The A, B, C of the Classical Series of Coins Under Tincomarus
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What Have the Belgians Ever Done for Us? an Iron Age Mystery
What have the Belgians ever done for us? An Iron Age mystery Up until recently many accounts of the history of Wheathampstead confidently stated that the first settlers came from Belgium. “Sometime after 100B.C. a sophisticated group of invaders from the continent moved up the rivers Thames and Lea. They came from the area which is today Belgium. These Belgae made the first permanent settlements in the area.” (WEA 1973, p12). Who were these mysterious and ‘sophisticated’ Belgians who founded Wheathampstead? An equally interesting question is why have references to Belgic invaders largely disappeared from recent history books? Solving the puzzle The Belgic invasion theory emerged in the late nineteenth century as a solution to a puzzle. Why was there a lack of middle Iron Age archaeological finds in southeast Britain? While there was evidence of earlier occupation the absence of archaeological finds suggested that southeast Britain had been unsettled in the mid Iron Age up to around 150BC. After this date Victorian archaeologists were able to identify a great deal of evidence of intensive activity and occupation, including the building of hill forts in the southeast and locally the Devil’s Dyke in Wheathampstead. What prompted this dramatic change? A dig in Kent An archaeological excavation in 1890 provided a strong clue. This dig was carried out by Arthur Evans who would later become world famous for excavating the Palace of Knossos on Crete. Evans investigated a late Iron Age cemetery at Aylesford in Kent and he pointed out that the finds were strikingly similar to Belgic cemeteries on the continent. -
A Very Rough Guide to the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of The
A Very Rough Guide To the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of the British Isles (NB This only includes the major contributors - others will have had more limited input) TIMELINE (AD) ? - 43 43 - c410 c410 - 878 c878 - 1066 1066 -> c1086 1169 1283 -> c1289 1290 (limited) (limited) Normans (limited) Region Pre 1974 County Ancient Britons Romans Angles / Saxon / Jutes Norwegians Danes conq Engl inv Irel conq Wales Isle of Man ENGLAND Cornwall Dumnonii Saxon Norman Devon Dumnonii Saxon Norman Dorset Durotriges Saxon Norman Somerset Durotriges (S), Belgae (N) Saxon Norman South West South Wiltshire Belgae (S&W), Atrebates (N&E) Saxon Norman Gloucestershire Dobunni Saxon Norman Middlesex Catuvellauni Saxon Danes Norman Berkshire Atrebates Saxon Norman Hampshire Belgae (S), Atrebates (N) Saxon Norman Surrey Regnenses Saxon Norman Sussex Regnenses Saxon Norman Kent Canti Jute then Saxon Norman South East South Oxfordshire Dobunni (W), Catuvellauni (E) Angle Norman Buckinghamshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Bedfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Hertfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Essex Trinovantes Saxon Danes Norman Suffolk Trinovantes (S & mid), Iceni (N) Angle Danes Norman Norfolk Iceni Angle Danes Norman East Anglia East Cambridgeshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Huntingdonshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Northamptonshire Catuvellauni (S), Coritani (N) Angle Danes Norman Warwickshire Coritani (E), Cornovii (W) Angle Norman Worcestershire Dobunni (S), Cornovii (N) Angle Norman Herefordshire Dobunni (S), Cornovii -
Caesar 54 Bc
CAESAR 54 BC INTRODUCTION Caesar 54BC, the fourth Campaign of Caesar in Gaul covers in fact the major invasion of the southern part of Britania (present-day England) by Julius Caesar. The Roman objective is to capture as many hostages as possible from the hostile local tribes. The Briton player must use all means at his disposal to prevent the suc- cess of the raid, to discourage further Roman invasions. Caesar 54BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between April and November 54 BC. The Romans, led by Caes- ar, are launching a campaign over the southern part of the island of Britania. • The Roman player must capture as fast as possible the stringholds of the opposing Briton tribes and take hostages from them, with the help of his famous general, his legions and his fleet. • His Briton opponent must prevent this, using his war chariots, coastal tribes and opportunities created by storms and bad weather hampering Roman supply. The game event cards allow full replay ability thanks to the numerous various situations that their create on the diplomatic, military, political or economical fields Average duration: 1h30 Favored side: none GAME DURATION Hardest side to play: none Caesar 54BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between April and November 54 BC. TheRoman player always moves first, followed by the Briton player. FORCES The Roman player controls the Roman (red), and possible (via Card) the Trinovantes (yellow) units. The Briton player controls the units of the various Briton tribes (Atrebates, Regnii, Catuvellaunii, Cantii, Begae, Incenii, Dobunii, all in variant of tan), as well as the Trinovantes (yellow) and the Menapii (light green). -
Histoire Des Collections Numismatiques Et Des Institutions Vouées À La Numismatique
