Sex Offenders “101 5/31/2019 Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 1

Sex Offenders “101 5/31/2019

1968 to 2018 ‐ 50 Years! “Sex Offenders 101” Rapists, Child Molesters A Historical Perspective and Other Sex Offenders

 We are starting to forget what we previously learned!  Some of it was wrong, but some of it was Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. right! CBI Consulting, Inc.  Some of you haven’t been exposed to this information before and it is important to your work. [email protected]  Our field has moved on to bigger and “better” things. 1 2

Sex Offenders Types of Sex Offenders/ Are Not All the Same Sex Crimes  “Hands On”   Traffickers Heterogeneous group that come in all shapes and sizes  Rapists  Profiteers/Prostitution  Variety of histories and risk levels (low, medium and high)  Intimate partner  Sexual assaulters  Different treatment/supervision needs in the community  Gang Rape  Non‐human or living  Drug Fac ilita te d  Complex etiologies  Beastiality  Elder Abuse/Disabilities  Children with sexual behavior problems  Necrophilia  Patient Abuse   “Hands Off” Sexually reactive children  Prison Rape  Exhibitionists/flashers  Youth with sexual behavior problems  Rape III offenders  Voyeurs/peepers  Adult sex offenders  Child molesters  Encouraging Child  Pedophiles (30%)  Child molestation, pedophilia, sexual assault, rape, Pornography Offenders  CP Producers/Luring exhibitionism, voyeurism, bestiality and internet  Users who access and  Sexual sadists trade crimes against children. 3 4

Rates of Child Sexual Abuse More Stats: Sexual Assault/CSA

 One is 5 women (20%) and one in 71 (1.4%) men The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study raped during lifetime (Black, 2011). (ACES, 1998) with more than 17,000 HMO  28% to 33% of adult women and 12‐18% of adult members indicated that 24.7% (1 in 4) of men reported CSA (Hall, 2011). women and 16% (1 in 6.25) of men reported  One in 16 males are sexually assaulted during being sexually abused. college (Fisher, 2000).  One out of 10 women sexually assaulted by an intimate partner (Breidling, 2015).  70% of rapes never reported (Rennison, 2002). 5 6

Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 1 Sex Offenders “101 5/31/2019

Selection, Engagement and Seduction of PROTECTING YOUR CHILDREN: Children and Adult by Child Molesters, (Jewell Jensen, Jensen & Bailey, 2002 “Advice From Child Molesters”  1989 Sex Offender Group  Why does grooming work?  Westridge Elementary  Most adult don’t know what to look for. School and LO PD  Most adults don’ t want to see it or believe it.  Washington County Sheriff’s Office  How does grooming work?  Oregon State & USA  By targeting specific children, families and communities to exploit. “No one wants to have to tell their children about  Seducing the child/ren and adults. sexual abuse. On the other  Preparing for disclosure/confrontation hand, do you want them to learn about it from a child  Learning from experience. molester instead?” 7 8

Research on Grooming 80’s to now Few Victims Disclose or Identified

 How Sex Offenders “Lure” Children  A comparative study of (Lang & Frenzel, 1988) demographic data related to intra  What Sex Offenders Tell Us About –and extra‐familial child sexual  Approximately 40% of child victims are asymptomatic Prevention Strategies abusers and professional (American Psychological Association, 2014). ((,Conte, Wolf & Smith, 1989) perpetrators. (Sullivan & Beech,  Modus Operandi: Accuracy in self‐ 2004) reported use of threats and  Modus Operandi of Sexual  Only 5% to 13% of children told anyone they were being coercion. (Kaufman et al. 1993) Offenders Working or Doing abused (London, 2005).  Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Volunteer Work with Children and  What Offenders Tell Us. Adolescents (Leclerc, et al. 2005) Only 12% of CSA reported (US Dept of Justice, 1992‐2002). ( Elliot & Brown, et al., 1995)  Examining the modus operandi of sexual offenders against children  Child Sexual Abuse: Offender  Characteristics and Modus and it’s practical implication Of the cases reported, only 30% result in arrest (Finkelhor, Operandi (Smallbone & Wortley, (Leclerec, et al. 2009) 2009). 2001)

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Disclosure/Reporting Rates of CSA Low Rates of Reporting and Delayed Disclosure

