Lesson Twenty Eight Extending Arpeggios
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APPENDIX B Glossary
APPENDIX B Glossary 3-to-1 rule a recording strategy used to avoid phasing issues during stereo miking. The 3-to-1 rule states that the distance between the first and second microphones should be at least three times the distance between the first microphone and the sound source. 50/50 split a common type of contract agreement used in the music industry that equally divides royalties between the composer and publisher. 80:20 ratio a compositional guideline used in media scoring, assigning approximately 80% of the expression to the drama and emotional atmosphere of the scene, while the remaining 20% is used to define the region in which the scene takes place. A AAX shorthand for Avid Audio eXtension, this is a more recent plugin type used by Pro Tools software that is available in native and DSP formats. absorption a category of acoustic treatment that absorbs sound before it has the chance to reflect around the room, which can cause acoustic problems. accelerando a score marking that tells the performer(s) to gradually increase the speed of the music. accented passing tone an embellishment that is approached and left by step in the same direction and takes place in an accented metrical position. accent mark a notational symbol that tells the performer to emphasize a note with a sudden increase in volume. accidental a symbol used to alter the pitch of a note in a given direction without changing its letter, typically creating a chromatic alteration. 432 GLOSSARY accordatura a score marking indicating a cancellation of scordatura and return to standard tuning, usually in a score for stringed instruments. -
Many of Us Are Familiar with Popular Major Chord Progressions Like I–IV–V–I
Many of us are familiar with popular major chord progressions like I–IV–V–I. Now it’s time to delve into the exciting world of minor chords. Minor scales give flavor and emotion to a song, adding a level of musical depth that can make a mediocre song moving and distinct from others. Because so many of our favorite songs are in major keys, those that are in minor keys1 can stand out, and some musical styles like rock or jazz thrive on complex minor scales and harmonic wizardry. Minor chord progressions generally contain richer harmonic possibilities than the typical major progressions. Minor key songs frequently modulate to major and back to minor. Sometimes the same chord can appear as major and minor in the very same song! But this heady harmonic mix is nothing to be afraid of. By the end of this article, you’ll not only understand how minor chords are made, but you’ll know some common minor chord progressions, how to write them, and how to use them in your own music. With enough listening practice, you’ll be able to recognize minor chord progressions in songs almost instantly! Table of Contents: 1. A Tale of Two Tonalities 2. Major or Minor? 3. Chords in Minor Scales 4. The Top 3 Chords in Minor Progressions 5. Exercises in Minor 6. Writing Your Own Minor Chord Progressions 7. Your Minor Journey 1 https://www.musical-u.com/learn/the-ultimate-guide-to-minor-keys A Tale of Two Tonalities Western music is dominated by two tonalities: major and minor. -
A. Types of Chords in Tonal Music
1 Kristen Masada and Razvan Bunescu: A Segmental CRF Model for Chord Recognition in Symbolic Music A. Types of Chords in Tonal Music minished triads most frequently contain a diminished A chord is a group of notes that form a cohesive har- seventh interval (9 half steps), producing a fully di- monic unit to the listener when sounding simulta- minished seventh chord, or a minor seventh interval, neously (Aldwell et al., 2011). We design our sys- creating a half-diminished seventh chord. tem to handle the following types of chords: triads, augmented 6th chords, suspended chords, and power A.2 Augmented 6th Chords chords. An augmented 6th chord is a type of chromatic chord defined by an augmented sixth interval between the A.1 Triads lowest and highest notes of the chord (Aldwell et al., A triad is the prototypical instance of a chord. It is 2011). The three most common types of augmented based on a root note, which forms the lowest note of a 6th chords are Italian, German, and French sixth chord in standard position. A third and a fifth are then chords, as shown in Figure 8 in the key of A minor. built on top of this root to create a three-note chord. In- In a minor scale, Italian sixth chords can be seen as verted triads also exist, where the third or fifth instead iv chords with a sharpened root, in the first inversion. appears as the lowest note. The chord labels used in Thus, they can be created by stacking the sixth, first, our system do not distinguish among inversions of the and sharpened fourth scale degrees. -
Music in Theory and Practice