25 Histoire des collections numismatiques et des institutions vouÉes À la numismatique Igor Van den Vonder and Guido Creemers tHe COINs AND MEDALs COLLECTION oF tHe GALLO-ROMAN MUSEUM IN TONGEREN (BELGIUM) the coin and medal collection of the Gallo-roman museum in tongeren is the former coin and medal cabinet (Munt- en Penningkabinet) of the Province of limburg. it is an important collection, comprising over 30,000 coins and exonumia. the collection reflects the coins produced and in circulation in the region from antiquity to the 19th century and is unique because many were excavated locally. When the coin and medal cabinet was established in 1985, the province’s own collection consisted of the collections belonging to the royal limburg Historical and antiquarian society (Koninklijk Limburgs Geschied- en Oud- heidkundig Genootschap) and the barons Philippe de schaetzen and armand de schaetzen de schaetzenhoff. these form the core of the collection, to- gether with the collection of the former small seminary of sint-truiden, on loan from the diocese of Hasselt. With the acquisition of several private collections, the coin and medal cabinet achieved its target of 10,000 items. an active collecting policy was implemented and the collection soon doubled in size, largely thanks to gifts. Furthermore, Belgium’s royal court made over Prince charles’ personal collection to the coin and medal cabinet as a long-term loan. systematic efforts were also made to acquire the coin hoards found in the region. at the end of the last century the Province of limburg decided to fully integrate the coin and medal cabinet into the archaeological collection of the Gallo-roman museum. -
The Romanization of the British Landscape
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 10-2014 Changing Identities in a Changing Land: The Romanization of the British Landscape Thomas Ryan Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/470 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Changing Identities in a Changing Land: The Romanization of the British Landscape By Thomas J. Ryan Jr. A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2014 Thomas J. Ryan Jr. All Rights Reserved. 2014 ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis _______________ ______________________________ Date Thesis Advisor Matthew K. Gold _______________ ______________________________ Date Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract This thesis will examine the changes in the landscape of Britain resulting from the Roman invasion in 43 CE and their effect on the identities of the native Britons. Romanization, as the process is commonly called, and evidence of these altered identities as seen in material culture have been well studied. However, the manifestations of this process in the landscape have been less well examined. -
“Celtic” Oppida
“Celtic” Oppida John Collis (Respondent: Greg Woolf) I will start by stating that I do not believe the sites our discussion. So, what sorts of archaeological feat which I am defiling with qualify as “city-states”; ures might we expect for our “city” and “tribal” indeed, in the past I have drawn a contrast between the states? city-states of the Mediterranean littoral and the inland The area with which I am dealing lies mainly “tribal states” of central and northern Gaul. However, within central and northern France, Switzerland, and their inclusion within the ambit of this symposium is Germany west of the Rhine (Collis [1984a-b], [1995a- useful for two reasons. Firstly, if a class of “city-state” bl). This is the area conquered by Julius Caesar in is to be defined, it is necessary to define the character 58-51 B.C.. In his Commentaries he refers on istics with reference to what is, or is not, shared with numerous occasions to “oppida”, sites often of urban similar types of simple state or quasi-state formations. character, and apparently all with some form of Secondly, the written documentary sources are some defences. Some of the sites he mentions are readily what thin, or even non-existent, for these sites; there recognisable as predecessors to Roman and modern fore archaeology must produce much of the data for towns (Fig. 1) - Vesontio (Besançon), Lutetia (Paris), Fig. 1. Sites mentioned by Caesar in the De Bello Galileo. 230 John Collis Durocortorum (Reims), and Avaricum (Bourges) - large size with the Gallic and central European sites while others have been deserted, or failed to develop - (Ulaca is about 80ha). -
Human Rights, Social Welfare, and Greek Philosophy Legitimate
Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: H Interdisciplinary Volume 15 Issue 8 Version 1.0 Year 2015 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Human Rights, Social Welfare, and Greek Philosophy Legitimate Reasons for the Invasion of Britain by Claudius By Tomoyo Takahashi University of California, United States Abstract- In 43 AD, the fourth emperor of Imperial Rome, Tiberius Claudius Drusus, organized his military and invaded Britain. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the legitimate reasons for The Invasion of Britain led by Claudius. Before the invasion, his had an unfortunate life. He was physically distorted, so no one gave him an official position. However, one day, something unimaginable happened. He found himself selected by the Praetorian Guard to be the new emperor of Roma. Many scholars generally agree Claudius was eager to overcome his physical disabilities and low expectations to secure his position as new Emperor in Rome by military success in Britain. Although his personal motivation was understandable, it was not sufficient enough for Imperial Rome to legitimize the invasion of Britain. It is important to separate personal reasons and official reasons. Keywords: (1) roman, (2) britain, (3) claudius, (4) roman emperor, (5) colonies, (6) slavery, (7) colchester, (8) veterans, (9) legitimacy. GJHSS-H Classification: FOR Code: 180114 HumanRightsSocialWelfareandGreekPhilosophyLegitimateReasonsfortheInvasionofBritainbyClaudius Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2015. Tomoyo Takahashi. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Changing Identities in a Changing Land: the Romanization of the British Landscape