2018 ‐ Lahtinen,H., Laitila, A., Korkman ,  Between 5% and 16% of J., & Ellonen, N.  Delays increase with age of victim, closer relationship to children who are being 2017 ‐ laggia, R., Collin‐Vézina, D., & offender, belief that harm “will come to others,” and sexually abused disclose. Lateef, R. 2016 ‐ Münzer, A., Fegert, J. M., Ganser, feelings of responsibility/compliance (Goodman‐Brown, H. G., Loos, S., Witt, A., & Gold, L. et al, 2003).  Between 10% and 12% of 2015 ‐ Collin‐Vézina, D., De La  Delays increased by grooming and instrusiveness of disclosures were reported to Sablonnière‐Grin, M., Palmer, A. authorities. M., & Milne, L. abuse (Hershkowitz, 2006) 2014 ‐ Foster, J. M., & Hagedorn, W. B.  Victim resistance (44%), passive (51%) or 2008 ‐ Sorsoli, L., Kia‐Keating, M., & compliant/cooperative (62%) Grossman, F. K. 2007 ‐ Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb,  Exposure (36%), fondling (55%), penetration (68%). M. E. 2005 ‐ London. S. 2000‐ Smith. R. 11 12

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Empirical Studies into the True Department of Education Study Rates of False Allegations in CSA United Kingdom, 2016

 Trocme, N. & Bala, N. (authors of three large scale  Interviewed 2,504 adults national Canadian studies that took place between  One third said they have suspected child abuse and failed 1994 and 2005) to report it.  Rate of false allegations in cases of CSA was 2%‐6%.  36%‐37% of those who failed said reporting would be “more challenging that delivering news about the death of  False allegation rates in physical abuse/neglect =4% a friend or family member or reporting a crime committed  Rate of false allegations that arose during custody by a family member. disputes was 12%  Fear about possibly “misreading” the situation or “wrongly  False allegations were more frequently made by a non‐ accusing the person were deterrents to reporting. custodial parent, usually a father (15%) than custodial parent or mother (2%). 13 14

More under detection False Allegations in Rape Cases

 Simons, Heil and “While attrition rates  Study of 2.059 cases from eight U.S. communities English (2004) found (the dropping of a legal found a false allegation rate of 7.1% (Longsway, that only 5% of rapes case by authorities, for Archambault and Lisak, 2009). and child sexual various reasons) assaults that were self‐ occurs for all types of  Study of 136 rape/sexual cases in Massachusetts reported by offenders offenses, it appears to found a 5.9% false allegation rate (Heenan & in treatment had be particularly Murry, 2006) previously been pronounced for sexual identified. crimes and offenders” (Gelb, 2007). 15 16

Scientifically Rigorous Studies on Myths vs Reality Adult Sexual Assault

 Victoria Police, Australia “Real Rape” Reality  British Home Office  2003  Most rapists are  2005  Involves a stranger  850 cases friends/acquaintances  2,643  Weapons  2.1% classified as false.  No weapons/injuries  Toronto Metropolitan  2.5% clfdlassified as flfalse  Injuries to victim  British Home Office,  Drug/alcohol Police  1992  Hysteria  1977  Few victims report   116 cases 348 cases  No prior history of  Often vulnerable &  6% classified as false.  8.3% classified as false victimization symptomatic  Making a Difference” study  Suspect is a loser  May confuse facts  Date unknown  2,059 cases  Suspect looks normal  7% classified as false. 17 18

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2 out of every 100 rapists will serve time.

 32 will be reported to police

 Justice Department, CVS (2008 to 2012).  7 will be arrested

 FBI UifUniform CiCrime RtReports, AtArrest DDtata (2006‐2010).  3 will be referred to prosecutors

 FBI Uniform Crime Reports, Arrest Data (2006‐2010).  2 will be convicted.

 US Department of Justice, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties ,2009.  2 will serve jail time.

 US Department of Justice, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2009. 19 20

Types of Sex Offenders/ Sex Crimes  “Hands On”

 Rapists  Traffickers  Intimate partner  Profiteers/Prostitution  Gang Rape  Sexual assaulters  Drug Facilitated  Non‐human  Elder Abuse/Disabilities  Beastiality  Patient Abuse  Prison Rape  “Hands Off”  Rape III offenders  Exhibitionists/flashers

 Child molesters  Voyeurs/peepers  Pedophiles (30%)  Encouraging Child Pornography Offenders  Frotteur/frottage  Users who access and  CP Producers/Luring trade  Sexual sadists 21 22

Four Theories About Sexual How people grow up to Aggression in Humans become sex offenders.

