Molecular Physics

This article was downloaded by: [University of Montana] On: 04 December 2013, At: 09:15 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Molecular Physics: An International Journal at the Interface Between Chemistry and Physics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tmph20 Manipulation of molecules with electromagnetic fields Mikhail Lemeshko a b c , Roman V. Krems c d , John M. Doyle b & Sabre Kais e a ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA d Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , BC V6T 1Z1, Vancouver , Canada e Departments of Chemistry and Physics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , 47907 , USA Accepted author version posted online: 14 Jun 2013.Published online: 28 Aug 2013. To cite this article: Mikhail Lemeshko , Roman V. Krems , John M. Doyle & Sabre Kais (2013) Manipulation of molecules with electromagnetic fields, Molecular Physics: An International Journal at the Interface Between Chemistry and Physics, 111:12-13, 1648-1682, DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.813595 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2013.813595 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Molecular Physics, 2013 Vol. 111, Nos. 12–13, 1648–1682, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2013.813595 TOPICAL REVIEW Manipulation of molecules with electromagnetic fields Mikhail Lemeshkoa,b,c,∗, Roman V.Kremsc,d, John M. Doyleb and Sabre Kaise aITAMP,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; bPhysics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; cKavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; dDepartment of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; eDepartments of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA (Received 4 June 2013; final version received 5 June 2013) The goal of the present article is to review the major developments that have led to the current understanding of molecule–field interactions and experimental methods for manipulating molecules with electromagnetic fields. Molecule–field interactions are at the core of several, seemingly distinct areas of molecular physics. This is reflected in the organisation of this article, which includes sections on field control of molecular beams, external field traps for cold molecules, control of molecular orientation and molecular alignment, manipulation of molecules by non-conservative forces, ultracold molecules and ultracold chemistry, controlled many-body phenomena, entanglement of molecules and dipole arrays, and stability of molecular systems in high-frequency super-intense laser fields. The article contains 852 references. Keywords: molecules in fields; deceleration; focusing; molecular beams; Stark effect; Zeeman effect; AC stark shift; cold molecules; trapping molecules; orientation; adiabatic and non-adiabatic alignment; short laser pulses; combined fields; laser cooling of molecules; many-body physics with dipolar gases; spin models; quantum information processing; ultracold chemistry; molecular collisions; stabilisation of molecules in intense fields; evaporative and sympathetic cooling; entanglement 1. Introduction of molecular systems in high-frequency superintense laser The past few decades have witnessed remarkable devel- fields. By combining these topics in the same review, we opments of laser techniques setting the stage for new would like to emphasise that all this work is based on the areas of research in molecular physics. It is now possible same basic Hamiltonian. to interrogate molecules in the ultrafast and ultracold This review is also intended to serve as an introduction regimes of molecular dynamics and the measurements to the excellent collection of articles appearing in this same- of molecular structure and dynamics can be made with titled volume of Molecular Physics [1–27]. These original unprecedented precision. Molecules are inherently com- contributions demonstrate the latest developments exploit- plex quantum–mechanical systems. The complexity of ing control of molecules with electromagnetic fields. The molecular structure, if harnessed, can be exploited for reader will be treated to a colourful selection of articles on yet another step forward in science, potentially leading to topics as diverse as chemistry in laser fields, quantum dy- technology for quantum computing, quantum simulation, namics in helium droplets, effects of microwave and laser precise field sensors, and new lasers. fields on molecular motion, Rydberg molecules, molecular Downloaded by [University of Montana] at 09:16 04 December 2013 The goal of the present article is to review the major structure in external fields, quantum simulation with ul- developments that have led to the current understanding tracold molecules, and controlled molecular interactions, of molecule–field interactions and experimental methods written by many of the leading protagonists of these fields. for manipulating molecules with electromagnetic fields. This article is concerned chiefly with the effects of elec- Molecule–field interactions are at the core of several, seem- tromagnetic fields on low-energy rotational, fine-structure ingly distinct, areas of molecular physics. This is reflected and translational degrees of freedom. There are several im- in the organisation of this article, which includes sec- portant research areas that are left outside the scope of tions on field control of molecular beams, external field this paper, most notably the large body of work on the traps for cold molecules, control of molecular orienta- interaction of molecules with attosecond laser pulses and tion and molecular alignment, manipulation of molecules high-harmonic generation (HHG) [28], coherent control of by non-conservative forces, ultracold molecules and ul- molecular dynamics [29] and optimal control of molecular tracold chemistry, controlled many-body phenomena, en- processes [30]. We limit the discussion of resonant inter- tanglement of molecules and dipole arrays, and stability action of light with molecules to laser cooling strategies. ∗Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] C 2013 Taylor & Francis Molecular Physics 1649 We do not survey spectroscopy or transfer of population sponding to the eigenvalues of four commuting operators: between molecular states. Even with these restrictions, this the Hamiltonian, the square of the total angular momentum is a vast area to review, as is apparent from the number of J 2,theZ-component of J, and the parity operator, in addi- references. We did our best to include all relevant results, tion to other (almost) good quantum numbers, if any. The with an emphasis on experimental work. However, some presence of an axially symmetric external field perturbs references may have been inadvertently omitted, for which the isotropy of space, which leads to couplings between the authors apologise. The in-depth discussion of selected states of different J. The operators describing field-induced topics of this article can be found in previous review ar- interactions can be expressed in terms of rank-1spherical ticles. In particular, Refs. [31–41] provide an introduction tensors, leading to selection rules |J| = 0, 1 for couplings to the field of cold molecules, Refs. [33,42–46] review the in first order and |J| = 0, 2 for couplings in second order. work on controlled molecular beams, and Refs. [47–51] Since the rotation about the field axis leaves the system in- discuss molecules in short laser pulses. variant, the projection M of the total angular momentum on This special issue and review article have been prepared the field direction remains a good quantum number. This in celebration of the 60th birthday of Professor Bretislav quantum number is no longer good if two non-parallel fields Friedrich, who is currently a Research Group Leader at the are applied. Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck

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