Effects of Recreation on Water Quality in Guadalupe Mountains National Park

Douglas H . Dasher, Lloyd V. Urban, Marvin J. Dvoracek, Ernest B. Fish MEMBER ASAE

ABSTRACT ater quality, both surface and ground, changes Wwith recreational use of wildlands. Paper reports water quality characteristics in the Guadalupe Moun tains National Park, TX. Present status of water quality is reported as generally good; however, total develop ment of park is incomplete. Some changes are being TO noted in the McKittrick Canyon. TO CARLSBAD, NEW MEXICO INTRODUCTION Guadalupe Mountains National Park was authorized by Public Law 89-667, October 15,1966, "To preserve in public ownership an area in the State of Texas possessing 5 CITY outstanding geologic values of great significance" (Na tional Park Service, 1973). Formal dedication and establishment of the park occurred on September 30 , NEW MEXICO NEW MEXICO TEXAS ---·-TEXA-i - -- 1972, following the acquisition of all properties within the present boundaries. Located on the southern end of the Guadalupe Moun NORTH tains in the trans-Pecos region of Texas, the park is be tween EI Paso, Texas, and Carlsbad, New Mexico (Fig . 1). Land surrounding the park is used primarily for graz 12~ 6 0 12 24 36 11m ing. The Guadalupe Mountains are composed largely of limestone, a remnant of a huge reef called the Capitan Barrier Reef. The mountains have the form of a 'V' with the apex pointing south and culminating abruptly in EI FIG. 1 Location map. Capitan, a prominent scarp face. The park has the distinction of containing within its boundaries the entire gamut from xeric desert shrub to mesic coniferous forest and including animals as diverse as cottontails and Any development of any degree, including trail mountain lions, porcupines and elk (National Park Ser reconstruction will alter the ecosystems to some ex vice, 1973). tent. In addition, any visitor use of the park, includ With approximately 100,000 people visiting a portion ing hiker use, will also alter the ecosystem. Springs of Guadalupe Mountains National Park each year, the and seeps, if used for human water needs, would impact of each person is important in the protection of jeopardize water sources vital to wildlife and vegeta this unique ecosystem whether the visitor stops by the tion. Compaction of soil and erosion caused by foot roadside or engages in one of the various activities af and horse traffic is expected to contribute the largest forded by the park. element of environmental damage, though other factors associated with increased visitor use, such as littering, and some limited vandalism, will also pose Article was submitted for publication in July 1980; reviewed and ap· management problems. (National Park Service, proved for publication by the Soil and Water Division of ASAE in December 1980. Presented as ASAE Paper No. 80·2019. 1975). College of Agricultural Sciences Publication T-6-128. Research efforts were supported by Project B·206-TEX, Office of HISTORY OF WATER USE IN THE PARK Water Research and Technology, and Contract PX 7029-9-0338, Na tional Park Service. In the mid-1500's, the Spanish explorers may have The authors are: DOUGLAS H. DASHER, Research Associate, used some of the springs in the area. T heir use was small Civil Engineering Dept. , LLOYD V. URBAN, Associate Director, compared to that of the Mescalero Apache who fre Water Resources Center, MARVIN J. DVORACEK, Associate Pro quented springs in the area extensively. Evidence of fessor/ Chairman, Agricultural Engineering Dept., and ERNEST B. FISH, Associ ate Professor, Park Administration Dept. , Texas Tech agave-roasting pits near some springs can still be seen to University, Lubbock, TX. day (Kurtz and Goran, 1978). Environmental effects of

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FIG. 2 Sample site locations. this early use of the springs and stream were apparently Smith, Manzanita, Choza and Upper Dog Canyon minimal and generally have been erased by the passage Springs have had minimal human use. Livestock and of time. wildlife have been the most frequent users of these After the defeat of the Mescalero Apache in the 1860's springs. ranchers started moving into the area. Frijole Spring Guadalupe Spring was developed as a major source of (Fig. 2) was the site of the first permanent house in the water for livestock as well as for the human needs of park area. Built in 1876, the house is presently used as a service personnel living below Guadalupe Pass. In 1979, ranger residence. The spring house, built