 Biological ‐ Rape is not specific to humans.  Sexual preference patterns are usually developed  Freund’s theory of “courtship disorders.” during adolescence  Social & Cultural – More egg,alitarian, diverse societies report less sexual violence.  35% to 40% of all sexual crimes against children and  Criminality –Rape increases with other violent 40% of sexual assaulted are committed by juveniles. crime rates and most rapists are generalists.  Sexual Preference –Most sex offenders  Adult offenders report that the average age of their demonstrate sexual arousal to and interest in first criminal sex offense was prior to age 12 deviant sexual behavior that may have been been (Ahlmeyer, 2000) and 47% of juvenile SO’s reported “learned” and conditioned. they were offending by age 12 (Burton, 2006).

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Developmental antecedents of sexual How Some People coercion in juvenile sexual offenders. Become Offenders (Johnson & Knight, 2000)

 Early exposure to pornography, sexual behavior, sexual abuse.  Juveniles who engage in sexually assaultive behavior are more likely to have engaged in sexually compulsive  Over‐sexualization at yygoung age. behavior and demonstrated hyper‐masculinity than JSO  Stimulating or arousing sexual contact with whose crimes are less aggressive. other children or aggressive sexual activity.  Repetition, “imprinting” or “hardwiring.”  Later study (2004) identified 3 pathways to offending.  Negative attention/culture messages.  Sexual drive/preoccupation  Antisocial behavior/impulsivity  Lack of early detection and intervention.  Callous/unemotional trait

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Pornified: How Pornography is Damaging Common Characteristics of our Lives, our Relationships and our Sex Offenders Families. By Pamela Paul, 2005

 Deviant sexual arousal  Adverse family  One in 4 Internet users reported Internet porn use. (70%) backgrounds  Average age of first exposure to Internet porn is 11.  Pro‐offending attitudes:  Attachment problems.  32% of males and 11% of females report viewing

 Pedophilic  Intimacy deficits online porn.

 Hebephilic  Emotional problems  80% of 15 to 17 year olds have had multiple exposures.  Younger adults reported being more likely to have viewed  Voyeurism/exhibitionism  Social competency porn online.  Aggression/violence problems  37% of 18 to 24 year olds.  Sadism  Poor coping skills and  22% of 35 to 54 year olds.  Sex as a coping strategy impulse control

 Narcissism/Criminality 27

Conditioning Violent Childhood Experiences Lead to Adult Sexual Violence Against Adults

 Sexual preferences can be developed and  Research supports a relationship between habituated by exposure to various stimuli. childhood physical abuse and adult sexual  Repeated exposure can effect sexual attitudes. offending against adults (Jespersen et al., 2009; Levenson & Socia, 2016; Nunes et al., 2013; Simons  Sexual arousal to children and/or violence can be et al., 2008). learned and reinforced through thoughts, behavior or repeated exposure to pornographic imagery.  Exposure to violent porn, coupled with masturbation, increases arousal to violence.

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Polygraph Testing Leads to Better Pro‐Rape Attitudes Understanding of Adult and Juvenile Sex Offenders (Hindman, J. & Peters, J., 2001)

 Sexually coercive men and rapists hold stronger Adult Offenders Pre‐polygraph Post‐polygraph “pro‐rape” attitudes (Bumby, 2004). Ave. # of 2.9 11.6  Sexually coercive men also hold more adversarial Vic tims attitudes toward women (Murnen, Wright & Kaluzny, 2002). Sexually Abused 61% 30%  Studies also report less empathy, more As Child callousness, and more conservative views Sexually Abusing 27% 76% about sex roles. As Child

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A Prospective Examination of Whether Adverse childhood experiences in the Childhood Sexual Abuse Predicts Subsequent lives of male sex offenders Sexual Offending (Widom & Massey, 2015) (Levenson and Socia, 2016)  Published in the Journal of Pediatrics

 908 children (age 0 to 11 at time of abuse) with substantiated physical abuse, sexual abuse or neglect  670 Adult male sex offenders

 667 control cases  42% physically abused  Mean age of 51 years at time of study.  38% sexually abused  Criminal history collected from both federal and state.

 Childhood abuse was found to increase risk for arrest for adult sex crime but childhood sex abuse, by itself, did not. Physical abuse and neglect did pose increased risk.

