DOCSLIB.ORG

A Hierarchical Location Normalization System for Text

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Hierarchical Location Normalization System for Text A Hierarchical Location Normalization System for Text Dongyun Liang, Guohua Wang, Jing Nie, Binxu Zhai and Xiusen Gu Tencent, China fdylanliang, guohuawang, [email protected] Abstract congestion at Shiling Interchange)” refers to a defi- nite location, but there’s no indication of where the It’s natural these days for people to know the Shiling Interchange is to make an exact response, local events from massive documents. Many unless we know it belongs to Longquanyi district, texts contain location information, such as city Chengdu city, Sichuan province. name or road name, which is always incom- plete or latent. It’s significant to extract the Countries are divided up into different units to administrative area of the text and organize manage their land and the affairs of their people the hierarchy of area, called location normal- easier. Administrative division (AD) is a portion ization. Existing detecting location systems of a country or other region delineated for the pur- either exclude hierarchical normalization or pose of administration. Due to China’s large pop- present only a few specific regions. We pro- ulation and area, the AD of China have consisted pose a system named ROIBase 1 that normal- of several levels since ancient times. For clarity izes the text by the Chinese hierarchical ad- ministrative divisions. ROIBase adopts a co- and convenience, we cover three levels in our sys- occurrence constraint as the basic framework tem, and treat the largest administrative division to score the hit of the administrative area, of a country as 1st-level, next subdivisions as 2nd- achieves the inference by special embeddings, level and 3rd-level, which matches the provincial and expands the recall by the ROI (region of in- (province, autonomous region, municipality, and terest). It has high efficiency and interpretabil- special administrative region), prefecture-level city ity because it mainly establishes on the definite and county in China, shown as Table1. China knowledge and has less complex logic than the supervised models. We demonstrate that administers more than 3,200 divisions in these flat- ROIBase achieves better performance against tened levels. In such a large and complex hierarchy, feasible solutions and is useful as a strong sup- much work stops at extracting the relevant loca- port system for location normalization. tions, such as named entity tagging (Srihari, 2000). There are many similar named entity recognition 1 Introduction (NER) toolkits (Che et al., 2010; Finkel et al., 2005) for location extraction. As the ambiguity is very In every day and every place, various events are be- high for location name, Li et al.(2002) and Al- ing reported in the form of texts, and many of these Olimat et al.(2017) develop to the disambiguation don’t present hierarchical and standard locations. arXiv:2001.07320v1 [cs.CL] 21 Jan 2020 of location extraction. We take a step closer to In the context-aware text, location is a fundamental extract normalization information, and determine component that supports a wide range of applica- which the three hierarchical administrative area the tions. We need to focus on the normalizing location document mainly describes. to process massive texts effectively in specific sce- The challenges are a bit different in our loca- narios. As the text stream in social media are more tion normalization, which are mainly in ambiguity quickly in accident or disaster response (Munro, and explicit absence. For example, there is a du- 2011), location normalization is crucial for situa- plicate Chaoyang district as 3rd-level in Beijing tional awareness in these fields, in which the omit- and Changchun city, and “Chaoyan” also means ted writing style often avoids redundant content. the rising sun in Chinese, which may cause ambi- For example, “Auˤ路段¤通拥5 (Traffic guity. If “Beijing” and “Chaoyang” are mentioned 1github.com/waterblas/ROIBase-lite in the same context, it is confident that “Chaoyang” 2019/12/23 Administrative divisions of China - Wikipedia Structural hierarchy of the administrative divisions and basic level autonomies of China Provincial level (1st) Prefectural level (2nd) County level (3rd) 省级行政区 地级行政区 县级行政区 Sub-provincial-level autonomous prefecture 副省级自治州 District 市辖区 County-level city 县 级市 Prefectural-level city 地级市 Autonomous region County 县 自治区 Autonomous prefecture 自治州 Autonomous count y 自治县 Prefecture 地区 Banner 旗 Leagues 盟 Autonomous bann er 自治旗 Sub-provincial-level city 副省级城市 District 市辖区 Special district 特 区 Prefectural-level city 地级市 County-level city 县级 市 Province Autonomous prefecture 自治州 County 县 省 Prefecture 地区 Autonomous count y 自治县 Sub-prefectural-level city 副地级市 Forestry district 林区 Sub-provincial-level new area 副省级市辖新区 Municipality District 市辖区 直辖市 County 县 Special administrative region Region 地区 (informal) District 区 特别行政区 Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau 民政总署 Freguesia 堂区 (informal) (Part of the One country, two systems) Municipality 市 (informal) Table 1: Structural hierarchy of the administrative divisions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China 1/1 should refer to the district of Beijing city. Simi- naturally, we propose the concept of ROI, which larly, Yarowsky(1995) proposes a corpus-based has a bi-directional association with AD. Given an unsupervised approach that avoids the need for ROI mapping the fixed hierarchical administrative costly truthed training data. However, it’s com- area, ROI has high confidence to represent the area, mon that some contexts lack enough co-occurrence as well as the area contains it definitely. In the of AD to disambiguate or the explicit information absence