与韩国官方预 测，所谓“人类-机器人共存社会（The Human-Robot Co-Existence Society）”将 在 2020 年至 2030 年之间形成，然而与现存于人类社会并提供服务的“微电机” 相比，智能服务机器人的新风险主要来自于贴近人类并与人共存的机器自律行为 之不确定性, 或称“开放组织风险（Open-Texture Risk）”，这种科技风险的基本 性质以及人机共存安全性所对应的风险监管框架对于将来发展人类-机器人共存 前提之下的安全监管法制将是不可或缺的，因此本研究着眼于思考开放组织风险 的基本性质，以及其如何应用在未来的人类-机器人共存之安全监管法制中, 并且 尝试厘清几个现存的开放性问题，期能为将来政府发展智能机器人产业所面临的 结构性法制问题提供参考和借鉴作用。 本研究结构编排分为六个部分，第一章 “绪论：迈向人类-机器人共存社会”、 第二章 “风险社会与机械安全”、第三章 “非结构化环境与开放组织风险”、第 四章 “个案研究（一）：智能汽车、自动驾驶汽车安全监管问题研究”、第五章 “个 案研究（二）：““Tokku”机器人特区与科技立法研究”、第六章“结论”。 关键字： 科技法学，风险社会学，机器人安全监管，开放组织风险，机器人法律 I The Study of Safety Governance for Service Robots: On Open-Texture Risk Yueh-Hsuan Weng Supervised by Prof. Dr. Shigong Jiang Abstract: The emergence of steam and microelectrical machines in society gradually expanded since the era of the Industrial Revolution. Up until now, human beings have already co-existed with these machines for more than two centuries, and contemporary laws have developed preventional regulatory frameworks. These frameworks are based on risk assessments to supervise the safety of microelectrical machines which include automobiles, railway systems, elevators and industrial robots, etc. Regulators, especially South Korea and Japan expect human-robot co-existence societies to emerge within the next decade. These next generation robots will be capable of adapting to complex, unstructured environments and interact with humans to assist them with tasks in their daily lifes.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Robotic Revolutions
    2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Daejeon Convention Center October 9-14, 2016, Daejeon, Korea 4 Robotic Revolutions - Proposing a holistic phase model describing future disruptions in the evolution of robotics and automation and the rise of a new Generation ‘R’ of Robotic Natives Dominik B. O. Boesl, Bernd Liepert* normal as the internet, smartphones and tablets are for us Abstract— This paper describes the holistic phase today. This change will not be limited to the steadily model of the ‘4 Robotic Revolutions’ - disruptive waves growing field of industrial robotics. Due to a number of of evolution in robotics and automation - and their technological enablers, e.g. the broad availability of low cost impact on society, economy and other areas of human life but high performance sensor technologies, robotics will be over the next 50 years. Furthermore, an explanation is unchained and liberated from its cells. It will conquer provided, why a new Generation ‘R’ of Robotic Natives completely new domains until it pervades all areas of life, will grow up in daily contact with automation technology permeating all parts of the human experience realm [2]. perceiving technology as valuable enrichments for their We provide a feasible and holistic model describing four lives. disruptive evolutionary phases of robotic and automation The paper closes with an outlook into reasons why development: the ‘4 Robotic Revolutions’. humankind has to ignite a holistic discourse about the responsible application of these disruptive technologies in II. ANALYSIS OF MEGATRENDS AS DRIVING FORCES order to shape a sustainable future enhanced (and not Predicting the future is impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Co-Dependence and Co-Existence Between Religion and Robots: Past, Present and Insights on the Future
    International Journal of Social Robotics https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00636-x Evaluating the Co-dependence and Co-existence between Religion and Robots: Past, Present and Insights on the Future Habib Ahmed1 · Hung Manh La1 Accepted: 19 February 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract The relationship between religions and science can be considered historically controversial in nature. In constantly evolving global societies, it is important to provide a new perspective on the past and present relationship between religions and technological developments in the different societies. In this regard, this paper will provide insights into the different ways in which ancient societies and their religious traditions helped in the development of technological progress. At one end, it will highlight some of the positive contributions of different religions towards technological progress in the past. At the other end, this discussion will aid in dispelling the viewpoint that perceived the ancient cultures and societies as bereft of technological knowledge and innovation. This paper will provide a historical perspective on the development of relationship between religion and robotics in the past. A brief look at the existing scenario within the contemporary societies will also be examined, along with discussion of socio-cultural norms and values related to perception of robots in different Eastern and Western cultures. The discussion will conclude with some predictions regarding the future, along with the different ways in which the relationship of co-existence and co-dependence is expected to evolve between religion and robotics in the future, which goes beyond the predictions of mass annihilation and mass enslavement by sentient AI-based robots.