in the 1870's, the spring flow was diverted to a natural water supply for still covers the spring and serves today's domestic water wildlife following the development of a deep well at the supply needs. park service housing site. Upper Pine Spring, or Bear Spring as it is sometimes McKittrick Canyon, which contains the only perennial called, was used for a unique and innovative livestock stream in the park, was certainly used by early man. In water distribution system which pumped water 762 ver the 1920's and 1930's, two areas in McKittrick Canyon tical meters (2500 ft) to a large storage tank at the head experienced limited development. The Hunter Lodge of Bear Canyon. Water was then distributed by gravity and Line Cabin were built in South McKittrick Canyon flow in pipes throughout the high country. while the Pratt Lodge and servants' quarters were built at Bone Spring on the arid west side of the park was the confluence of North and South McKittrick Canyons. possibly a Comanche campsite (Brunne, 1975). In the Sewage effluent from both areas was disposed of in early 1900's the Williams Ranch was built at the mouth cesspools on alluvial terraces near the channel. The of Bone Canyon. Water for the house was piped from cesspool at the Hunter location was closed in 1970. nearby Bone Spring. The Williams Ranch is a historical However, the Pratt cesspool continues in use for site in the park, but is not developed for park visitor use restroom facilities serving hikers and the lodge, which is and remains inaccessible to most park visitors. used as a ranger residence. 1182 TRANSACTIONS of th e ASA E-198 1 PREVIOUS WORK water in the Dell City area has been investigated by the Texas Water Commission (1964) and the State of New A majority of the studies of recreational land use and Mexico has studied the groundwater north of Dell City in its effects on water quality conclude that impacts are the Crow Flats area of New Mexico (Bjorkland, 1957). minimal. Carswell et al. (1969) reviewed five studies in dicating that recreational use has little effect on water Lind (1971 , 1979) studied the limnology of the McKit quality: California Department of Public Health (1961); trick Canyon stream and several of the major springs. Roseberry (1964); Karlekas and Lynch (1965); Minkos Unusually high levels of nitrate-nitrogen were found at (1965) and the Department of Health, Education and three springs. Levels of 10 mg/ L for Manzanita, 50 mg/ L Welfare (1966). The reviewers criticize these studies for for Choza and 50 mg/ L for Upper Pine were recorded. At such shortcomings as including no controls, i.e., failing the same time a level of 0.46 mg/ L was recorded for Smith to compare the water quality parameters at a similar site Spring. These results were derived from a single sample without recreational activities; and using total coliforms from each of the springs between the 8th and 10th of April as the only index of water's sanitary quality. 1971. The reason for these high levels was not stated in the Other studies, using controls, support the view that report. Concern was expressed in the report that park recreational use causes little adverse impact on water visitor overuse or misuse may damage the McKittrick quality. Lee et al. (1970) reported on a study dealing with Stream ecosystem. closed, minimal use and open watersheds located in The chemistry of the water resources in the Guadalupe Washington: They concluded that no measurable in Mountains National Park has a strong tendency to retlect fluence could be determined from microbiological in sedimentary geology. Lind (1979), in writing about the dicator populations or chemical water quality because of stream in McKittrick Canyon, states: "The water increased human use of the watersheds. chemistry retlects the limestone substrate of the region ... Bissonette (1971) , Stuart et al. (1971) and Walter and a well-buffered calcium carbonate-magnesium carbonate Bottman (1967) in studying two similar watersheds, one system ... bicarbonate being the principal anion." open and one closed to the public in Montana, arrived at Dick (1975) of the Texas Water Quality Board con an unexpected observation. Surprisingly, fecal coliform ducted a study concentrating on the chemical and concentrations in the closed watershed were generally bacteriological quality of Guadalupe, Upper Pine, Smith, higher than in the open watershed. The increased con Manzanita, Frijole and Choza Springs. The results of this centration of coliform in the water of the closed