 Physically abused males (not females) had a higher mean number of sex crime arrests. 33 34

Early Atypical Sexual Experiences in Adverse childhood experiences, paraphilias, and Children Leading to Heightened Sexual serious criminal violence among federal sex offenders Interests and Pedophilic Interest in Adults (Drury et. al, 2016)

 Early sexual contact with other children and animals, and early masturbation.  225 Federal sex offenders  (Houtepen, Sijtsema & Bogaerts, 2016; Levenson, et al.,  36% reported abandonment by father/neglect 2017; Neutz et al., 2011; Riegel, 2004.  28% physical abuse  Early intercourse  27% sexual abuse  (Kjellgren, et al. 2010; Seto & Lalumiere, 2010)  24% verbal/emotional abuse  Early intentional viewing of pornography or sexually explicit material (SEM),  Reported an average of 5 paraphilias  (Simons et al., 2008; Smallbone & McCabe 2008).

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The dark figure of sexual offending: new Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to evidence from federal sex offenders Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident and Offender (DeLisi, et al. 2016) Characteristics (Snyder, 2000)  40% of the offenders of children under 6  After beginning  Typical number of child were other children.

specialized treatment victims was 8 to 13  13% of offen ders were age 7 to 11 in various programs,  Average number of  27% were age 12 to 17. sex offenders initially events per victim was  under‐reported the 10 39% of offenders of children age 6 to 11 number of sex crimes were juveniles. by 5‐8X to 75X  80 to 130 events  27% of juvenile victims (11 yrs+) were abused by juvenile offenders.

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PROTECTING YOUR CHILDREN: Common Characteristics of “Advice From Child Molesters” Child Molesters  1989 Sex Offender Group  Deviant sexual arousal  Westridge Elementary  Adverse family School and LO PD (70%) backgrounds  Washington County  Pro‐offending attitudes:  Attachment problems. Sheriff’s Office  Pedophilic  Intimacy deficits  Oregon State & USA  Hebephilic  Emotional problems “No one wants to have to  Voyeurism/exhibitionism  Social competency tell their children about  Aggression/violence problems sexual abuse. On the other  Sadism  Poor coping skills and hand, do you want them to learn about it from a child  Sex as a coping strategy impulse control molester instead?” 39  Narcissism/Criminality 40

Are cognitive distortions associated with Mean Accuracy Scores denial and minimization among sex offenders? (Nunes & Jung, 2012) (Telling Lies) Eckman. 1969‐2008

Mean accurate – lies Mean accurate –truth Federal officers “CIA” 80.0 66.1 “ Sexual crimes are acts of secrecy, Sherriff’s “best” 77.7 55.8 and denial is a place where Forensic psychologists 71.0 63.9 offenders often seek psychological Clinical psychologists 64.3 59.8 refuge.” Federal Judges 60.9 63.1 Academic psychologists 57.0 58.4 Mixed LEA 47.8 53.9

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Sexual Interest in Children More Recent Studies

 4% of college women reported at least one sexual experience that met  4% of German men reported sexual fantasies about having sex the criteria for sexually abusing a younger child at least <5 yrs (Fromuth & Conn, 1997) with pre‐pubescent children (Dombert, 2016).  6% of college students admitted they felt “more attracted” to children than teens adults (Smith, 1993 & 2011)  4.2% of Swedish men reported they were likely to have sex  9% of college students admitted to having sexual fantasies about with a child under 10 (Seto, 2015). children, 5% admitted masturbating to sexual fantasies about children (Briere & Runtz, 1989).  10.4% of adult males expressed a sexual interest in prepubescent  3.5% of American men endorsed fantasies, masturbation and children, 9% reported sexual fantasies about children, 6% admitted sexual attraction to children and 6% reported that they would masturbating to fantasies about children and 4% admitted sexual have sex with a child if they were guaranteed they would not contact with children (Ahlers,2011). be punished (Wurtele, Simons & Noreno, 2014).  19% of adults said they would engage in sexual contact with children if they were assured they would not be punished (Wurtele &Klebe, 1995) 43 44

How Many Are Out There? (Child Sex Offenders) Sexual Crimes Among Males

 5% to 40% of males have committed at least one  5% of the male population (1 in 20 men) sexual offense (Grotpellier & Elliot, 2002; Koss, 1987; Lisak & Miller, 2002, Abbey, et al. 2001, suffer from pedophilia (Seto, 2008). Bolen, 2013).  1% to 2% of the adult male population will be  4% to 7% “Dunkelfeld” (male and females convicted of a sexual crime (California Office of the combined) offenders in population Attorney General, 2004; P Marshall, 1997). (Abel,2012).  Between 5% and 10% of adult males have molested children (Lewis, 1986 & DOJ, 1997).  As of May 2017, one out of every 77 men was a registered sex offender (NCMEC, 2017). 45 46

U.S. Male Average = 1 / 189 Predators: Pedophiles, Rapists (NCMEC, 2017) and Other Sex Offenders (Salter, 2003)

Fewer than 5% of sex offenders are ever apprehended.

