Some Culturological Aspects of METI Problems with EM Radiation

Home , Active SETI, Cosmic Call, Gliese 581c, Teen Age Message

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Liliya Filippova and Vladimir Filippov Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow

Correspondence | [email protected]; [email protected]

Citation | Filippova, Liliya, and Vladimir Filippov. 2020. “Some Culturological Aspects of METI Problems with EM Radiation.” Journal of Big History IV (2): 128-135. DOI | https://doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v4i2.4260

Abstract Until the beginning of 2020, from 1974 to 2017, sixteen interstellar radio messages were sent to hypothetical extraterrestrial civilizations. They were sent from different radio telescopes and had different contents. The METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence) projects had different concepts, some of which seem highly controversial. Therefore, a short list of criteria for future METI projects is proposed. As an example, we suggest an interstellar message in the radio frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum that we call “Golden Wings of a Lemniscate” (GWL). The GWL project is a simple message from Earthlings about their intelligence and readiness for interstellar contact. The digital part of the message contains ten images of lemniscates. The right half of the lemniscate includes the Golden Ratio concept with graphical drawings; the left parts of the lemniscate remain empty for ET reply messages. The experience of developing new projects of interstellar messages, initiative or response, is valuable. In the process of this work, various aspects of METI will be investigated: scientific, technical, informational, cultural, ethical, educational, sociological, psychological, historical, etc.

