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What Do We Know About Hummingbirds Controlling SWD?

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What Do We Know About Hummingbirds Controlling SWD? What do we know about Hummingbirds controlling SWD? Jim Jasinski OSU Extension Integrated Pest Management Program Topics Covered • Hummingbird Biology • Hummingbirds of Ohio? • SpoHed Wing Drosophila (SWD) Biology • Case studies and evidence reported online • Monitoring and managing SWD the convenKonal way General Hummingbird Biology • Feed mainly on nectar to sustain energy but they do feed on insects to obtain protein, amino acids, and fat • Capture more insects when raising chicks • Generally 1-2 broods / year • Generally 1-3 eggs / clutch • NesKng 15-22 days (high insecKvore period) • Very aggressive and territorial • Migratory – not here year round Hummingbirds Sighted in Ohio • About 350 species of H-birds world wide • Anna’s • Calliope • Rufous • Ruby Throated Anna’s Hummingbird hps://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ Anna’s Hummingbird - Food • Flowers for nectar • Primarily they target smaller insects, like midges, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers (one female was found with 32 leaoppers in her stomach at once) • They also help themselves to tree sap Anna’s Hummingbird - Habitat • Common in urban and suburban sengs • Wilder places such as chaparral, coastal scrub, oak savannahs, and open woodland • Notably common around eucalyptus trees • Very rare in Ohio Calliope Hummingbird hps://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ Calliope Hummingbird - Food • Get nectar from cup-shaped flowers or isolated tubular flowers not sought by larger hummingbirds • Forage aerially for small insects by “hawking” — perching on a branch and flying out to catch an insect in midair Calliope Hummingbird - Habitat • Cool environments of open montane forests, mountain meadows, and willow and alder thickets, oden near running streams • Typically live between 4,000 and 11,000 feet • Chaparral, lowland brushy areas, deserts and semidesert regions • Spring - found in coastal areas • Fall – found inland at higher elevaons • Very rare in Ohio Rufous Hummingbird hps://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ Rufous Hummingbird - Food • Flowers for nectar • Get protein and fat from eang insects, parKcularly gnats, midges, and flies taken from the air, and aphids taken from plants Rufous Hummingbird - Habitat • Typically breed in open or shrubby areas, forest openings, yards, and parks, and someKmes in forests, thickets, swamps, and meadows from sea level to about 6,000 feet. • During their migraon, look for Rufous Hummingbirds in mountain meadows up to 12,600 feet elevaon. • Of the western hummingbirds that occasionally show up in the east, the Rufous Hummingbird is the most frequent. Ruby-Throated Hummingbird hps://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ Ruby-Throated Hummingbird - Food • Feed on the nectar of red or orange tubular flowers • Main insect prey includes mosquitoes, gnats, fruit flies, and small bees; also eats spiders • RTH someKmes take insects aracted to sap wells or picks small caterpillars and aphids from leaves Ruby-Throated Hummingbird - Habitat • Deciduous woodlands of eastern North America as well as across the Canadian prairies. • Commonly associated with old fields, forest edges, meadows, orchards, stream borders, and backyards • Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are eastern North America’s only breeding hummingbird. Other InsecKvorous Birds • Purple MarKn • Red-Eyed Vireo • Chipping Sparrow • Eastern Bluebird • Eastern Phoebe • BalKmore Oriole • House Wren • Black Capped Chickadee • Swallows • Others…. Gail A Langellotto Robert Hayes, MS Feeder Set Up - 6 A cerKfied organic blackberry farm - 150 Hummingbird traps filled w/ sugar water - 25 traps/A - At 8 oz / trap = 9.4 gallons sugar water - Changed every 3-4 days to avoid any bacterial contaminaon - Hired 1 person full Kme to service traps - 6 days a week, changing and cleaning traps - >500 Hummingbirds flying around - Claims never to have sprayed or had infested berries Robert Hayes, MS Feeder Set Up $5-10 / apiece 42’ 210’ 1 A block Rough Predaon Calculaons • 500 hummingbirds at Rob Hayes Farm • Can consume up to 2,000 insects / day – More when raising chicks? • 1,000,000 insects / day potenKally eaten – What % are SWD? • Brood season is 18-22 days long • 18-22+ million insects potenKally eaten • How many eaten during non-rearing Kmes? Less? Rough SWD Populaon Increases Assuming no predaon and full survival 1-10 d • 1 female x 350 eggs = 350 flies (50% F) 11-20 d • 175 females x 350 eggs = 61,250 flies (50% F) 21-30 d • 30,625 F x 350 eggs = 10.7 million flies Adult Egg Larva Pupa 20-30 days 1d 5 days 4 days Available as hummingbird prey 65 - 75% life Predator / Prey Overlap SWD Populaon in Ohio 70 60 Raising chicks 50 Hummingbird 40 arrival Ripe Fruit 30 20 Hummingbird departure 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Maximizing RTH at your Farm • Put traps out starKng in mid-May • Use many smaller traps