This does not account for the fact that most commit multiple offenses prior to arrest.

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Repeat Rape and Multiple Offending Self‐Reported Sexual Assault in Convicted Among Undetected Rapists Sex Offenders and Community Men (Lisak & Miller, 2002) (Widman, Olson & Bolen, 2013)

 1882 urban college males  40 sex offenders  Self report survey and interview  68% admitted sexual offending  120 (6.4%) admitted acts of rape or  49 community men attempted rape (more than 1 in 20).  59% admitted coercing/manipulating/  Of the 120, 76 (63%) admitted multiple intimidating a woman into sex. rapes.  14% admitted attempting or succeeding in  2 to 50 completed rapes forcibly raping a woman.  Average 6 completed rapes 49 50

Worthy Works for Justice: How Does Your State Compare? Eight years into tests of abandoned rape kits. National average = 1 in 189 males (+/‐ 2%) (Kaffer, 2017)

 Wayne County, Michigan (Detroit)  Indiana = 1 in 342 (+/‐2%)  Idaho = 1 in 189 (+/‐2%)  11,000 untested rape kits dating back as far as 1984.  Ohio = 1 in 314 (+/‐2%)  Mass = 1 in 299 (+/‐2%)  NC = 1 in 296 ((/+/‐2%)  Teeasxas = 1 in 154 (/(+/‐2%)  1,947 cases iititdnvestigated so far.  Iowa =1 in 282 (+/‐2%)  Colorado = 1 in 150 (+/‐2%)  817 serial rapists identified.  New York = 1 in 249 (+/‐2%)  Florida =1 in 147 (+/‐2%)

 “More than 50 had 10 to 15 hits.”  Hawaii = 1 in 234 (+/‐2%)  Tennessee = 1 in 145 (+/‐2%)  (10 to 15 women assaulted).  Montana = 1 in 198 (+/‐2%)  Kansas = 1 in 144 (+/‐2%)

 California = 1 in 188 (+/‐2%)  Wyoming = 1 in 132 (+/‐2%)   Wisconsin = 1 in 157 (+/‐2%)  Michigan = 1 in 118 (+/‐2%)  Delaware = 1 in 101 (+/‐2%) 51 52 

Women that Molest Children Typical Defense Arguments (Carson, 2006)

 Teacher/Lover ‐“Mary Kay Letourneau” – offender seeks a loving sexual relationship with victim, usually an adolescent male who is troubled “Your Honor, the defendant is and needy. requesting leniency in sentencing  Seducer‐ “Debra LaFave” – offender seduces victim for lust, power, revenge, or simply recreational sex. because he has shown himself to be a  Molester ‐Abuses younger children, possible own children, aroused to generally law abiding and responsible children, more likely pedophilic, personal abuse history. citizen, does not have a criminal record,  Helper ‐Offender aids or collaborates with another person to offend, may procure victims, observe, or actively participate has a good job and this is his first  Coerced ‐In abusive relationship, dominated or controlled by another offense.” person, past victim of abuse.

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How Many Do We Catch? Average Crime Statistics

 London, Bruck & Ceci, (2005).  100% / 10%‐30% / 30%  Offenders commit an Disclosure of child sexual abuse. What does the research tell us (Dept of Justice, 1996; average of 119.7 sex 3% to 6% NYPD SVU, 2015; crimes before they are convicted about the ways children tell.  Stroud & Martens, (2000) Delaware SP, 2018; Hawaii caught (Weinrott, 1998). Criminal Investigation of child PD, 2018; Ohio PDs, 2018) 12 to 18 cases sexual abuse. A comparison of  Men who primarily abuse reported cases referred to the prosecutor and  Of the cases reported, only girls, abuse an average of those not referred. 30% result in arrest 12 girls (Hindman &  Hanson, Resnick, Saunders, (Finkelhor, 2009). Peters, 2001, CBI, 1992). 100 incidents of Kilpatrick & Best (1999). Factors CSA related to the reporting of childhood  Only 3% of crimes had  Men who primarily abuse rape. been reported & boys, abuse twice as many  Abel & Becker, (1987) Self‐reported crimes of non‐ prosecuted (Abel, 1986). (CBI, 1992). incarcerated paraphiliacs. 55

Shedding Light on the Histories of Sex Offenders Using Clinical Polygraphy (Hindman, J. and Peters, J., 2010). The Neccessity of Polygraph