CHAPTER 4 Chords Harmony Primary Triads Roman Numerals TOPICS Chord Triad Position Simple Position Triad Root Position Third Inversion Tertian First Inversion Realization Root Second Inversion Macro Analysis Major Triad Seventh Chords Circle Progression Minor Triad Organum Leading-Tone Progression Diminished Triad Figured Bass Lead Sheet or Fake Sheet Augmented Triad IMPORTANT In the previous chapter, pairs of pitches were assigned specifi c names for identifi cation CONCEPTS purposes. The phenomenon of tones sounding simultaneously frequently includes group- ings of three, four, or more pitches. As with intervals, identifi cation names are assigned to larger tone groupings with specifi c symbols. Harmony is the musical result of tones sounding together. Whereas melody implies the Harmony linear or horizontal aspect of music, harmony refers to the vertical dimension of music. A chord is a harmonic unit with at least three different tones sounding simultaneously. Chord The term includes all possible such sonorities. Figure 4.1 #w w w w w bw & w w w bww w ww w w w w w w w‹ Strictly speaking, a triad is any three-tone chord. However, since western European music Triad of the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries is tertian (chords containing a super- position of harmonic thirds), the term has come to be limited to a three-note chord built in superposed thirds. The term root refers to the note on which a triad is built. “C major triad” refers to a major Triad Root triad whose root is C. The root is the pitch from which a triad is generated. 73 3711_ben01877_Ch04pp73-94.indd 73 4/10/08 3:58:19 PM Four types of triads are in common use. -
Harmonic Resources in 1980S Hard Rock and Heavy Metal Music
HARMONIC RESOURCES IN 1980S HARD ROCK AND HEAVY METAL MUSIC A thesis submitted to the College of the Arts of Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Music Theory by Erin M. Vaughn December, 2015 Thesis written by Erin M. Vaughn B.M., The University of Akron, 2003 M.A., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by ____________________________________________ Richard O. Devore, Thesis Advisor ____________________________________________ Ralph Lorenz, Director, School of Music _____________________________________________ John R. Crawford-Spinelli, Dean, College of the Arts ii Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER I........................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 GOALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................ 3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE............................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II..................................................................................................................................... 36 ANALYSIS OF “MASTER OF PUPPETS” ...................................................................................... -
Learn How to Play Power Guitar Chords with My Guitar Lessons. We
Learn How To Play Power Guitar Chords With My Guitar Lessons. We are going to be learning power chords. Power chords can be one of the guitarists best friends. They are used a lot in all kinds of rock, pop, metal and country music. First, we will learn how power chords are made and then we will learn how to play them. Once you have the shape for your power chords down we will apply them to a song. The formula for a power chord is root and 5th. With that in mind, let’s make a G power chord. The notes in the G major scale are G, A, B, C, D, E, and F#. If you want to make a G power chord just use the G note as the root and the 5th note in the G major scale for the 5th of the power chord. The 5th note of a G major scale is D so the two notes in a G power chord would be G and D. Now we will learn the shape for power chords. Let’s stick with a G power chord for now. Play the G note on the 3rd fret of the 6th string with your 1st finger. Now go up two frets and over one string to play the 5th fret of the 5th string with your 3rd finger. That is a D note. Now you have a G and a D. G is the root and D is the 5th. That fits the formula for a power chord. -
When the Leading Tone Doesn't Lead: Musical Qualia in Context
When the Leading Tone Doesn't Lead: Musical Qualia in Context Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Claire Arthur, B.Mus., M.A. Graduate Program in Music The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: David Huron, Advisor David Clampitt Anna Gawboy c Copyright by Claire Arthur 2016 Abstract An empirical investigation is made of musical qualia in context. Specifically, scale-degree qualia are evaluated in relation to a local harmonic context, and rhythm qualia are evaluated in relation to a metrical context. After reviewing some of the philosophical background on qualia, and briefly reviewing some theories of musical qualia, three studies are presented. The first builds on Huron's (2006) theory of statistical or implicit learning and melodic probability as significant contributors to musical qualia. Prior statistical models of melodic expectation have focused on the distribution of pitches in melodies, or on their first-order likelihoods as predictors of melodic continuation. Since most Western music is non-monophonic, this first study investigates whether melodic probabilities are altered when the underlying harmonic accompaniment is taken into consideration. This project was carried out by building and analyzing a corpus of classical music containing harmonic analyses. Analysis of the data found that harmony was a significant predictor of scale-degree continuation. In addition, two experiments were carried out to test the perceptual effects of context on musical qualia. In the first experiment participants rated the perceived qualia of individual scale-degrees following various common four-chord progressions that each ended with a different harmony. -
Musical Chord Preference: Cultural Or Universal?