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Changing Identities in a Changing Land: The Romanization of the British Landscape Thomas Ryan Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/617 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Changing Identities in a Changing Land: The Romanization of the British Landscape By Thomas J. Ryan Jr. A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2015 Thomas J. Ryan Jr. All Rights Reserved. 2015 ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis _______________ ______________________________ Date Thesis Advisor Matthew K. Gold _______________ _______________________________ Date Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract CHANGING IDENTITIES IN A CHANGING LAND: THE ROMANIZATION OF THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE By Thomas J. Ryan Jr. Advisor: Professor Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis This thesis will examine the changes in the landscape of Britain resulting from the Roman invasion in 43 CE and their effect on the identities of the native Britons. Romanization, as the process is commonly called, and evidence of these altered identities as seen in material culture have been well studied. -
The Commentaries of Caesar, by Anthony Trollope
Project Gutenberg's The Commentaries of Caesar, by Anthony Trollope This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Commentaries of Caesar Author: Anthony Trollope Release Date: November 9, 2017 [EBook #55926] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMMENTARIES OF CAESAR *** Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Books project.) Ancient Classics for English Readers EDITED BY THE REV. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. C Æ S A R The Volumes published of this Series contain HOMER: THE ILIAD, BY THE EDITOR. HOMER: THE ODYSSEY, BY THE SAME. HERODOTUS, BY GEORGE C. SWAYNE, M.A. Late Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The following Authors, by various Contributors, are in preparation:— VIRGIL. HORACE. ÆSCHYLUS. SOPHOCLES. ARISTOPHANES. CICERO. JUVENAL. XENOPHON. OTHERS WILL FOLLOW. A Volume will be published on the 1st of every alternate Month, price 2s. 6d. T H E C O M M E N T A R I E S OF C Æ S A R BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXX CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE I. INTRODUCTION, 1 FIRST BOOK OF THE WAR IN GAUL.—CÆSAR DRIVES FIRST THE SWISS AND II. 28 THEN THE GERMANS OUT OF GAUL.—B.C. -
The Campaign of Aulus Plautius
Archaeological Journal ISSN: 0066-5983 (Print) 2373-2288 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/raij20 The Campaign of Aulus Plautius Edwin Guest LL.D. To cite this article: Edwin Guest LL.D. (1866) The Campaign of Aulus Plautius, Archaeological Journal, 23:1, 159-180, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.1866.10851344 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1866.10851344 Published online: 11 Jul 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=raij20 Download by: [University of California, San Diego] Date: 29 June 2016, At: 13:17 CAMPAIGN OF AULUS PLAUTIUS. CAMBORITVM Η(ύιιιώτ·ιώ/ι^ ^MV^ODVNVM 7 'GLEVVM; tpZUrn^&ldicstcr ^Aylesbury \VER0LAMl VN! \KSPAlbans fandiim Abinadom >VLL0NIAC£ MoiJafortL iiibiimjioiHiiotif LONDIN WaiiiuraCPwll' Thames ν— ί or,Forest \ή*όmines Teddawto'V VERLVCIO "2 Sum ihpltifonLj' ^XlGiujstoiv iRIWEi Fu.i'ojjibe Wood <Si Gcarg es HilL· '•'ppily Wood ilu'ltf Wood. (mUdJbrcL W Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:17 29 June 2016 DorlaJig PORTVSfiVBs J Se-CCARVM PORTVS/LEFOTNIS Winchester FORTIFIED FORD. CowayStates. ^rcijaeoltrstcal Journal. SEPTEMBER, 1866. THE CAMPAIGN OF AULUS PLAUTIUS.1 By EDWIN GUEST, LL.D., Master of Gonvil and Caius College, Cambridge. BEFORE we can discuss with, advantage the campaign of Aulus Plautius in Britain, it will be necessary to settle, or at least endeavour to settle, certain vexed questions which have much troubled our English antiquaries. The first of these relates to the place where Caesar crossed the Thames. -
Roman Roads of Britain
Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath. -
Coin Inscriptions and the Origins of Writing in Pre-Roman Britain1 Jonathan Williams
COIN INSCRIPTIONS AND THE ORIGINS OF WRITING IN PRE-ROMAN BRITAIN1 JONATHAN WILLIAMS Introduction THE subject of writing in pre-Roman Britain has, until recently, been the object of curious neglect among archaeologists and historians. One simple reason for this is that there is not very much of it in evidence. There are no lapidary inscriptions, and only a few, short graffiti and other scraps of evidence (on which see more below). Contrast this with the situation after the Roman conquest, and the overwhelming impression is that pre-Roman Britain was essentially a pre-literate society, and that writing was brought to Britain by the Romans. And yet there is the not inconsiderable corpus of coin legends from pre-Roman Britain which, if allowed to do so, might seem to tell a rather different story. The object of this paper is to see what kind of story that might be. It has always been a major blind-spot of numismatists, and increasingly archaeologists too since they stopped reading ancient texts, that they tend not to think very much about coin legends other than as a key to attributing the coin to a particular tribe, city or ruler. One result of this is that it seems to have gone more or less unremarked upon in most treatments of late iron-age Britain that the coin legends that appear on the coins in the late first century BC are the first, and by far the largest, body of evidence for the introduction of writing into these islands and of its uses in the pre-Roman period.