water study indicated a good chemical water quality with no in shed was probably due to wildlife populations in the dication of human contamination of the springs. area. After the closed watershed was opened for limited use in 1970, a significant drop in bacterial levels was METHODS recorded. Skinner et al. (1974) , concluded that the Sample Site Selection hikers had little or no adverse effect on the water quality. Seventeen sampling sites were selected for periodic Other studies conclude that recreational use of water water quality analysis. These included springs, surface may cause an increase in bacterial counts. Wagenet and water sampling stations and a well. All sampling was con Lawrence (1974) studied Lake Thunderbird in Okla ducted during steady state base flow conditions. The loca homa and found a high correlation between recreational tions of these sites are shown on Fig. 2. use and bacterial counts. Dietrich and Mullamoottil Sampling site selection was made on the basis of (1974) arrived at a similar conclusion for a reservoir in geographic distribution and the intensity of visitor use Canada. Johnson (1975) , in a study on recreational use associated with each location. Upper Pine, Smith, Man and water quality in the Wasatch Range in Utah, ended zanita, Frijole and Choza are near the National Park Ser his report with the conclusion that a relationship between vice visitor center and the Pine Spring campground. At total visitor use and an increase in total coliforms might the present time they receive the heaviest visitor use of any have existed. springs in the park. For example, Smith and Manzanita, Auckerman and Springer (1976), in studying the ef which lie along the same trail, were visited by 2,711 people fects of recreation on water quality in Colorado's Cache during 1978 (National Park Service, 1978). la Poudre River watershed, found that more cases of Upper Dog Canyon and Bone Springs receive very little bacterial pollution are associated with recreational use use at the present time because of their remote locations. by motorized campers as compared with backpackers. Three hundred eighty people visited the area around Bone Perrine and Mah (1979) studied the Inyo National Forest Spring in 1978 (National Park Service, 1978). Guadalupe in the Sierra Nevada and concluded that the water quali Spring, although it was heavily used prior to 1979, receives ty in areas allowing only backpackers is generally good. intermediate use. Several previous studies of water resources in and ad McKittrick Canyon Stream receives the heaviest visitor jacent to the park exist and provided an initial reference exposure of any water source in the park. In 1978, a total for the present work. One of the earliest references to of 8,321 people visited the McKittrick Canyon area (Na water quality in the area was by Marcy (1859): tional Park Service, 1978). Main McKittrick Canyon ex There were several (mineral) springs at this place, tends from the National Park Service parking lot to the the waters of which unite and form the Delaware Pratt Lodge, at the contluence of North and South Creek .... Is it not within the scope of pro McKittrick Canyons. The trail from the parking lot to babilities that those springs may be found to the Pratt Lodge has a length of approximately 4 km (2 .5 possess valuable medicinal properties, .. . mi) - a distance which usually discourages most visitors Other early accounts of the water resources of the from traveling any farther. Hikers who go beyond the Guadalupe Mountains were made by Richardson (1904) Pratt Lodge usually enter South McKittrick Canyon and King (1948). Groundwater investigations of the Salt because of its beauty and the flowing stream. Basin located west of the park have been made by Eight sample sites were selected along the stream. In Scalpino (1950) and Davis and Leggat (1965). Ground- addition, a water well near the Pratt Lodge was sampled. 