Working Paper Series MUSICAL CHORD PREFERENCE: CULTURAL OR UNIVERSAL? DATA FROM A NATIVE AMAZONIAN SOCIETY EDUARDO A. UNDURRAGA1,*, NICHOLAS Q. EMLEM2, MAXIMILIEN GUEZE3, DAN T. EISENBERG4, TOMAS HUANCA5, VICTORIA REYES-GARCÍA1,3, 6 VICTORIA RAZUMOVA7, KAREN GODOY8, TAPS BOLIVIA STUDY TEAM9, AND RICARDO GODOY3 1 Heller School, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02154, USA 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 3 Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain 4 Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA 5 Centro Boliviano de Investigación y Desarrollo Socio-integral (CBIDSI), Correo Central, San Borja, Beni, Bolivia 6 ICREA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain 7 147 Sycamore St, Sommerville, MA 02145, USA 8 Pediatric Medical Care Inc., 1000 Broadway, Chelsea, MA 02150. USA 9 Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study, Correo Central, San Borja, Beni, Bolivia *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Word count: 9,372 (excluding abstract and cover page) 2 Abstract (338 words) Purpose. Recent evidence suggests that when listening to Western music, subjects cross- culturally experience similar emotions. However, we do not know whether cross-cultural regularities in affect response to music also emerge when listening to the building blocks of Western music, such as major and minor chords. In Western music, major chords are associated with happiness, a basic pan-human emotion, but the relation has not been tested in a remote non- Western setting. Here we address this question by measuring the relation between (i) listening to major and minor chords in major and minor keys and (ii) self-reported happiness in a remote society of native Amazonian hunters, gatherers, and farmers in Bolivia (Tsimane’). -
New Grade 7 LB 2016-2017.Indd
COURSE 35 Theory Homework 289 C Label a four-note, C chord arpeggio stacked in 3rds and a 4th. t inan ant n Term: bdom u Write the secondary chords. Tonic S Domi C Dm Em F G Am B C Dm Em Am B Numeral: I ___ ___ IV V ___ ___o ___ ii iii vi viio Sol-fa: do ___ ___ fa sol ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___o Write the scale triads over the given note. Write in the missing terms: supertonic, mediant, submediant, leading tone and tonic. Write the missing numerals: ii iii vi vii I. Write the missing sol-fa: re mi la ti do. Theory Homework 290 D Label a four-note, Dm chord arpeggio stacked in 3rds and a 4th. Term: Write the secondary chords. onic T Subdominant Dominant G Am Bm C D Em F# G Am Bm Em F# Numeral: I ___ ___ IV V ___ ___o ___ ii iii vi viio Sol-fa: do ___ ___ fa sol ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___o Write the scale triads over the given note. Write in the missing terms: supertonic, mediant, submediant, leading tone and tonic. Write the missing numerals: ii iii vi vii I. Write the missing sol-fa: re mi la ti do. Theory Homework 291 E Label a four-note, Em chord arpeggio stacked in 3rds and a 4th. nt ina om Term: ic ubd Write the secondary chords. Ton S Dominant Em F m Bm C D Em F# m G A Bm C# D # # Numeral: I ___ ___ IV V ___ ___o ___ ii iii vi viio Sol-fa: do ___ ___ fa sol ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___o Write the scale triads over the given note. -
Secondary Leading Tone Chords the Most Typical Way to Tonicize a Major
