What We Talk About When We Talk About Love 060808

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What We Talk About When We Talk About Love 060808 WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT LOVE WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT LOVE CAMILLA KRONQVIST ISBN: 978-952-12-2126-2 © Camilla Kronqvist 2008 Cover photograph © Monica Bertinussen Cover layout: Camilla Kronqvist Printed by Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland, 2008 To the memory of my grandmother Ruth Kronqvist, who showed me what it means to live a life in love, and to her great-grandson Måns who has given us life. CONTENTS ABSTRACT IN SWEDISH – SVENSKT SAMMANDRAG ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi INTRODUCTION: LOLOLOVELO VE AND PHILOSOPHY 111 I DOUBTS ABOUT LOVE AND LANGUAGE 1 II PRIVATE LANGUAGE 5 III “THE LANGUAGE OF LOVE” 9 IV PERSONAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS IN LOVE 14 V PERSONAL QUESTIONS AND MATTERS OF PERSONALITY 19 VI THE MORAL DIMENSION OF PHILOSOPHY 23 VII WHAT “WE”? 25 VIII REMARKS ON STYLE 27 IX OUTLINE OF THE THESIS 31 PART ONEONE:: EMOTION 373737 PROLOGUE: “I WANT TO KNOW WHAT LOVE IS” 39 1 “WHAT A FEELING” 46 I “FEELING” IN COMMUNICATION 49 II “‘JOY’ DESIGNATES NOTHING AT ALL” 53 III CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS: DRAWING MAPS OR FINDING ONE’S WAY? 59 IV “I LOVE YOU”: A REPORT OF ONE’S FEELINGS? 65 V CRITERIA FOR LOVE 70 VI MAKING MISTAKES AND HAVING DOUBTS ABOUT LOVE 73 2 DO YOU BELIEVE IN LOVE? 79 I THE INTENTIONALITY OF EMOTION 82 II THE RATIONALITY OF EMOTION 91 III THE QUEST FOR JUSTIFICATION 101 3 “I DO, I DO, I DO, I DO” 108 I “SPONTANEITY” AND “WILL” 111 II “ATTENTION” 119 III “ONCE MORE WITH FEELING” 124 IV “WHAT DO YOU WANT?” 131 V “A LIMIT TO MY WILL” 135 EPILOGUE: THE PSYCHOLOGY AND MORALITY OF EMOTION 138 PART TWOTWO:: IDENTITY 145 PROLOGUE: “IN THE NAME OF LOVE” 147 4 “YOU ARE THE REASON” 154 I MADNESS WITHIN REASON 156 II WHAT OR WHO? 159 III IS LOVE OF SOMETHING SPECIFIC? 166 IV LIKING AND LOVING 171 V UNCONDITIONAL LOVE 176 VI “YOU DESERVE TO BE LOVED” 180 VII ABSOLUTELY PERSONAL 183 5 “I WANT TO BE IN LOVE” 185 I THE UNITY OF A PERSON’S LIFE 187 II BEING ONESELF IN LOVE 199 6 “WE TWO ARE ONE” 211 I SOLOMON’S “SHARED IDENTITY” 213 II DOES LOVE DESIRE WHAT IS GOOD? 230 III ABSOLUTE PERSPECTIVES AND INDIVIDUAL PERSONS 242 7 “THE MOST BEAUTIFUL GIRL IN THE WORLD” 250 I LOVE AS IDEALIZATION 252 II OUR STRUGGLES WITH REALITY 265 III AN IMAGINATIVE UNDERSTANDING? 279 IV THE BEAUTY LOVE SEES 281 EPILOGUE: “KNOWING ME, KNOWING YOU” 283 PART THREETHREE:: MEANING 293 PROLOGUE: TOMAS, TEREZA AND THE UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING 295 8 “HOW WONDERFUL LIFE IS, NOW YOU’RE IN THE WORLD” 308 I LOVING YOU AND LOVING LIFE 310 II IMPURE ATTACHMENT OR IRRATIONAL ILLUSION? 319 9 “NOTHING’S GONNA STOP US NOW” 332 I “EVERYTHING MUST CHANGE” 337 II PROMISES AND PREDICTIONS 340 III HAVING FAITH IN LOVE AND TAKING IT FOR GRANTED 346 IV THE ABSOLUTE IN LOVE 351 V THE FRAGILITY OF GOODNESS? 355 10 THE MEANING OF LOVE 362 I SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS OF LOVE 364 II REASONS FOR LOVING 374 III IDEAL MEANING 386 IV “LIVE HAPPILY!” 394 EPILOGUE: THE END 403 CONCLUSION: CONVERSATIONS AABOUTBOUT LOVE 413 BIBLIOGRAPHY 422 INDEX 438 ABSTRACT IN SWEDISH SVENSKT SAMMANDRAG VAD VI TALAR OM DÅ VI TALAR OM KÄRLEK Vad kan det innebära att säga “Jag älskar dig”, “De älskar inte varandra”, “Kärleken är inget beslut”, “Jag lovar att älska dig”, “Kärleken är meningen i mitt liv”? Utgångspunkten för denna begreppsliga undersökning av kärlek är att vår förståelse av begreppet kan fördjupas genom reflektion kring de olika samtal vi för om kärlek. Angreppssättet är inspirerat av Ludwig Wittgensteins senare filosofi, där reflektionen kring de olika sätt på vilka vi talar om kärlek är ämnad att tjäna som påminnelser om hur vi använder våra ord i syfte att upplösa vissa specifika förvirringar som uppstår då vi börjar att filosofera kring kärlek. En sådan ofta förekommande förvirring är tanken att våra ord främst används för att referera till något specifikt. Avhandlingens tre delar bemöter dylika förvirringar om kärlek genom att närma sig begreppet i ljuset av filosofiska diskussioner om (1) känslor, (2) personlig identitet och (3) mening. Ett genomgående tema är att visa att många frågeställningar som inom filosofin främst betraktats från ett epistemologiskt perspektiv har en moralisk karaktär. Följaktligen är det utmärkande för många av de utmaningar vi möter i reflektionen kring kärlek att de inte kan ges ett för varje enskild människa giltigt, vetenskapligt svar, utan att de ställer oss inför en fråga om vilken plats kärleken har i vårt eget liv. Den första delen behandlar vilket slags förståelse känslor kan sägas utgöra och hur denna förståelse förhåller sig till kärlek. I motsats till de dominerande diskussionerna inom dagens emotionsfilosofi som försöker definiera