1981- TRANSACTIONS or the ASA E 1183 Sites were selected to cover areas ranging from little The number of samples varied from four at Bone Spring human use to areas of heaviest human use. Stations 1 (the least accessible) to nine at Frijole, Manzanita, Smith and 2 are in an area that receives minimum visitor use, and Choza. Fourteen samples were collected over a nine because of its distance, 8 km (5 mi) , from the parking month period from January 1979 through September lot. In 1978, approximately 728 people visited this area 1979 for sites in McKittrick Canyon. (National Park Service, 1978). The Hunter Lodge site picnic ground in South McKit RESULTS AND DISCUSSION trick Canyon is a major stopping place for hikers. Station 3, picked as a control, is located slightly above the picnic Among the numerous factors affecting the quality of ground. Station 4 is located just below the picnic site. In water are the interactions of runoff, soil material, and this way possible pollutants entering the water from the land use. Water quality characteristics may also vary ac area of the picnic ground might be detected. cording to the source of water, whether it be a well, Station 5 is a pool just before the South McKittrick spring, or surface water. Groundwater is the principal Stream goes underground for the first time. The stream water source for the springs and stream in Guadalupe flow s underground for 100 m and then flows above Mountains National Park. Because of this, the relation ground for 144 m before going back underground. Sta ship between the geology and groundwater chemistry is tion 6 is a small pool located at the downstream end of an important factor to consider in examining the natural this final surface flow in South McKittrick. Since these water quality of the springs and streams. last two sites are situated along the trail up South McKit Another contributor to the chemical nature of the trick , human impact on the water quality along this springs and stream in the Guadalupe Mountains National reach may come from non point sources along the trail. Park is the allochtonous input, such as leaf litter which is The well at the Pratt Lodge is below Station 6 and on a present in large quantities in many of the springs and in flood plain at the confluence of North and South McKit the stream. Allochtonous input, especially fall season leaf trick Canyons. It was included in this study because it is litter may be a principal source of nitrogen and, to a lesser approximately 55 m (180 ft) from the Pratt Lodge extent, phosphorus. In a study on the Hubbard Brook Ex cesspool. perimental Forest in New Hampshire the subtotal of Stations 7 and 8 are located on the only surface reach nitrogen, calcium and potassium in the litter fall was 80.6 of the stream in Main McKittrick Canyo n. Since these percent of the total analyses for nitrogen, calcium, sites are in the most heavily-used section of McKittrick potassium, manganese, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, Canyo n, the water quality may be affected by overuse or zinc, iron, sodium and copper. Autumn litter fall (plant misuse along the trail. The Pratt Lodge cesspool, being debris) accounts for approximately SO percent of the total upstream, may also contribute pollutants to the water. yearly litter fall in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. The autumn litter fall also contained 56 percent of Water Quality Parameters the total yearly amount of the 11 elements studied (Gosz et The parameters investigated in this study were selected aI., 1972). to provide general information on the quality of water for Floods, also, may affect the chemical nature of the aquatic life and for a drinking water supply. They would water resources in the park. In 1969 and 1978, floods pro also indicate possible pollution from human impacts. bably affected the chemical constituents in the McKittrick Previous studies in the park measured some of these Canyon stream. The years intervening between these same parameters, thus permitting some comparisons of floods provided an excellent opportunity for organic water quality over time. detritus to accumulate on the watershed. Lind (1971) Water samples were collected in sterilized Mason jars found that the diversity of the bottom fauna populations or in one-quart collapsible polyethylene containers, in 1971 was slightly lower than that of a 1969 study before chemical oxygen demand samples in SO-mL amber glass the flood . The 1978 flood , which occurred near the end of vials , and microbiological samples in 2S0-mL sterilized September and flushed most of the detritus from the Malgelen polypropylene bottles. Single "grab" or non springs and stream, may have disturbed the dynamic composited, unfiltered samples were taken at each sam equilibrium of the ecosystem in a similar manner. ple site. Flow was not recorded for the sample sites at the time of sampling due to remoteness of the sites and Springs restrictions on placing any permanent flow measuring Nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate averages were devices in the park. 0.45 mg/ L and 0.09 mg/ L, respectively. Guadalupe Determinations of pH were made using a Hach #17200 Spring, with an average of 0.88 mg/ L, exhibited the or NASA Instrument #49 meter.