Secondary Leading Tone Chords The most typical way to tonicize a major or minor chord (NOT a diminished chord!) is to approach/precede it with a secondary dominant. Approaching a chord (such as a ii, iii, IV, V or vi) with its own relative dominant emulates the recognizable and strong push that a regular V has as it moves to I. So when a V/V goes to V (as it should), the V chord is arrived at in an emphasized way, and the V/V chord stands out because it has a chromatic note in it–that musical moment stands out in the texture. But similar to V (or V7) moving to I (or a V/V moving to V) is when viio moves to I. Recall that viio can act as a substitute for V(7); viio is also, in fact, a type of dominant-functioning chord. Because viio also functions as a dominant, it can function as a secondary dominant, and tonicize a chord a half-step above it–in the same way that viio resolves to I up a half- step. In that capacity, we call it a secondary leading tone chord. In as much as there can be a V/V, or a V7/V, there can be a viio/V (or viio/anything). (There can even be a viio7/V, or a viiø7/V, but we’ll just focus on the triad version...). Just as a V/V is built off a root a 4th below the V chord, a viio/V is built off a root a half-step below the V chord. -
1 GET STARTED PLAYING ARPEGGIOS -Written
GET STARTED PLAYING ARPEGGIOS -written by David Taub Lets get started with a few basic arpeggios. Arpeggios are notes of a certain chord or scale usually played quickly one after another instead of strummed all at once. Arpeggios are the notes that make up chords, but played individually, or one at a time. Many times they are played from the lowest sounding note to the highest sounding note. Arpeggios are quite useful as they can be utilized throughout your soloing and improvisational lead lines, you can build riffs out of them, or create melody lines with them - the sky is the limit! I have found the key to being able to phrase your arpeggios fluidly into your playing is being able to grab them quickly – knowing where they are at and what scales they live in so to speak. So in this lesson and the ones right after this, we will examine arpeggios that have first finger roots or pinky roots on the 6 th , 5 th , or 4 th strings. I have found students are able to grasp these the fastest and insert them fluidly into their playing. You certainly want to learn the arpeggio in all positions, much like your scales, but to get started these are what I have found students grab the fastest. Another key to good arpeggio playing is mixing them in with your scales, modes, and riffs – not necessarily just playing a certain arpeggio up and down and up and down in full as that can get very sterile after a while. So try and mix them together with your modal or other scalar lead lines, that’s how they sound best in my opinion – mixed in. -
JAM the Card Behind the Keys of Your Piano / Keyboard
JAM ON KEYBOARDS TODAY! ® more at www.littlekidsrock.org Root Key on C C Major Chord USING JAM CARDS 1. JAM the card behind the keys of your piano / keyboard. 2. Line up a ROOT key with any note for the desired chord or scale. 3. The blue keys will show you what other keys to play. For corresponding keyboard curriculum please visit: http://www.littlekidsrock.org/thehang/keyboard-index/ JAM CARD™ #1a CHORDS: Major 3 2 4 5 ® Major chords sound happy. Play these three color stripes anywhere on the piano and the "pattern" you are playing is a major chord. The ROOTROOT gives the chord its 1 name. When the ROOTROOT is on "C", you are playing "C major" ROOT FINGERTHUMB FINGER FINGER ©2013 Little Kids Rock 11 3 5 JAM CARD™ #1b CHORDS: Minor 3 2 4 5 ® Minor chords sound sad. This minor chord "pattern" is the same as the major 1 chord "pattern" except for the middle note. The ROOTROOT gives the chord its name. ROOT NOTE ©2013 Little Kids Rock ROOT ©2013 Little Kids Rock FINGERTHUMB FINGER FINGER 1 3 5 JAM CARD™ #2a CHORDS: Major in 3 Ways 3 2 4 5 ® All major chords have three "patterns" and each major chord can be played three ways. Knowing the three "patterns" makes changing chords easier. The ROOTROOT still 1 gives the chord its name, no matter where it appears in the "pattern". THUMB FINGER FINGER FINGER 1 3 SHAPE 3 5 FINGER FINGER THUMB 1 2 SHAPE 2 5 ROOT ©2013 Little Kids Rock THUMB FINGER FINGER 1 3 5 SHAPE 1 ROOT JAM CARD™ #2b CHORDS: Minor in 3 Ways 3 2 4 5 ® All minor chords have three "patterns" and each minor chord can be played three ways.