SETI tances of 12 and 10.5 light-years, re- coveries continue (Exoplanet.eu). The In April 1960, at the Green Bank Na- spectively. star Tau Ceti has four planets discov- tional Radio Astronomy Observatory in ered. The star Epsilon Eridani has one Observations continued in May, June, the USA, the young 30-year-old scien- planet discovered and a second one and July. The total observation time of tist Frank Drake organized the first awaiting confirmation. these two stars was two hundred hours; search for radio signals from extrater- however, the pioneering search for sig- Diversified research has begun on the restrial civilizations. A radio telescope nals from extraterrestrial civilizations problem of the search for extraterrestri- with an antenna diameter of 85 feet (26 by Drake forever entered the scientific al intelligence in scientific centers of meters) was used in observations; its history of humankind. Signals of extra- many countries, including international receiver was tuned to a frequency of terrestrial origin were not detected cooperation. Later, this area of activity 1420 MHz (a radio emission of interstel- (Drake 1960). As of the current date (14 received the term SETI (Search for Ex- lar hydrogen at a wavelength of 21 cm). March 2020), with the help of ground traterrestrial Intelligence). Over the Two close stars were chosen for radio and space telescopes, over 4214 planets past decades, SETI strategies have been listening: solar-type Tau Ceti and Epsi- have been discovered near stars in all developed to use high-tech telescopes lon Eridani, which are located at dis- the constellations of the sky and dis- 129 Filippova & Filippov, Culturological Aspects in the accessible ranges of electromag- million. In 2019, the SETI Berkeley Cen- single example of continuous multi- netic radiation. ter established further collaboration year monitoring of any stars or space with scientists working on the TESS objects selected by justified astronomi- An impressive example is a project for (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) cal criteria for SETI in the search pro- the search for extraterrestrial intelli- space optical telescope mission. The grams for technological civilizations. gence implemented by the SETI Berke- TESS satellite telescope entered low Before the alleged discovery of “techno- ley Research Center in the US, in the Earth orbit in April 2018 to search for signature civilizations” or a higher level radio and optical bands, which planets orbiting bright, relatively close of development (emerging from the launched in 2016 (Breakthrough Lis- stars. In the TESS program, the study of “techno-signature” phase) using high ten). The Green Bank (GBT) radio tele- 200,000 stars of the solar-type and red planetary and space technologies, ques- scope, the Parkes radio telescope in dwarf stars, at distances up to ~ 650 tions arise: Australia, and the automated Planet light-years, scattered throughout the Finder (an optical robot telescope starry sky (TESS). All observational data equipped with ultramodern spectro- 1) Do all technological civilizations for the Listen project, combined with graphic technology) are used for obser- profess the position of “information new planet discoveries using TESS, are vations. silence” in all ranges of the electro- analyzed in the SETI plan for the detec- magnetic spectrum to avoid the risk GBT (USA) is the largest fully-steerable tion of so-called “techno-signatures,” a of contact with other civilizations? radio telescope on Earth with a giant term proposed by Jill Tarter of the SETI How can this hypothetical fact, if parabolic antenna of one hundred me- Institute to refer to the technological confirmed in long-term observations, ters (328 ft.) in diameter. The Australi- activities of extraterrestrial civilizations affect the policy of mankind in terms an Parkes radio telescope is also fully found in Breakthrough Listen observa- of interstellar communication: to re- rotated with a parabolic antenna of six- tions. This may be a “leak” from the main silent or to broadcast? ty-four meters (210 ft.) in diameter. planet from the transmissions EM SETI Berkeley Center began to connect range, radiation from alien radars, or 2) Are there space civilizations send- partners from different countries to the laser communications and other tech- ing interstellar messages to transfer Breakthrough Listen Project on radio nogenic activities in the area of their the interstellar communication initia- telescopes: MeerKAT (South Africa), habitat. tive to their future generations? In NenuFAR (France), FAST (the world's this case, what should be the strategy In Russia, according to the SETI pro- largest radio telescope in China), MWA of terrestrial civilization for terrestrial gram, observations were conducted (Western Australia), LOFAR stations in and space SETI monitoring for from the second half of the 1990s (to Ireland and Sweden, Jodrell Bank “random reception” or to reveal a search for both “technological leakage” (England), e-MERLIN (seven radio tele- “convergent space schedule” for re- and possible signals) using different scopes throughout the UK), Sardinia ceiving repeated or new extraterres- telescopes, the largest of which are the (Italy) and Allen Array (SETI Institute trial messages? RATAN-600 radio telescope and the in the USA), as well as VERITAS BTA optical telescope. The RATAN-600 (gamma-ray telescope in the USA) and radio telescope has a ring antenna with Keck Optical Observatory (Hawaii, METI a diameter of six hundred meters (1889 USA) (Breakthrough Listen). On November 16, 1974, at the ceremo- ft.) and the optical Azimuthal Large ny dedicated to the reconstruction of The Breakthrough Listen program in- Telescope (BTA) with a mirror diameter the Arecibo 300-meter radio telescope cludes an examination of 1,000,000 se- of six meters are located in the North in Puerto Rico, for the first time, a short lected stars, the center of our Galaxy Caucasus and belong to the Special As- radio message was sent from Earth to and the entire galactic plane. Outside trophysical Observatory of the Russian extraterrestrial civilizations. At the the Milky Way, interstellar communica- Academy of Sciences. Some noteworthy speed of light on a radio wave of 12.6 tions are being searched for from the results require additional observations cm, the encoded "Arecibo Message" one hundred galaxies closest to us. The on large radio telescopes (Chuprikov rushes to the globular star cluster M13 Breakthrough Listen initiative will span and Filippova 2007; Rudnitskiy 2016). It in Hercules and will arrive at the target ten years, for which sponsor Yuri should be noted that for several rea- in twenty-five thousand years. Its con- Milner has allocated a total of $US 100 sons, starting from 1960, there is not a tent and principles of coding and Filippova & Filippov, Culturological Aspects 130 decoding were developed by the astron- The messages were designed with a METI story. Include some elements of omer "SETI Pioneers" Frank Drake and noise-resistant format and characters. beauty from an earthly point of view. Carl Sagan with the participation of Its main characteristics are as follows: 5) Interstellar messages to extrater- colleagues (Steele 1999). From 1974 to the central frequency is 5.01 GHz (6 restrial civilizations should be consid- 2017, sixteen interstellar radio messages cm), and the effective area of the trans- ered as messages from people of were sent. Among them, in addition to mitting antenna is about 2500 square METI communities, and not as a Arecibo Message (1974), there were fif- meters. The work is conducted from a "Message from all of Humanity on teen radio messages to twenty-four highly stable hydrogen generator in a Earth." Modern humanity belongs to stars. Messages of different contents mode of continuous coherent radiation METI in different ways. Some ap- were sent to four stars: 37 Geminorum with average capacity up to 150 kW. prove of this activity, yet others are (37 Gem), 47 Ursae Majoris (47 UMa), The digital information is transmitted opposed to METI and even SETI. It 55 Cancri (55 Cnc), and Gliese 581 in the using carrying frequency manipulation will probably be so in the future. Libra constellation. The record-holder with a deviation of 48 kHz: the nominal Therefore, it is not correct to consider is star 55 Cancri, to which radio mes- shift of +24 kHz corresponds to the interstellar messages as messages sages from the Earth were sent: in 2003 symbol “1,” and the shift of –24 kHz from all of humanity because these (Cosmic Call 2 from Yevpatoriya, Cri- corresponds to the symbol "0" (Braastad are messages to extraterrestrial civili- mea); in 2012 (“Wow! Reply” from and Zaitsev 2003). Interstellar messages zations solely from people from spe- Arecibo, USA); in 2013 (JAXA Space from the Earth were sent from different cific METI communities. Camp (UDSC-1) and 2014 (JAXA Space radio telescopes at different wave- Camp (UDSC-2) from Japan. lengths, have different transmission 6) Do not accompany the interstellar durations, have different contents, and message from Earth with ballast in- It is interesting to note that the same went to stars with no proof of the exist- formation that is not accessible for content messages were sent to different ence of technological civilizations, and decipherment by civilization, by the stars in the projects: Cosmic Call 1 it is still unknown whether some of the Recipient (names and short texts of (1999) was sent to four stars, Teen Age target stars have planets. the project participants who provide Message (2001) was sent to six stars, material support to the project, or Cosmic Call 2 (2003 ) was sent to five Here we would like to propose a short any advertising messages). stars, “RuBisCo Star” (2009) was sent to list of criteria for future METI projects: three stars, and “Wow! Reply ”(2012) This last recommendation requires ex- 1) Have understandable content for was sent to three stars. The list of com- planation. For example, the Cosmic Call the Earth's scientific and cultural pleted Projects from 1974 to 2017 is 1999 interstellar radio message consist- community. In the case of using any most fully represented on Wikipedia in ed of a scientific parta nd 50,000 short special language representing the English. Russian scientist Dr. A. Zaitsev messages from people who made a content messages for extraterrestrial proposed the abbreviation METI monetary contribution to the project. civilization, it should be presented to (Messaging to Extraterrestrial Intelli- After conversion to binary stream, the the earthly public in understandable gence), which was strengthened in sci- total length of the Evpatoria message ways—in drawings or diagrams and entific everyday life. Zaitsev was the exceeded 1.7 million bits. Zaitsev said in in the project description. scientific and technical leader of four an interview “Any earthling could take Projects of interstellar radio messages 2) Be peaceful. The introduction of part in the 2003 message, having paid from the Evpatoria space center: in potentially malicious code into any $15 to the organizers. Therefore, in 1999, Cosmic Call1 to four sun-like METI projects should be excluded. addition to the scientific part, het cos- stars; in 2001, “Teen Age Message” to six mic call sent common communications 3) The content should be interesting sun-like stars; Cosmic Call 2 in 2003 to such as “Hello, aliens! Send me a mete- for project developers and the cultur- three sun-like stars and two red dwarfs; orite made of gold,” and “I love my cat al Earth community. in 2008 “A Message from Earth” to the Buck.” In reality, only the scientific star Gliese 581, a red dwarf in the con- 4) It should also be creative and aes- part of the message went to the stars. stellation of Libra, with three confirmed thetic. Each project must have intel- The transmission power of "commercial planets at the time of sending. lectual and emotional value for the announcements" was such that it was possible to try to accept them only no 131 Filippova & Filippov, Culturological Aspects farther than the orbit of Jupiter. At a tures. Let’s Share Our Histories. See sonal text in the information stream greater distance, they merged with ra- You In The Future.” Jordan; Canberra, attached to the main METI content. dio noise. (Astroforum), but mini- Australia. Gratitude for financial support can be a sponsors believed that their names and certificate with the name of the philan- Future communications from the Earth texts would reach the stars. thropist and a note that his or her name should be meaningful and worthy of and text (if any) will be registered in Similarly, on June 12, 2008, the radar of content not only for aliens but also for the Thanks Catalog of the METI Center. the EISCAT Space Center in Svalbard future generations of Earthlings. This is broadcast a coded advertisement of the ethical aspect of the culture of ter- The METI wiki portal should contain Doritos brand tortilla chips on a fre- restrial civilization. "The notions of catalogs with detailed information quency (500 MHz). The ad was sent to morals and good are universal, like the about each interstellar message. In the hypothetical residents of the star 47 Pythagoras theorem. Civilizations do case of broadcast in the electromagnet- UMa, 46 light-years distant from the not survive if they behave other- ic range, of interest are constellation Ursa Major. On August wise." (Russian "Pioneer of the SETI" location of the transmitting system, 28, 2009, a NASA/CSIRO seventy-meter academician N. S. Kardashev). data about the telescope: transmitter long-range space communications an- power, and electromagnetic transmis- Everyone can participate in the devel- tenna near Canberra, Australia, broad- sion range; date and time of broadcast- opment of projects for future interstel- cast a four cm wavelength (7.145 MHz) ing, duration of broadcasting; and mes- lar radio messages, regardless of profes- in the direction of the nearby red dwarf sage size in bits and bit rate; descrip- sional interests, nationality, religion, Gliese 581 from HELLO FROM EARTH tion of the contents of the message and etc. Those who wish to participate in (HFE). This message contains 25,878 its visual representation; encoding METI projects send their application short messages from people from ten method and decoding options; estimat- and their project to the future interna- countries and has a volume of 2,845,345 ed equatorial coordinates of the target tional scientific and cultural center bits. Here are some examples of mes- star for aiming the transmitting system METI. Currently, The IAA SETI Perma- sages from Earthlings (The best mes- on the date of arrival of the message to nent Committee does not support sages from Canberra (2009)): it; data about the star and its planetary METI due to reasonable risks to hu- system; the estimated arrival epoch of “Hello, Gliese 581d inhabitant. Can manity. However, it cannot be ruled out METI, and the estimated power of the you help us humans travel through that in the future there will be support signals in the star system; names and space and become smart like you? for the creation of the METI Center to other data of developers of the contents Please do not eat us we are a friendly study various problems of interstellar of the message and scientific and tech- race.” Angus Pigott; Canberra, Aus- communication with extraterrestrial nical personnel providing preparation tralia civilizations. Those wishing to partici- and broadcasting; project cost and fi- pate in the project indicate their field of “If you know the meaning of life, nancial support received from sponsors; activity in the application: content de- please send it to us. If not, let's cele- photos, videos, etc. Now there is no velopment, technical assistance, cod- brate together anyway! Thanks in such detailed information about METI ing, choice of target stars, etc. advance, from a curious carbon-based projects that were already sent to the life form!” Monica Echagüen; Barcelo- New METI projects should be made stars. Future METI projects may have na, Spain. available to the public on the Internet different concepts, such as a message for review and determination of public about humanity and some of its cogni- “Hello from Varun on Earth. I hope I interest. The best ideas, original pro- tive achievements from the field of sci- can meet you someday and we could posals, and new projects would then be ence and culture, selected works of art become friends. My father thinks our considered by the METI International or music, or a variety of composite cats are aliens—maybe they came Scientific Council for possible imple- structures (e.g., call signs, music, digital from your planet!” Varun; Sydney, mentation. Financial support for future parts), or the message could be simply Australia. METI projects for sending them to se- about the intelligence of senders and “We Are A Smart Race Of People. We lected stars should be welcomed. How- their readiness for interstellar commu- Hope To Find More In The Cosmos ever, financial support should not enti- nication. We Hope You Are Peace Loving Crea- tle donors to include the name and per- Filippova & Filippov, Culturological Aspects 132