* Dissolved oxygen, highest nitrate-nitrogen level of all the water sources nitrate-nitrogen, orthophosphate, sulfate, chloride, total studied in the park. This observation accords with that of hardness and calcium hardness were determined using a previous study in which the average nitrate-nitrogen methods described for the Hach DR-ELl2. Total level was 1.07 mg/ L (Dick, 1975). Since this spring alkalinity, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen de- . receives very little human use and is not near any camp mand, fecal coliforms, and total coliforms were deter sites, it is unlikely that the nitrate-nitrogen input is from mined using methods described by the American Public human sources. The probable explanation may be Health Association. related to the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria or the Samples from the springs were collected over a twenty geological nature of the aquifer, but neither of these two month period from September 1977 to July 1979. hypotheses has been verified. Manzanita Spring, with an average of 0.21 mg / L, had *The use of manufacturers' names is intended solely fo r specific identifcation of eq uipment utilized and does not imply any form of en the highest orthophosphate average of all water sources dorsement by Texas Tech Un iversity or other agencies involved in this studied in the park: As the nitrate-nitrogen, chloride, research. total coliform and fecal coliform levels were low it seems

1184 TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE-198l unlikely that the orthophosphates were contributed by :; '.0 100 human sources. Manzanita Spring is the largest spring in ~ ! "0 I 075 the park and is in an open area. The sample site was in a Ii Z i!: ~ shallow area (15 cm) and sediment could easily be dis ~ ~ 0.0 !:: 0>0 turbed by wind-induced currents. One high reading of ~ :r Ii " 040 1.3 mg/ L orthophosphate caused the average to be much § 0 .. ~z I higher than that of other springs. I As aerobic biological decomposition of organic matter % C c L ~ % C C W L ~ ~ ;; w 0: ~ ~ uses dissolved oxygen, any dissolved oxygen levels that ! ;; 0: 0 ~ ! ! % ~ ~ ~ ! ~ L ~ ~ are significantly below the saturation level may indicate B ~ ~ ~ ~ § ii ~ ~ organic pollution. At the springs studied, dissolved ox . § ygen was usually at or near saturation value. In a few of the springs supersaturation of dissolved oxygen was ob g served. Photosynthetic activity was the likely cause of this 40 . 2100 :; supersaturation. Measurements were usually made in the l j '100 afternoon. The diurnal variation in dissolved oxygen ... '" E g e levels , caused mainly by plant photosynthesis, was not .w g lO G ILOO specificaly studied but it does not appear to be of much Bz !! significance under the natural conditions occurring in 700 " I ~ the springs. I z i 0 I I i I i i U I A review of the results for total suspended solids, U C ;;: % c % C L ~ C W I' ~ ~ W ~ chemical oxygen demand, total coliforms and fecal col 0: .~ ~ ~ 0: 0 ~ ~ ! a ~ % § U iforms indicates a water of high quality. For total ~ ~ ~ ~ C § ij . ~ ~ g ij ~ suspended solids , 75.8 percent of all samples measured ~ . ~ § were less than 10 mg/ L while 87.9 percent were less than FIG. 3 Water quality parameters for the Springs (means Indicated by 20 mg/ L. The highest total suspended solids reading of dots; range of data by lines). 36 mg/ L was obtained at Upper Dog Canyon Spring. The reading was obtained after the pool at the spring house had recently been pumped to the ranger station, thus sampling occurred just as it started to refill. hardness, total alkalinity and specific conductance all Chemical oxygen demand results for all the springs show tend to increase as the flow moves downstream. The most that 71 percent of the readings were less than 5 mg/ L likely explanation for this increase is the dissolution of while 86 percent of the readings were less than 10 mg/ L. calcium carbonate as the stream flows underground be The highest chemical oxygen demand level was 16 mg/ L tween breaks in the travertine. Examples of this trend which was recorded at Manzanita Spring. The total coli are the increases between Sites 5 and 6 and between Sites form data average 17.3 per 100 mL for all the springs. In 6 and 7. an earlier study by Dick (1975) and twice during this Nitrate-nitrogen shows a general, but small, increase study (October, 