of explicit patterns, the co-occurring ROI completely misses. We refer to it as the explicit in the context can be good evidence to predict the absence problem, and neither NER nor disambigua- most likely administrative area. The main contri- tion makes it work unless more hidden information butions of the system are as follows, which can be is explored. There are many specific AD-related applied to other languages: points identifying which division is, including: 1. We provide a structured AD database, and • Location alias, e.g. “OÎ (Pengcheng)” is the use the co-occurrence constraints to make a alias name of Shenzhen city; decision; • Old calling or customary title, e.g. “老ø北 2. The ROIBase is equipped with geographic (Old Zhabei)” is a municipal district that once embeddings trained by special location se- existed in Shanghai city; quences to make an inference; • The phrase about the spatial region event, e.g. 3. We use a large news corpus to build a knowl- “-国国E½F'会 (China Huishang Con- edge base that is made up of ROIs, which ference)” has been held in Hefei city; helps normalization. • Some POIs (point of interest), e.g. The well- known “颐和园 (Summer Palace)” is situated 2 User Interface in the northwestern suburbs of Beijing. We design a web-based online demo 2 to show the location normalization. As shown in Figure1, there We summary them as a concept named ROI, are three cases split by blue lines, and each case which is both similar and different from POI. mainly contains two components: query and result. POI dataset collects specific location points that Query Input the document into the textbox with someone may find useful or interesting. It maps a green border to query for ROIBase. The query the detailed address that covers the administra- accepts the Chinese format sentences, such as the tive division. However, many POIs only build an text from news or social media. uni-directional association with AD. For example, Result On the right of the textbox, it will show Bank of China as a common POI is opened across the structured result from ROIBase after submit- the China. We can find many Bank of China at a ting the query. The result consists of there parts: specific AD, but if only “Bank of China” exists in a Confidence, Inference and ROI. context, we can’t directly confirm its location with- out more area information. Since POI is uncertain 2http://research.dylra.com/v/roibase/ Figure 1: User interface of ROIBase. Confidence represents the result that can be ex- ministrative areas in China, which are organized tracted and identified from explicit information. in the form of hierarchy. Each record is associated For example, we have confidence to fill “新疆 (Xin- with its parent and children, for example, “D3市 jiang)” when “尉犁¿ (Yuli County)” and “巴音郭 (Xiangyang city)” is at 2nd-level, its alias is Xiang- ^蒙古ê»州 (Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous fan, its parent is Hubei province, and some children Prefecture)” are coming together in context. of its divisions are Gucheng County, Xiangzhou Inference is complement for the Confidence by District, etc. we develop a co-occurrence constraint embeddings, where the nearest uncertain admin- based on this database to Confidence result, shown istrative level will be inferred from the implicit in Algorithm1. information of the input. For example, none of the explicit administrative area appears in middle case ALGORITHM 1: processing Confidence of the Figure1, so the Inference will start with 1st- Input: S, sentences from text level (the largest division), and it infers “广东省 Output D, hierarchical administrative division (Guangdong Province)”. If the Confidence comes T ;;Q fg up with 1st-level, the Inference will start with 2nd- foreach word phrase w 2 S do level. If the Confidence is filled with three levels, if w hit AD database then Inference does nothing and keeps it as before. expand w to three levels [l1; l2; l3] by ROI is derived from the ROI knowledge base. standard AD, and add them into T ; We will match the input with the ROI knowledge end base, and return the ROI associated with the admin- foreach hierarchical candidate t 2 T do istrative area when the match is successful.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Next-Generation Sequencing Improves Thalassemia Carrier Screening Among Premarital Adults in a High Prevalence Population: the Dai Nationality, China
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE © American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Next-generation sequencing improves thalassemia carrier screening among premarital adults in a high prevalence population: the Dai nationality, China Jing He, MS1,2, Wenhui Song, PhD3, Jinlong Yang, BS3,5, Sen Lu, PhD4, Yuan Yuan, MS4, Junfu Guo, MS4, Jie Zhang, PhD2, Kai Ye, BS4, Fan Yang, BS4, Fangfang Long, MS3, Zhiyu Peng, PhD4, Haijing Yu, PhD5, Le Cheng, PhD3,6 and Baosheng Zhu, MS1,2 Purpose: Thalassemia is one of the most common monogenic dis- ite α- and β-thalassemia carriers were missed by traditional screens. eases in southwestern China, especially among the Dai ethnic group. The proportion of such α- and β-thalassemia carriers among the Dai Here, we explore the feasibility of a next-generation sequencing people is 8.6% (82/951). For β-thalassemia carriers, the high ratio (NGS) screening method specifically for the Dai people. (66/99) of CD26 mutations may suggest a correlation between CD26 Methods: Blood samples were obtained from Dai people for premar- and the environmental adaption of the Dai people. ital screening. Double-blind, parallel hemoglobinopathy screening Conclusions: Methodological comparisons demonstrate the superi- was conducted using both traditional hematological methods (red ority of NGS for both sensitivity and specificity, provide a compre- cell indexes and hemoglobin electrophoresis, then DNA sequencing) hensive assessment of thalassemia screening strategies, and indicate and an NGS approach. that NGS is a competitive screening method, especially among popu- Results: Among 951 tested individuals, we found a thalassemia car- lations with a high prevalence of disease. rier rate of 49.5% (471/951) using the NGS screen, in contrast to Genet Med advance online publication 26 January 2017 22.0% (209/951) found using traditional methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Butte County MHMP Were Asked to Provide Ratings of the Likelihood That an Event Would Occur in the Future