vad en känsla, såsom rädsla eller vrede, är , och fastslå kriterier för att avgöra vad som utmärker en given känsla, visar den diskussion som förs i avhandlingen på en konstitutiv obestämdhet i vårt känsloliv. Vad vi förstår som kärlek i en enskild situation är i sig uttryck för vilka vi är och vad vi känner. Den svårighet vi kan uppleva med att avgöra om något är kärlek är dock inte enbart uttryck för denna obestämdhet utan sammanhänger med de moraliska svårigheter vi har att vara närvarande och uppmärksamma i mötet med andra människor, samt att ta ansvar för x vad det innebär att acceptera olika beskrivningar av våra liv som riktiga. I de två följande delarna utvecklas och fördjupas dessa tankar. Del två vänder sig mot föreställningen att det är möjligt att bestämma vad kärleken riktar sig mot eller grundar sig på. Min älskades egenskaper, såsom den skönhet hon förkroppsligar för mig, kan inte ges som förklaring till min kärlek, eftersom hur jag ser henne i sig är ett uttryck för min kärlek. Diskussionen belyser på vilket sätt det är meningsfullt att betrakta frågan om vem jag, du och vi är i kärlek som en i första hand moralisk fråga, och visar hur denna fråga internt hänger samman med frågor om godhet och sanning och om den roll dessa begrepp kan ha för hur vi betraktar kärlek. Del tre tar upp frågor om dels den mening vårt liv kan sägas ha eller få i kärlek och dels den mening våra ord har, speciellt då vi talar om kärlek. I diskussionen tillbakavisas såväl idén att den mening kärleken har i vårt liv bestäms av inre eller yttre tillstånd som är oberoende av vårt förhållningssätt till dem, som idén att vi själva avgör vilken mening kärleken ska ha i vårt liv. Kärlekens perspektiv, förkroppsligat i kärlekslöftet, utmärks snarare av att vi öppnar oss och tar ansvar för den mening som våra förhållanden till andra människor kan uppenbara för oss, utan att vi för den skull försöker pressa in dem i mönster som motsvarar våra egna önskningar eller förväntningar. De här reflektionerna kastar också ett ljus på hur vi ska förstå den filosofiska undersökningen av ords mening. I diskussionen föreslås att en strävan efter att inte i förväg försöka bestämma undersökningens förlopp, utan att i stället vara öppen för de olika betydelser ord har i våra liv, bäst motsvarar den klassiska beskrivningen av filosofin som en ”kärlek till vishet”. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS If it were not for the spirit of philosophical discussion that my supervisor, professor emeritius, Lars Hertzberg played a crucial part in creating at the Department of Philosophy at Åbo Akademi University, my encounter with philosophy would probably have been left quite short. My understanding of what is involved in the practice of philosophy would also have been much different. It is difficult to overestimate the imprint he has left on these pages, even in cases where the reference to him is not made explicit. Before turning to work on this dissertation, I co-authored a textbook on ethics with Hannes Nykänen, Göran Torrkulla and Björn Törnroth. This collaboration set the tone for the work to come by making me realize the moral character of questions concerning emotions, identity and meaning. On the whole, Hannes, Göran, as well as Joel Backström, have been immensely important for how I have come to perceive moral philosophy, although we may not always be one when it comes to working out the details. The setting for working on issues concerning love as an emotion was provided by the project “Emotions and Understanding” which received funding from the Academy of Finland during the years 2002- 2005, largely thanks to Petter Korkman’s work on the application. Except for the financial security it provided us with, the collaboration with Ylva Gustafsson and Michael McEachrane, who were the other members of the project, has been rewarding. In particular with respect to Ylva, it has been a blessing to be able to work in close vicinity with someone struggling with the same writers, thoughts and questions. Including Ylva, I have shared my workroom with, for different lengths of time, Tom Kettunen, Mari Lindman and Yrsa Neuman. They have all shared not only my philosophical thoughts but also taken part in my more personal concerns. They have made going to work, although not always working, a joyous experience. The last two years, Hugo Strandberg was a welcome addition to “our” room, not only for giving valuable comments on the first version of the thesis, together with Lars, Mari and Göran. I have also benefited enormously from the discussions with researchers and students at the philosophy research seminar at Åbo Akademi University and at the courses I have taught there. Among x i i the participants there I especially want to thank Kim Berts, Nikolai Enckell, Anssi Hynynen, Olli Lagerspetz, Dan Lolax, Barbro Nordling, Martin Nybom, Sara Nyman, Salla Peltonen and Marcus Prest.
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