“For child molesters, the actual extent of their  Ahlmeyer et. al. (2000)  Grubin, (2010) abusive activity, and therefore their threat to  Sex offenders in TX  Sex offenders in TX society, is likely to be far greater than he/she and on supervision in and on supervision in will voluntarily admit, or that law Colorado United Kingdom enforcement and the courts are traditionally  FD polygraphs  Offenders in TX and able to detect.”  Less than 1% of required to pass FD The Sexual Predator, Anita Schlank, Ed., pp. 20‐1 to 31, Civic Research Institute victims had been  Reported 14X more 2010. identified in official crimes than records. previously detected

Using Polygraph Testing to Assess Deviant Sexual History of Sexual Offenders “Crossover” or “Crime Switching” (O’Connell , 1998)

 Exhibitionists and voyeurs  Average of 28 deviant  Mean number of felony targeting children sexual incidents in official sex offenses reported in records. referral reports was 22.  Exhibitionist and voyeurs advancing to rape  Clinical interview  24 disclosed during clinical increased number to 65 interview  Crossover incidents.  45 more disclosed during  Age  An average of 198 polygraph.  Gender incidents disclosed after  Mean of 7 types of DSB  Relationship polygraph disclosed  Adult rape and CSA

 30% admitted 9 or more  Child porn and CSA DSB  59 SO and Psychopathy 60

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Grooming Dynamics Sexual Grooming of Children: Review of literature (Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2016) and theoretical considerations. (Craven, Brown and Gilcrist, 2006)

 Identifying and targeting victim  Self‐grooming  Gaining trust and access  Grooming the environment  Playing a role in the child’s life  Grooming significant others and potential  Isolating the child onlookers  Creating secrecy around the relationship  Grooming the child  Initiating sexual contact  Controlling the relationship

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How Victim Age Affects the Context and An Exploration of Crossover Sexual Timing of Child Sexual Abuse (McKillop, Brown, Wortley and Smallbone, 2015) Offending (Kleban, et al., 2012)

 Age of victims  Most abuse of teens occurred  Archival records of 789 incarcerated sex offenders with during later hours (9 PM and 6  11% of victims under 5. multiple “known” victims AM), outside the home and  42% age 6‐11 ppperpetrators was more often  13% had victims of both genders  47% 12 and older unrelated.  14% had victims from different age groups  Abuse of younger children  53% of offenders reported that  13% had victims from varying relationship categories  Occurred during “normal” a relative was their first victim. activities in the home  66% knew 1st victim for a year or  Archival records of offenders with multiple convictions  Perpetrator was a relative or live in more.  20% had victims of both genders  2/3 of incidents occurred while another person was nearby, in the  40% had victims from different age groups same house or present in the same  48% had victims from varying relationship categories room.

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The Effect of Polygraphy on the Self Report of Crossover and Stability of Victim Type Adolescent Sex Offenders: Implications for Risk in Child Molesters Assessment (Emerick & Dutton, 1993) (Sim and Proeve, 2010)

 Average number of  Pre poly 22%  Age/gender/relationship cross‐over incidents increased acknowledged from 21 at intake to 77 offending children  Australian study of 128 offenders in post poly. through multiple outpatient treatment (no polygraph)  Victims of both social relationships,  63% disclosed cross over in victim type genders increased 47% post poly.  48% in age group (‐5) (6‐12) & (13+) from 29% at intake to  22% in gender 54% post poly.  26% in relationship

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Assessing crossover in a sample of Sexual and violent recidivism by offender type of sexual offenders with multiple victims actuarial risk: Reoffending rates for rapists, child molesters and mixed offenders. (Cann, Friendship & Gozna, 2010) (Voss and Skelton, 2010)

File reviews of 1,345 sex offender prison Of those offenders who were detected release files revealed crossover in age reoffen ding, 37% of men with previous group, gender or relationship to victim convictions for adult rape, were found to have in 24.5% of cases. recidivated against child victims.