    BUTTE COUNTY MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL ALL HAZARD PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN MARCH 2007 Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) County of Butte i Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Biggs ii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 iii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Chico iv Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 v Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Gridley v Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) City of Oroville vi Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 vii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Adoption by Local Governing Body: §201.6(c)(5) Town of Paradise viii Butte County Multi-Jurisdictional All Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan March 2007 Table of Contents 1. Purpose / Vision / Values .............................................................................................1 2. The Planning Process....................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Who Gets Promoted and Why? Understanding Power and Persuasion in China's Cadre Evaluation System
    Who Gets Promoted and Why? Understanding Power and Persuasion in China’s Cadre Evaluation System Zhen Wang Department of Political Science Middle Tennessee State University Prepared for Delivery at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Chinese Studies October 11-13, 2013 New Brunswick, New Jersey 1 Introduction The worldwide speculations that took place before China’s leadership change in 2012 suggest an uncomfortable fact that we know very little about how China’s political personnel system actually works. The authoritarian state is surely to blame for intentionally making the process secretive. But as political scientists, how do we move beyond guesswork and start making better sense of the system? What are the criteria that the Communist Party uses to promote or demote its officials? How are these criteria implemented? And what are the power mechanisms involved in the implementation process? A small group of political scientists have striven to make sense of this murky but highly important subject by examining either the Nomenklatura system at the central level or the Cadre Evaluation System (CES) at the level of sub- national governments. This paper seeks to contribute to this cause of a better understanding of the Communist Party’s personnel management system by further investigating the CES – a personnel management system that assesses the performance of leading local officials from the provincial down to the lowest local level. Based on six months of fieldwork combing interviews with archival research, I argue that China’s cadre evaluation system consists of two intrinsic power mechanisms – top-down control and local autonomy, and that there is more bargaining and negotiation involved in the cadre evaluation process than often assumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Governments and Home Rule in South Carolina
    Local Governments and Home Rule in South Carolina A Citizen’s Guide Holley Hewitt Ulbrich and Ada Louise Steirer Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs Clemson University Local Governments and Home Rule in South Carolina A Citizen’s Guide by Holley Hewitt Ulbrich Ada Louise Steirer June 2004 Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs Clemson University Funded by the R.C. Edwards Endowment and the Office of the President 1 Contents ◗ Before You Read This Booklet . Three ◗ Home Rule in South Carolina . Five ◗ Municipalities and Home Rule . Eight ◗ Counties and Home Rule. Fifteen ◗ School Districts and Home Rule . .Twenty-three ◗ Conclusion . Twenty-seven ◗ What Can a Citizen Do? . Twenty-eight About the Authors Dr. Ulbrich is Alumna Professor Emerita of Economics at Clemson University and Senior Fellow of the Strom Thurmond Institute. She has written extensively about tax policy. Ms. Steirer is a re- search associate in community and economic development at the Institute. Both have experience as elected and appointed officials. Cover photos provided by the city of Clemson, Clemson University’s Photo Lab, and the S.C. Association of Counties. View this publication on the Web at www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/ulbrich/home_rule.pdf The views presented here are not necessarily those of the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs or of Clemson University. The Institute sponsors research and public service programs to enhance civic awareness of public policy issues and improve the quality of national, state, and local government. The Institute, a public service activity of Clemson University, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax-exempt public policy research organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Trials of a Tibetan Monk: the Case of Tenzin Delek