Project of the Content of the Inter- bearer of the idea of the universality of geometric figures (segments, triangle, stellar Radio Message “Golden harmony in the universe, known to the circle, square, spiral, etc.), which Wings of a Lemniscate” senders of the message (Earthlings) as should be familiar and recognizable by Before the scientific discovery of extra- the "golden section," and to "speak with ET. Note that the selected geometric terrestrial civilization, the authors are pictures" placed in the lemniscate. The figures are associated with the history proposing a project of the interstellar main content of the interstellar radio of the development of natural science radio message “Golden Wings of a Lem- message will be preceded by the trans- on Earth and with the names of promi- niscate” (GWL) first presented in a re- mission of a repeating series of “digital nent philosophers and mathematicians port at the symposium “Horizons of call signs”—images of small lemniscates who studied them. Any choice of de- Astronomy and SETI” in SAO RAS in a small “golden” rectangular scan, signs for METI will be controversial. (2005) and published in the collection including the repetition of their nega- The rationale for our choice is briefly of articles of this symposium (Filippov tive displays (white inverted to black) made in the comments to the drawings. et al, 2007). Here we present an updat- for a “hint.” To transmit the call sign, ed version of the GWL project with sev- coherent signal broadcasting in time eral new elements. intervals in the proportion of the gold- The fundamental idea of the GWL pro- en ratio with the radiation duration, for ject is simply a message about the intel- example, 157, 97, 97, 60 seconds, re- ligence of the inhabitants of the third spectively, with pauses, can be used. planet of the sender’s star and the read- The presence in the call sign of primes iness for interstellar contact. An inter- and their ratio ~ 1.62 is intended to be a mediary language for the messages in hint for searching for the compilation this concept is informational drawings of matrices based on them, which without specific information about the should help decipher the content of the Figure 1. Sections in proportion to the golden ratio solar system, the Earth or humanity. digital part of the radio message. Call