1977 and March, 1979) fecal coliforms as the flow moves downstream. A partial cause for this were run with negative results recorded at the springs. increase may be due to the "downhill" movement of Water sources on the west side of the park exhibit an organic matter in a watershed. Deciduous trees increase increase in mineralization when compared with water in number below the site of the old Hunter Lodge, down sources on the east side. Upper Pine, Smith, Manzanita, South McKittrick Canyon and into McKittrick Canyon Frijole and Choza Springs are in the same general area until the desert communities are reached. The organic along the eastern escarpment. They exhibit similar detritus left by the autumn leaf fall would also contribute mineralization as shown by specific conductance to the general increasing nitrate-nitrogen trend. A readings. substantial increase in nitrate-nitrogen, specific conduc Manzanita Spring has the largest exposed surface area tance, total hardness and calcium hardness is noted after of any of these five springs and the greatest amount of the stream leaves South McKittrick Canyon and enters aquatic plant growth. Due to the photosynthetic activity, McKittrick Canyon. This may be caused by the mixing of carbon dioxide is depleted, and thus the pH rises causing groundwaters at the confluence of South and North calcium carbonate to precipitate as the calcium car McKittrick Canyons. bonate solubility product is exceeded. This may be the Because of the rapid uptake of phosphorus by aquatic main reason that Manzanita Spring has the lowest total plants, absorption of phosphorus by particulate matter hardness, calcium hardness and total alkalinity and the precipitation of soluble phosphate with metallic readings. ions in the water, orthophosphates do not tend to show Moving south and west toward Guadalupe and Bone the same general increase downstream as some of the Springs, an increase in mineralization is also shown by other chemical parameters (Keup, 1968). increases in total hardness, calcium hardness, chlorides The cesspool at the Hunter Lodge site may have been and sulfates. The most likely cause of these increased contributing nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate to readings is that the southwestern and western portions of McKittrick Canyon Stream (Lind, 1971) before the the park contain many of the evaporative sediments of an restroom facilities there were closed in 1970. Since then, ancient backwater lagoon. the situation seems to have improved. The chemical Sampling results for selected parameters at the springs parameters mentioned show a slight increase between are presented graphically in Fig. 3. Site 3, above the picnic ground, and Site 4, which is below the picnic site. Because these increases are small McKittrick Canyon Stream and the chemical parameters mentioned tend to increase In general, the parameters of total hardness, calcium as the stream progresses, no definite indication of 1981 - TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 1185 low with 27 percent less than 5 and all under 10 mg/ L. 000 0 80 Chlorides are low, under 5 mg/ L each. The State of ~ 0 7> ;;; 0 ' 0 Texas has set a secondary standard level of 300 mg/ L on ~ chlorides. 0 ' 0 ~ 0 ' 0 Sampling results for selected parameters of the stream ~ are presented graphically in Fig. 4. ,I I I ~ 020 I I I I I I CONCLUSIONS , , . The chemistry of the water in the Guadalupe Moun ST ATION STAllON tains National Park reflects the sedimentary geology of the region. Typically the water reflects a well-buffered ~ calcium carbonate-magnesium carbonate system. The . 00 principal ion is usually bicarbonate, while sulfate is the E ~ I I second most prevalent anion. These results accord well . 00 with water chemistry data from different areas of I I I I !E , I I sedimentary deposits. Nutrient levels of nitrate-nitrogen ' 00 ~ and orthophosphate do not appear excessive considering G 200 the natural inputs, such as autumn leaf litter, of the ~ 8 area. u ;;: , 2 , Water quality data collected in this and previous I 2 ) .. ) 6 w 7 e ~ ST AT ION STATION studies indicate that recreational use at the present time is not significantly affecting or degrading the water FIG. 4 Water quality parameters for sample locations in McKittrick quality of the springs. Canyon (means indicated by dots; range of data by lines). The water quality data collected in this study and a previous study by Lind (1979) suggest that recreational use may be having some impact on water quality in