    Human Rights Watch February 2004, Vol. 16, No. 1 (C) Trials of a Tibetan Monk: The Case of Tenzin Delek Map 1: Provinces and Autonomous Regions of the People’s Republic of China..............................1 Map2: Sichuan Province and Surrounding Areas....................................................................................2 Map 3: Southeastern Section of Kardze/Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture............................3 I. Summary ....................................................................................................................................................5 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................7 A Note on Methodology.........................................................................................................................8 II. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................10 Tenzin Delek ..........................................................................................................................................12 Lobsang Dondrup..................................................................................................................................14 Bombs......................................................................................................................................................15 III. Arrests...................................................................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
    IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women.
    [Show full text]
  • Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla-Kuqa Section)-Qiemo
    Ethnic Minority Development Plan Ethnic Minority Development Plan Document Stage: Final Project Number: 39655 September 2007 PRC: Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla-Kuqa Section) Prepared by Communication Construction Administration Bureau of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project Qiemo County Local Roads Ethnic Minority Development Plan Communication Construction Administration Bureau of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region March 2007 Ethnic Minority Development Plan Endorsement Letter of Ethnic Minority Development Plan Ministry of Communication and Ministry of Finance have approved Qiemo County Local Road Project which is financed by ADB. The project is planned to commence in 2007 and finish in 2010. According to the requirements of ADB, an EMDP for the project should be compiled in accordance with the Social Safeguards Guidelines of the ADB. Communication Construction Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with the assistance of PPTA consultants finished this plan. This EMDP is a key planning document of the project, which is approved and monitored by the ADB. Communication Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region authorizes Communication Construction Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to be responsible for the implementation of the project and compilation of the EMDP. Communication Construction Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has asked for the views on the draft of this EMDP from relevant bureaus, departments, governments of towns or townships, and communities and incorporated those views into the EMDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231 5th International Conference on Community Development (AMCA 2018) Indonesia’s Development Policy to Increase Prosperity of the People in the Border Area Sonny Sudiar Bambang Irawan Mulawarman University, Samarinda Mulawarman University, Samarinda [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. The main issue of this paper highlights the Border area is defined as an area that geographically development policy and prosperity of the people in and demographically adjoins with the borders of a the border area. The border area has always been the country. Scholars exploring the study of international sexiest issues to discuss, as it is identical as a lagging border have developed extensive literatures on the topics and isolated area. The collaboration between the which range from the issue of state’s sovereignty on the government and local communities to overcome those border area [4], the relations between border and problems is needed. In this case, development policy international cooperation [5], the construction of border becomes the key role in order to increase the quality both in physical infrastructure and in intangible of social life especially for the local people. The notion perception of people’s mind [6]-[7] of development has lost its significance due to the One of Indonesia’s most worrying borders is absence of ethics or moral dimension. Practically, the Indonesia-Malaysia border in North Kalimantan. The ethics make the development more meaningful for the problems ranged from high political issues such as entire human life and environment comprehensively. dispute borderlands, damage or missing demarcation Development is a necessity that must be done by every pillars to social and economic issues such as single government to make progress and change for undeveloped region, low or non-existing of basic the better life of the citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • The Investigation of Executive Condition of Minority Regions’ Special