For this project, from the huge number signs can be broadcast using the of pictorial symbols in the history of the "relative signal transmission methods" If the ET, by analyzing this figure, guess culture of mankind (art and mathemat- proposed by Professor N. T. Petrovich to measure the lengths of large seg- ics), the lemniscate of Bernoulli was for interstellar radio communications. ments of the left and right parts, sepa- chosen. The lemniscate is the mathe- (Petrovich 1986; Filippov et al. 2005). rated by the equal sign, and divide matical symbol for "infinity," which also them into smaller lengths, then they After the completion of the digital call symbolizes the vastness of outer space. will receive the value of the “golden sign transmission, the transmission of Using manipulations (variations) of one number” in their calculus and will be the main message content, which con- of the parameters of the carrier radio able to see the Earth spelling of the tains ten different elements, begins. wave, one can transmit a sequence of golden number 1.618. The number of elements is not acci- binary symbols that can be decomposed dental; it is intended to lead the mes- into a rectangular matrix of primes con- sage recipients to a hunch about the taining an image of a lemniscate with a significance of the decimal system of picture. Prime numbers for the matrix calculus for its senders. All ten ele- are selected such that their ratio is close ments contain identical images of Ber- to the "golden number" = 1.618. noulli lemniscates in the right “wing” of The golden ratio reflects the emotional which there are drawings; the left is left perception of harmony in a person of blank for an answer. In the “golden” the Earth and, perhaps, is universal rectangles above, the numbers of the knowledge for "space subjects" of vari- natural series from 1 to 10 are inscribed, Figure 2. Golden Triangle ous types (Lefebvre and Efremov 1999), and the notion of the Earth designation including space systems with artificial of each figure by serial numbers is given intelligence (AI). The proposed inter- below. The elements of the message The second element in the language of stellar radio message can become the intentionally include images of simple geometry offers ET to compare their 133 Filippova & Filippov, Culturological Aspects concepts of a triangle, a circle, and its Kazimir Malevich (1878-1935). This is spiral, so-called the Fibonacci Spiral. In diameter, in the proportions of the one of the most discussed and most the culturological aspect, the lemnis- golden section. famous paintings in Russian art. Male- cate and the logarithmic spiral are vich's Black Square suggests the inclu- Earthly symbols of infinity and the evo- sion of his image into the lemniscate. lution of life and mind. The square is not a problem for coding