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Crossover Between Adult Sexual Gender Cross Over and Assault and Child Sexual Abuse MC = Proxy for Pedophilia

 70% of offenders admitted both child and adult victims with  Polygraph studies: poly (Heil, 2003)  36% of child molesters abused both boys and girls (Heil, 2003)  78% of child molesters admitted that they had also sexually  45% of men who had molested boys also admitted girl assaulted adults and 52% of rapists admitted sexually assaulting victims(’(O’Connell , 1998) children with poly (Heil, Ahlmyer & Simons, 2003)  64% of rapists sexually assaulted a child with poly (O’Connell,  Non‐poly studies: 1998)  22% admitted victims of both genders (Sim and Proeve, 2010)  50% of rapists admitted sexually assaults against children, no  23% of child molesters whose known victims were girls, admitted boy victims and 63% of child molesters whose known poly (Abel, 1992). victims were boys admitted girl victims (Abel & Osborn, 1992)  32% of rapists sexually assaulted a child, no poly.  28% admitted child victims from both genders (Elliott & (Weinrott & Saylor, 1991) Browne, 1995) 69 70

“Incest” and “Out of Home” Crossover Sex Offenses Child Victims (Heil, Ahlmyer & Simons, 2003)

 66% of incest offenders admitted out of home child victims (Abel, 1992).  Colorado study with 489 sex offenders in treatment program that used polygraph:  69% of intra‐familial offenders offended  64% of incest offenders admitted abusing non‐ outside the home (O’Connell, 1998). related children  53% of out of home offenders admitted abusing their own or related children  64% of men whose convictions were related to “incest” also admitted abusing children outside of the home (Heil et al., 2003).

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The use of tactical polygraph Online Solicitation or with sex offenders. (Bourke, Fragomeli, Detar, Internet Grooming Sullivan, Meyle & Riordan, 2014)

N=127 . 58% admitted hands Suspects Victims The danger of online solicitation by a on child victims stranger is much lower that off‐line Initial interview 6 10 risk from someone know to the child. Pre‐test (poly) 26 102 . Online grooming allows the offender interview to move from “stranger” status to Post‐test (poly) 41 170 interview “known” friend. Total hands on 73 282 victims

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A linguistic analysis of grooming strategies of online sex offenders: Implications for our understanding of predatory Typologies sexual behavior in an increasingly computer‐mediated world. (Black, et al. 2015)

 Child pornography offenders  Team analyzed and coded transcripts of online  Contact driven offenders (who groom for offender communication with decoys. the purpose of offline sex)  Identified 5 stages (friendship forming, relationship forming, risk assessment, exclusivity stage, sexual  Fantasy driven offenders (who seen to be stages. satisfied with keeping the relationship online  Determined that online offenders had fewer and is satiated by discussing taboo sexual “gates” to control for (non‐verbal communication, topics with minors online) fewer potential observers), which made the various stages in grooming easier to move through

75 more quickly. 76

5 Stages of Online Grooming Exhibitionism and Voyeurism

 Friendship Forming  Exhibitionism:  Makes contact, gets to know, small talk and gathering information about target.  One of the three most common sexual offenses reported to  Relationship Forming police. About 50% of women have witnesses this crime.

 Forms bond, discusses friends/family, school and social life.  DibdDescribed as a “thi“courtship disor der. ”  Offenders acts compassionate and understanding, gains trust.  Most are in their late teens or early 20’s but 50% are married.  Risk Assessment  Voyeurism:  Inquiries about victim and parent schedule, parental oversight.  The practice of spying on or recording people while they are  Exclusivity Stage dressing, using the bathroom or engaged in sexual activity for  Creates “us against them” perception to promote secrecy . sexual gratification. Can involve “upskirting” or peeping.  Sexual Stages  Both crimes usually begin during adolescence and may  Sex talk about past experiences/interests, trade nude photos and then plan. become preferred method of sexual activity. 77 78

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Beastiality or Zoophilia (ASA) Psychopaths: Another Type of Crossover Without Conscience (Hare, 2002) Necrophilia Snakes in Suits (Babick & Hare, 2007)

 Beastiality/Zoophilia  Can involve a sexual and emotional attraction.  20% of sex offenders.  Can involve sadistic behavior  Lack empathy, guilt, conscience and remorse.  Role ppylayers ()(“furries”) are not engggaging in zoophilia.  Grandiose sense of self‐importance.  Majority of behavior is with dogs and farm animals.  A talent for reading people.  Attracted and/or curious/”easy.”  Identify and play up to people’s vulnerabilities.  5% of male population, 30% of sex offenders.  Potential for cross‐transfer of disease is high.  Charm people into submission or support.