nutrient addition by the cesspool is shown. McKittrick Canyon stream. In Lind's study, the cesspool The Pratt Lodge well, with an average nitrate-nitrogen at the Hunter Lodge site picnic ground was a possible level of 0.31 mg/ L and an average chloride level of 2.8 source of pollutants to the stream. This cesspool has mg/ L, had the highest recorded levels for these para been closed for nine years and no longer appears to be meters of the sites along McKittrick Stream. This in contributing pollutants to the stream. At the present crease may be caused by the cesspool. During the period time, the actively-used cesspool at the Pratt area may from April 22, 1979 to June 17 , 1979, average influent to represent a present and certainly a future source of the cesspool was 4,236 L (1 ,119 gal) per week. Some of pollutants to the McKittrick Canyon Stream. the influent would be used in evapotranspiration by the many trees in the area and an unknown amount of dilu References tion of the influent would be attributable to groundwater. I American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. 1971. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 14th Ed. Tests for total coliform were run on the well with negative 2 Aukerman, R. and W. T. Springer. 1976. Effects of recreation results. These negative total coliform results were ex on water quality in wildlands. Eisenhower Consortium Bull . 2. pected, because the well is over 55 m (180 ft) from the 3 Bissonette, G. K. 1971. A microbiolog ical and chemical in cesspool. As the percolation distance through the ground vestigation of the effects of multiple use of high mountain watersheds. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. increases, especially over 31 m (100 ft), the number of 4 Bj orkland, L. 1. 1957. Reconnaissance of ground water condi bacteria, such as coliforms, are quickly reduced to near tions in the Crow Flats area , Otero Co., New Mexico. State of New zero (McGauhey, 1968). Mexico Tech. Rep. No.8. Dissolved oxygen and pH levels are fairly constant 5 Brunne, G. 1975. Major and historica l springs of Texas. Texas from one sample site to the next. Dissolved oxygen usual Water Deve lopment Board Rep. 189. 40 p. 6 California Department of Public Health . 196 1. Recreation on ly occurs at or near saturation level throughout the domestic water supply reservoirs- a study of recreational use and water stream. The pH is basic, averaging 7.5, and thus does quality of reservoirs, 1959-1961. Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, not represent a threat to the aquatic population. Berkeley, CA . Stream temperature, which can be harmful to aquatic 7 Cars well , J . K., J . M. Symons, an d G. G. Robeck. 1969. Research on recreational use of watersheds and rese rvoirs. J. of Am. life above or below certain limits, does not show a normal Water Works Assoc . 61:297-304. increase as the flow moves downstream because of the 8 Davis, M. E. and E. R. Leggat. 1965. Reconnaissance investiga- . discontinuous nature of the stream. Trout can tolerate tions of the ground water resources of the Upper Rio Grande Basin , temperatures up to 28 °C, and were commonly· found Texas. Texas Water Commission Bull. 6502 . along the stream. The highest temperature reached dur 9 Dick, M. 1975 . Water quality analysis of six springs in Guadalupe Mountains National Park . Texas Water Quality Board , ing the summer was 27 °C at Site 6. There were no trout District 10. 24 p. present in the shallow pool at Site 6. 10 Dietrich, P. and Mullamoottil. 1974. Does recreational use of Total coliforms, total suspended solids, chemical ox reservoirs impair water quality? Water and Pollution Control. ygen demand and chloride levels indicate water of high February, pp. 16-18. quality. Total coliforms averaged 28.1 per 100 mL with a II Gosz, 1. R., G. E. Likens, and F. H. Bormann . 1972. Nutrient content of litter fall on the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH . high of 114 per 100 mL. This compares to levels of 1,000 Ecology. 53:769-784. total coliforms per 100 mL usually allowed in public 12 Hach Chemical Co mpany (undated). Methods manual for Hach drinking water supplies. Total suspended solids are low ; direct reading engineer's laboratory model DR-EL 2. 1st Ed. Hach 66 percent of the samples showed less than 10 mg/ L and Chemical Co., Ames , IA. the highest was 32 mg/ L. Chemical oxygen demand is 13 Health , Education and Welfare, Dept. of. 1966. Indiana wa ter quality-recreational project-Geist Reservoir-Indianapolis, IN.