    Jan. 2007, Volume 6, No.1 (Serial No.43) Chinese Business Review, ISSN1537-1506, USA The Investigation of Executive Condition of Minority Regions’ Special Education Policies: The Case of Du’an Autonomous County 1 2 TU Wen-jing , MEI Jin-ping (1. College of Management, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China; 2. School of Economics, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China) Abstract: The unbalance development of education is a widespread problem around the world, and the most outstanding of it is the lag of the education development of minority regions. For the sake of developing the education of minority regions, the government adopted a lot of policies and measures, enacting special education policies is the important matter among them. The paper tries to take Du’an autonomous county, Guangxi autonomous region as a case to explore the problems in the executive condition of minority regions’ special education policies, and gives the suggestion for the government to accelerate the education development of minority regions. Key words: minority regions; special education policies; Du’an County The unbalance development of education is a widespread problem around the world, and the most outstanding of it is the lag of the education development of minority regions. On account of the poor environment, behindhand economic development and laggard education, in the market competition, minority regions are in a disadvantaged position, they always stick in the poor abyss, and the gap between the minority regions and other regions in the country is bigger and bigger. Developing the education of minority regions, and promoting their “soft resources’ to make up the lack of their “hard resources”, is the essential way to supply the gap.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Ethnic Groups in China
    Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page i studies on ethnic groups in china Stevan Harrell, Editor Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page ii studies on ethnic groups in china Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers Edited by Stevan Harrell Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad Edited by Nicole Constable Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China Jonathan N. Lipman Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China Mette Halskov Hansen Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 Edward J. M. Rhoads Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China Stevan Harrell Governing China’s Multiethnic Frontiers Edited by Morris Rossabi On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page iii ON THE MARGINS OF TIBET Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS Seattle and London Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/7/05 12:47 PM Page iv this publication was supported in part by the donald r. ellegood international publications endowment. Copyright © 2005 by the University of Washington Press Printed in United States of America Designed by Pamela Canell 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writ- ing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Speech by Vice-Governor of the People's Government of Yunnan
    Ladies and gentlemen, I am from Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China. I am Vice-Governor of the People’s Government of Yunnan Province. At the same time, I am also an organizer, participant, promoter and witness to HIV/AIDS prevention and care in Yunnan Province, having worked on HIV/AIDS control for 11 years. I would like to extend my great gratitude to UNAIDS and H.E. Mr. Sidibé for inviting me and my colleagues to be here and to have the opportunity to participate in this Board meeting and to share our experiences on HIV/AIDS prevention and control. As we all know, HIV/AIDS is still one of the most important public health issues in the world. It is also the common challenge and responsibility of all governments. In Yunnan Province of the People’s Republic of China, HIV/AIDS prevention and control is an important task. Yunnan Province is located in the southwestern tip of China and has a population of 47 million. There are 25 ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, which comprise 33% of the total population. Yunnan Province covers a land area of 394,000 square kilometers and is bordered with Myanmar, Laos and Viet Nam. It shares a 4060-kilometre border with these three countries and is in the vicinity of the Golden Triangle. Yunnan Province is one of the areas worst affected by drug trafficking. It is also one of the most important areas for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in China. By October 2016, 93,437 people had been diagnosed and reported to be living with HIV, which is 14% of the total cases in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Dataset Description
    Dataset Description Each GB code in the database consists of six digits. The first two digits represent the province, the second two the prefecture, and the third two the county. Province, prefectural, and county codings are contained in the linked document, Province codings. Because GB codes do not exist for every administrative unit that existed in the life of the database, it was necessary to create codes in certain circumstances. The construction of the database and information on assignment of values is described in the linked document, Procedures used in the creating the GB database. The dataset consists of ten fields for each record (see variable codes for a description of coding scheme): FIELD DESCRIPTION FORMAT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C-gbcode GB code integer C-source Source of code text N-pinyin Romanized name in Pinyin text N-local Romanized name using some non-Chinese pronunciations text N-hanzi Name in Chinese characters text H Hierarchical position of unit (county-level) integer A Administrative status of unit integer change Configuration of changes text P Hierarchical position of unit (prefecture-level) integer fromdate First day the coded configuration was in effect 8 digits in yyyymmdd todate Last day the coded configuration was in effect 8 digits in yyyymmdd NOTES Details regarding special circumstances text (255 characters) Files and Formats gbcodes1.mdb Microsoft Access Version 2.0 with user interface that allows to search on specific names or codes and also automatically create provincial and/or temporal subsets of the full 1982-1994 GB Codes database. The current version requires Microsoft Access 2.0 or higher to run.
    [Show full text]