and, in our opinion, is a good example of “rationality” of the signal.

Figure 3. Fractal Koch curve

The term "fractal" was proposed by Be- noit Mandelbrot in 1975 to refer to self- Figure 7. Egg in Golden Ratio Proportions similar sets with fractional dimensions. The fractal repeats itself at different scale levels. Of the geometric fractals, Figure 5. Squaring a circle It is proposed to include into the lemniscate of the seventh element a sym- the most famous is the Koch snowflake, which is based on an equilateral trian- bolic image of an egg constructed in the This is the name of the famous task: gle. This fractal is named after the proportions of the golden section. In using a compass and a ruler to build a Swedish mathematician Helge von different epochs of life, oviparous ani- square, equal in area to a circle of a giv- Koch (1870-1924), who first described it mals existed on Earth. Currently, their en radius. The inclusion of the in 1904. The main arguments for in- representatives are birds, fish, reptiles, “quadrature of the circle” picture has a cluding the Koch fractal are its simplici- marine animals, insects, and mammals historical aspect (for terrestrial civiliza- ty for coding and its beauty. The lem- from the families of platypus and echid- tion) and a test of “reasonableness” for niscate presents a part of the fractal na. It has been found that in many hypothetical stellar message Recipients. Koch curve in three iterations. birds the egg shape has a golden ratio. Representatives of extraterrestrial intel- The egg symbol is used in architecture, ligence are invited to think about the design, sculpture, jewelry. Huge eggs task from this picture. on the towers and the cornices adorn the wall of the theater and museum of