1186 TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE-1981 FWPAC. Springs Development Concept Plan, Guadalupe Mountains National 14 Johnson, B. A. 1975. Water quality as an approach to managing Park, Texas. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Denver, CO. recreational use and development on a mounta in watershed. M.S. 27 National Park Service. 1978. Visitor records obtained from Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT. Guadalupe Mountains National Park Ranger Station, Frijole, TX. 15 Karalekas, P. C. and J. P. Lynch. 1965. Recreation activities of 28 Perrine, R. L. and R. A. Mah. 1979. Water quality in mountain Springfield, Massachusetts, water reservoirs past and present. J. of the recreational areas. Water Resources Bull. 15:612-626. New England Water Works Assoc. 79: 18. 29 Richardson, G. B. 1904. Report of a reconnaissance in Trans 16 Keup, L. E. 1968. Phosphorus in Il owing waters. Water Pecos Texas North of the Texas and Pacific Railway. University of Research, Pergamon Press. 2:373·386. Texas Bull. 23. 119. p. 17 King, P. B. 1948. Geology of the Southern Guadalupe Moun 30 Roseberry, D. A. 1964. Relationship of recreational use to tains, Texas. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 215. 183 p. bacterial densities of Forrest Lake. J. of the Am. Water Works Assoc. 18 Kurtz, D. and W. D. Goran. 1978. Trails of the Guadalupes. 56:43-49. Environmental Assoc., Champaign, IL. 60 p. 31 Scalpino, R. A. 1950. Development of ground water for irriga 19 Lee, R. D., J. M. Symons, and G. G. Robeck. 1970 . Watershed tion in the Dell City Area, Hudspeth County, TX. Texas Water Com human-use level and water quality. J. of the Am. Water Works Assoc. mission , No. WcB5004. July. pp. 4 12-422. 32 Skinner, Q. D., J. C. Adams, P. A. Rechard and A. A. Beetle. 20 Lind, O. T. 1971. A limnological a nalys is of McKittrick Creek 1974. Effect of summer use of a mountain watershed on bacterial water and Springs, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, TX. Rep. to the quality. J. of Environmental Quality. 3:329-335. National Park Service. 33 Stuart, D . G. , G. K. Bissonette, T. D. Goodrich, and W . G. 21 Lind, O. T. 1979. Limnology of McKittrick Creek, Guadalupe Walker. 1971. Effects of multiple use on water quality of high Mountains National Park, Texas. In Symposium on Biological In mountain watersheds: bacteriological investigations of mountain vestigations in the Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. Na streams. Applied Micro-Biology. December. pp. 1048-1054. tional Park Service Proc. and Trans. Series No. Four. pp. 123-140. 34 Texas Water Commission. 1964. Water levels a nd chemical 22 Marcy, R. B. 1859. The prairie traveler. A handbook for analyses from observation wells in the Dell City area, Hudspeth and overland expeditions. Harper and Bros., NY. pp. 15-16. Culberson Counties, TX; 1948-January 1964. Texas Water Commis 23 McGauhey, P. H. 1968. Engineering management of water sion Cir. No. 64-01. 22 p. quality. McGraw-Hili Book Co. , NY. 35 Wagenet, R. J. and C. H. Lawrence. 1974. Recreational effects 24 Minkos, A. J. 1965. Recreational use of reservoirs. J. of the New on bacteriological quality of an impounded water supply. J. of En England Water Works Assoc. 79:73. vironmental Health. 37: 16-20. 25 National Park Service. 1973 . Master plan for the Guadalupe 36 Walter, W. G. and R. P. Bottman. 1967. Microbiological and Mountains National Park, Texas. U. S. Dept. of the Interior. 183 p. chemical studies of an open and closed watershed. J. of environmental 26 National Park Service. 1975. Environmental assessment. Pine health. 30:157-163.

1981-TRANSACTIONS of th e ASAE 1187