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diffusion of Artificial Intelligence in Governance of Public Listed Companies in Malaysia
    International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 14, Issue 2 (December) ISSN 2289-1552 2017 THE DIFFUSION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN GOVERNANCE OF PUBLIC LISTED COMPANIES IN MALAYSIA Siti Aisyah Omar Farhana Hasbolah Ulfah Mansurah Zainudin ABSTRACT Various sizes of companies are facing growing pressure to improve their financial performance, particularly public listed companies. The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in management and operation of company can assist to achieve this objective. It is parallel with the Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 which has the potential to raise the productivity and quality of governance in companies. This latest industrial revolution now is not only based on the use of computers and technology, instead, focusing on the use of cyber physical system with AI as its main catalyst. This innovation explores the possibility to create intelligent systems that can reason and think like human beings and will affect the governance of public listed companies significantly. ASEAN countries such as Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand have started to implement AI in their governance practice while Malaysian companies are mostly yet to infuse the innovation and still at infancy stage. This paper is looking at the stage of diffusion of AI in governance of public listed companies in Malaysia. Content analysis of latest Annual Reports for 806 companies from the main market of Bursa Malaysia has been conducted and stage of diffusion in AI implementation in companies’ governance has been determined by using the diffusion theory. This paper also looks at the challenges faced by the companies in terms of behavioral and legal issues arisen along the process of adopting AI in their governance.
    [Show full text]
  • (Socio-) Economic Implications of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
    WHY DO WE NEED ROBOTIC & AI GOVERNANCE? AN ANALYSIS OF THE (SOCIO-) ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DOMINIK B. O. BOESL Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Vice President IEEE RAS Industrial Activities; Chair IEEE TechEthics ad-hoc Committee; Senior Innovation Manager & Vice President Consumer Driven Robotics with KUKA AG, Augsburg, Germany MARTINA BODE Junior Research Manager with KUKA AG, Augsburg, Germany This paper illustrates the necessity of a Code of Conduct for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence – ethical and moral guidelines for the development and use of these technologies – by analyzing some of the potential (socio-) economic effects that might arise from technological advances in these fields. Contrary to other works in the field of roboethics, the authors did not strive to analyze individual cases that are of interests for ethicists and moral philosophers, but want to offer a broad, holistic and economic view on the effects of robotics and artificial intelligence on our future economy and, in the second instance therefore also society, as well as on the concept of Robotic & AI Governance for self-regulation of ethical, moral, sociocultural, socio-political and socio-economic questions, using a market mechanism. 1. Introduction Robots are currently changing not only our manufacturing processes, but are gaining importance in other fields like service or consumer/household robotics. Europe’s public view on these developments is rather critical and the fear that robots could replace jobs in the future is still present, even though studies suggest, that this is not the case (e.g. [1]) and that robots are currently creating more jobs than they are replacing.