 Necrophilia  Can be highly successful or a drifter/moocher/parasitic.  Arousal to or sex with corpse  May be prone to stimulus/thrill seeking.  No performance anxiety.  Low tolerance for frustration.  1% of offenders, but there are few complaintants. 79 80

Estimated Sexual Recidivism Outliers? Rates Hanson, 2007

 Prentky, Lee, Knight and Cerece (1997) found a sexual Years of Observed/ Estimated recidivism rate of 52% over a 25 year follow‐up with high Follow‐up Detected risk offenders .  Langevin et. al ()(2004) documented an 88% recidivism rate

 Old cases and complaints about sample being the 5yrs 10‐15% 30‐40% “worse of the worse.” Included reports, arrests, referrals to CPS and convictions and self reports. Also collected 10yrs 15‐25% 30‐45% data from 2 Canadian data collection sources.  Beggs& Grace (2010) and Olver, Wong, Nicholaichuk & 20yrs 30‐40% 40‐55% Gordon (2007) found sexual recidivism rates of 56% to 70% with high risk offenders over 10 years.

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High‐risk sex offenders may not be high risk forever. (Hanson, Harris, Helmus and Thornton, 2014)

 7740 adult sex offenders from 21 samples  20 year follow‐up  RidiiRecidivism rates were hig hes t in firs t few years following release (22% for high risk within 5 years)  Overall recidivism was 16% over 15 years.

 Recidivism rate for low risk offenders was 5%

 Recidivism rate for high risk offenders was 32%

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The Big Lie About Sex Offenders (By Radley Balko, The Watch as reported in the Washington Post , March 9, 2017).

“In the most comprehensive single study on reoffense rates to date, the UUS.S. Department of Justice followed every sex offender released in almost 15 states for three years. The recidivism rate? Just 3.5 percent. These numbers have been subsequently verified in study after study.”

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Treating sexual offenders: How did we The Effects of Sexual Offender Treatment on get here and where are we headed? Recidivism: An International Meta‐Analysis of Sound (Hanson, 2014) Quality Evaluations (Schmucker & Losel, 2015)

 Published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology.  “The overall evidence for treatment effectiveness  29 studies. is weak at best” (Dennis, et al., 2012).  Coobedmbined sam pl e of 10, 387 sex ooedesffenders

 4939 treated sex offenders

 “Knowing which type of treatment works for each  5448 untreated sex offenders. which type of offender is still a dream”  13.7% recidivism rate for untreated group (Langstrom, et. Al., 2013).  10.1% recidivism rate for treated group  Overall different was 3.6%  “…the evidence basis for sex offender treatment is not yet satisfactory.” 87 88

New Evidence Says US Sex Offender Policies Are Causing More Crime Recidivism Rates for Juveniles (Yoder, 2016)  Journal of Law and  Homeless, isolation,  5 year follow‐up = 13%

Economics (2011) unemployment and  Reitzel & Carbonell, 2006  16%1.6% increase in lack of community support can also recidivism rates in  5 year follow‐up = 5% states that publicly increase risk. expose sex offenders  Caldwell, 2016 via registries.  20 year follow‐up = 21% (no TX) 9% (TX)

 Worling, Littlejohn & Bookalam, 2010

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Letourneau, 2017 Effective Treatment

 3% of juvenile sex offenders were detected  Doesn’t work  Does work reoffending.  Psychotherapy  Correctional based  How many did reoffend but were not reported,  Addiction models  Poly – TX ‐ PPO arrested or adjudicated/convicted?  Family systems  “Criminal sexual behavior”   If the offender and family members are told the  Christian counseling Cognitive‐ behavioral  PPG/Arousal control “re‐offense rate is 3%, how will they respond?  Time limited counseling  Risk management model  If an adolescent or adult offender’s family  Support group/family determined they were reoffending post‐criminal involvement sanctions, would the family be more or less likely  Long term follow‐up to turn them in again? 91 92

The Current Debate about Treating “Persons With Sexual Behavior Problems.” Review

 Current Trend:  Traditional Treatment:  1 in 5/10 children  1 out of 189 or 1 in 10‐20?  Offender Accountability  Strength based ‐ “Good Lives”  120‐200 crimes per SO Model  5% to 16% disclosure  Risk Management  30% abuse FC & MC  Lim ite d focus on “full rate  Victim/Community  40% ‐ 60% age group/ disclosure,” accepting Focused  2% to 12% false relationship crossover responsibility or allegation rate  Full Disclosure of Crimes accountability.  40%‐55% reoffend ????  Polygraph/PPG/Aversion  CSA = 3‐6X increased  Treatment may be weak  Treatment focused on  Follow‐up offender success/life risk of more CSA  Pornography/access to  Team satisfaction children/CSA/D&A abuse increase risk (TX/PPO/Poly/Victim  Less collaboration with

Services) victim/community advocates93 94