the great artist Salvador Dali (1904- 1989) in Spain; this is one of the most popular surreal buildings in the world. Russian jeweler Peter Carl Faberge (1846-1920) created the famous collection of Faberge eggs. The series was

created between 1885 and 1917 for the Figure 4. The black square of Malevich Russian imperial family and private buyers. The idea of a “world The square is known in many ancient Figure 6. Logarithmic Golden Spiral (cosmological) egg” inspires many art- ists to work, among them Russian artist cultures; for the Pythagorean School, the square was an emblem of divine and astronomer, Nina Yakimova, who The sixth element of the project con- balance, expressed geometrically. has created more than one hundred tains two wonderful curves: a lemnis- "Black Suprematist Square" is a picture fifty collages on this subject. cate and a logarithmic spiral. A special created in 1915 by avant-garde artist type of logarithmic spiral is the golden Filippova and Filippov, Culturalogical Aspects

The popular drawing of the heart is a communication with one or more ex- symbol of love, spiritual harmony, and traterrestrial civilizations if their dis- happiness. Despite the amazing sim- covery will take place. plicity of its outlines, this symbol re- References mains one of the strongest positive em- “Active SETI: Transmissions: Stars to blems of the world. This GWL lemnis- Which Messages Were Sent.” Wikipe- cate has a symbolic drawing of three dia: The Free Encyclopedia. https:// hearts representing the hearts of father, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_SETI. Figure 8. Yin Yang Symbol mother and child in people and a huge number of animals. The images of Barclay, Thomas, ed. TESS Science Sup-

hearts are based on the golden spiral. port Center. NASA. https:// Yin-Yang symbolizes that everything in The meaning of this picture may not be heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/tess/. understood when deciphering the im- the universe is in motion, changing, Braastad, Richard and Alexander age, but for Earthly senders, it is an im- and has its opposite. Zaitsev. “Synthesis and Transmission portant symbol of love and hope for a The Yin-Yang symbol included in the of ‘Cosmic Call 2003’ Interstellar Ra- positive response of intelligent inter- content of the GWL message will show dio Message.” http://www.cplire.ru/ stellar recipients of the GWL message. a long-valued element of the culture of html/ra&sr/irm/CosmicCall-2003/ a huge part of humanity on Earth. Conclusion index.html. It should be noted that to detect any of Breakthrough Listen at UC Berkeley. the sent interstellar radio messages https://seti.berkeley.edu/listen/. from Earth, it is necessary that there exists in the systems of destination stars “Breakthrough Listen to Collaborate technologically advanced civilizations; with Scientists from NASA’s Transit- that ET’s telescopes are used to search ing Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) for transmissions from space civiliza- Team to Look for Signs of Advanced tions in different ranges of the electro- Extraterrestrial Life.”. Breakthrough magnetic spectrum; and that the direc- Initiatives. October 23, 2019. https://

tion of our solar system is included in breakthroughinitiatives.org/news/27 Figure 9. Labyrinth monitoring in the ranges of the sent Catalog. Exoplanet.eu. Accessed March messages. Therefore, before the discov- 14, 2020. http://exoplanet.eu/ ery of extraterrestrial civilizations, the The labyrinth suggests finding a way catalog/. sending of interstellar messages into out of the dead ends in this image. This space is unlikely to be a success at the Chuprikov A. A. and L. N. Filippova is a game message and a simple intelli- reception. Is it necessary to develop the L.N. “Observations of SETI Objects gence test. content of new messages from the on the Radio Interferometric Net- Earth, initiative or response, in case of work of the ASC LPI.” Special Bulletin detection and decryption of messages of the SAO RAS 2007: 60-61, 208-211. from extraterrestrial civilizations? The SAO RAS, 2007. In Russian. http:// experience of developing new interstel- w0.sao.ru/Doc-k8/Science/Public/ lar message projects seems valuable. Bulletin/Vol60-61/p208.pdf In the process of this work, various as- Drake, F. D. “Project OZMA: The pects of METI will be investigated, in- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelli- cluding but not limited to scientific, gence.” Proceedings of the NRAO technical, informational, cultural, ethi- Workshop No. 11. May 20-22, 1985. cal, educational, sociological, psycho- Figure 10. Heart Eds. K. I. Kellermann and G. A. Seiel- logical, and historical. This will help stad. p. 17. Refer to Drake, F. D. 1960. new generations of mankind realize the Sky & Telescope 39, 140. https:// prospects of establishing interstellar

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