    [Show full text]
  • ROBOTIC PROCESS AUTOMATION: Minimizing Key Risks
    INSIGHTS ROBOTIC PROCESS AUTOMATION: Minimizing Key Risks While there are many benefits to using robotic process automation (RPA), it can also increase exposure to financial crime, litigation, and regulatory breaches. Ankura and global law firm DLA Piper's financial crime team look at how to stay ahead and keep safe. By automating complex yet routine tasks, RPA offers its users greater productivity, better accuracy, and improved efficiency. RPA technology is also relatively easy to configure and implement, well suited to working across multiple back-end systems, and typically brings a relatively quick return on investment. These factors have helped RPA to grow its footprint within corporates. According to Gartner, a world-leading research company, global spending on RPA software is estimated to reach $2.4 billion in 2022, up from $680 million in 2018. Powered by artificial intelligence (AI), RPA is set to tackle increasingly complex tasks that require greater cognitive skills. However, as with any rapid adoption, the benefits can sometimes obscure the risks, particularly financial risks and cybercrime. Ankura and DLA Piper have teamed up to highlight some of the ‘back door’ risks associated with RPA and how best to address them. TAKING HUMANS OUT OF PROCESSES CAN RESULT IN LOWER ISSUE DETECTION While a human carrying out a routine task may spot an outlier and flag it up as a potential fraud or compliance issue, a robot will only carry out the specific task it is programmed to perform. Companies should therefore be cautious about removing human oversight unless they are confident they have configured their RPA processes to identify all potential risk events.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNEX 4 Reviews of REELER Concepts and Robot Typologies ANNEX 4: REVIEWS of REELER
    ANNEX 4 Reviews of REELER concepts and robot typologies ANNEX 4: REVIEWS OF REELER Annex 4: Reviews of REELER concepts and robot typologies In this annex, we present our analysis of two different ways ing robots and here we find a focus on the technical aspects of understanding the term robot: i) a material entity, ii) a of the robot: “Robotics, intended as ‘the branch of technol- conceptual entity. In the second part of the annex, we present ogy that deals with the design, construction, operation, and our robot typology, meant to show the breadth of the robots application of robots’1 is a wide, complex and multidisciplinary studied, as well as shine light on how varied robots are. matter (Bulgheroni, 2017) while a robot is defined, in the Col- lins English Dictionary, as ‘a machine, which is programmed to move and perform certain tasks automatically’. Put differ- ently, “Robotics can be defined as the study of mechanical 1.0 Robot understandings engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and computer science and is a broader way of looking at develop- 1.1.0 Opening ments. An autonomous, self-driving car may or may not be a Robot is a pivotal concept for the REELER project. It is also robot, depending on your interpretation of the definitions, but the material object of analysis in our empirical research. robotics is definitely involved in its design process.” REELER focuses on robots as a point of departure because robots are increasingly expected to co-exist with or replace As noted by roboticists themselves, it is impossible to capture humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Technological Moral Proxies and the Ethical Limits of Automating Decision-Making in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
    TECHNOLOGICAL MORAL PROXIES AND THE ETHICAL LIMITS OF AUTOMATING DECISION-MAKING IN ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE by Jason L Millar A thesis submitted to the Department of Philosophy in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada October, 2015 Copyright ©Jason L Millar, 2015 Abstract Humans have been automating increasingly sophisticated behaviours for some time now. We have machines that lift and move things, that perform complex calculations, and even machines that build other machines. More recently, technological advances have allowed us to automate increasingly sophisticated decision-making processes. We have machines that decide when and how to use lethal force, when and how to perform life-saving medical interventions, and when and how to maneuver cars in chaotic traffic. Clearly, some automated decision-making processes have serious ethical implications—we are now automating ethical decision-making. In this dissertation, I identify and explore a novel set of ethical implications that stem from automating ethical decision-making in emerging and existing technologies. I begin the argument by setting up an analogy between moral proxies in healthcare, tasked with making ethical decisions on behalf of those who cannot, and technological moral proxies, those machines (artefacts) to which we delegate ethical decision-making. The technological moral proxy is a useful metaphor. It allows us to import the many established norms surrounding moral proxies in bioethics, to inform the ethics, design and governance of certain machines. As is the case with moral proxies in healthcare, we need norms to help guide the design and governance of machines that are making ethical decisions on behalf of their users.
    [Show full text]