vs. fewer larger traps (aggression) • Spread traps evenly around fields, don’t bunch (aggression) • Use sugar water (1:4) sugar:water (boil) • No red dye in water • Change water weekly and clean feeders AHracKng RTH using Plants • Plants with red or orange tubular flowers • Trumpet creeper • Cardinal flower • Honeysuckle • Jewelweed • Bee-balm • Red buckeye • Red morning glory • Hostas Fall Back Plan - Trapping Deli Cup + Trécé Lure or ACV Pros • Similar aracKon as fermented bait • Drowning soluKon water and soap (add 10-25% ACV) • Trap inexpensive (32 oz) but custom made (us) • Widespread use in other states Cons • Lure $3; packs of 10 (but lasts 7-8 weeks) or ACV • Burn (10) 3/16” holes in trap • Cover with drywall mesh to keep non- target bugs out Bait Trap Maintenance Once per week starting a few weeks prior to ripening: – Remove trapped insects from trap – Pour through strainer, capture ACV or water in waste jug, don’t dump on ground – Move all insects to vial for ID (paint brush) – Replace drowning solution or fermented bait cup, replace trap in crop – Trece lure good for 7-8 weeks – ID SWD adults from insects collected ASAP Ready to Identify? • Threshold: a single SWD adult • Need to separate: – Suspected SWD – All others • Equipment: – Minimal: 30x magnifying lens for males – Better: Dissecting microscope for males and females – cheap one’s $100 What insects are trapped? Many! • Spotted Wing Drosophila • Common vinegar flies – Same size, shape as SWD • Other flies, wasps, moths, beetles – Some obviously not SWD – Some same size, shape as SWD – Some with spots on wings • Catch load increases with the season Identification LaGasa • Wings - M Photo byEricLaGasa • Legs - M Photo byEric • Ovipositor - F male Front Leg Washington State Washington University SWD common vinegar fly Trap Deployment Basic Rules • 2 traps per crop minimum recommendaon – Split traps between interior and field edge – Reduce to 1 trap aer 1st detect • Place in crop canopy 1-2 weeks prior to fruit ripening, near fruit clusters – Holes facing outward • Trécé recommendaon: – 5-6 traps per 10 A of canefruit, blueberries, strawberries – 3-4 traps per 40 A of tree fruit Trap Locaon in Field You caught a SWD adult, now what? Which insecticide to choose for the first application? • Effective? • Registered for the crop? • Pre-harvest interval? Insecticide choices for SWD control Efficacy Group Product Most spinosyns Delegate effective diamides Exirel organo- Imidan, Diazinon phosphates pyrethroids Mustang Max, Brigade, Pounce, Hero, Danitol, Baythroid, Asana, Warrior carbamates Lannate Effective organo- Malathion phosphates spinosyns Entrust [OMRI] Moderately neonicotinoid Assail effective carbamates Sevin Slightly pyrethrins Pyganic [OMRI] Which insecticide to choose for later applications? • Effective? • Registered for the crop? • Pre-harvest interval? • Length of time that residue active? • Mode-of-action group? • Max number applications? Insecticides for SWD, by crop ( https://u.osu.edu/pestmanagement/files/2014/12/SWD_Ohio_handoutV13-2i0lwwo.pdf ) Insecticides for SWD on brambles Product Pre-harvest Maximum number of interval applications allowed (if used at max rate) Delegate 1 day 3 Mustang Max 1 day 6 Malathion 1 day 3 Entrust [OMRI] 1 day 4 Danitol 3 days 2 Brigade 3 days 2 Hero 3 days 2 Pyganic [OMRI] 0 days - Product Residual activity How often Exirel 5 days to spray? Delegate 5-7 days Imidan, Diazinon 7 days When Pyrethroids: 7-10 days residues no Asana Brigade longer active Danitol Hero Mustang Max Warrior Malathion 5-7 days Lannate 3-6 days Entrust 3-5 days Pyganic 1-3 days Salt Water Test Are SWD larvae in fruit? • Put fruit in zip-top bag or Qt container – 1-2 cups of fruit (50-100 berries) • 4 cups warm water + 1/4 cup salt – 8 oz water / tablespoon salt • Examine for floaters in 5-15 minutes Langellotto Gail A A Gail Salt Water Test – SWD Larvae Revealed Cold Storage Reduces SWD Larvae • When fruits (with SWD inside) are placed in cold storage, the LONGER the fruit is placed in cold and the COLDER the temperature while maintaining fruit quality, the higher the mortality of SWD (32-350F). • Mature larvae/pupae are less suscepKble to cold storage. • Place infested fruit in refrigeraon ASAP aer picking to reduce chance for fruit damage and larval survival Summary • Most hummingbirds in OH are Ruby-Throated • Hummingbirds do feed on insects (fruit flies) • Hummingbirds can reduce the populaon – Have yet to measure the impact • Pung feeders out can’t hurt • Have a fall back plan, monitor using a trap in June • ID insects caught weekly, may need a scope • Treat if fruit is ripe and adults are detected in trap • Larvae in fruit? Salt water test • Larve confirmed in fruit? Either don’t sell if major infestaon or try refrigeraon to kill immature stages Interested in ExperimenKng? • Think hummingbird feeders might be helpful on your berry farm? • Contact me and we’ll try to set up an experiment to test that idea • Quesons? Jim Jasinski 937-484-1526 hps://blogs.cornell.edu/ swd1/2014/09/19/ OSU Extension, Champaign County hummingbirds/comment- page-1/ .
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