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Considering the Future Consideringperspectives on Dealing with the the Past Future in Kosovo Perspectives on Dealing with the Past in Kosovo

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Considering the Future Consideringperspectives on Dealing with the the Past Future in Kosovo Perspectives on Dealing with the Past in Kosovo Considering the Future ConsideringPerspectives on Dealing with the the Past Future in Kosovo Perspectives on Dealing with the Past in Kosovo Edited by Karmit Zysman and Ballsor Hoxha Considering the Future 3 Considering the Future Perspectives on Dealing with the past in Kosovo Edited by Karmit Zysman and Ballsor Hoxha Prishtina, 2011 Considering the Future The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of either the editors or forumZFD. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted, or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-ROM, Internet, etc.) or mechanical includ- ing photography, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, now known or here- forum after invented, without prior permission in writing from ZFD. 4 Editors: Karmit Zysman, Ballsor Hoxha Cover design: Dardan Ibrahimi Layout: INTEGRA Illustrations: Jane Viola Felber Translation into Serbian: Vehap Shita Translation into English: Kreshnik (Keka) Berisha Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst e. V. Qamil Hoxha 8/3 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo 00 381 38 22 73 23 www.forumzfd.de © forumZFD, December 2011 Printed in the Republic of Kosovo Considering the Future Considering the Future 5 Contents 06 Preface 09 Dealing with the past and history teaching 19 Why I can’t write 29 The silent burden of the past 39 Theatre in Kosovo: Challenges in a young country 51 Dealing with the past and identity 63 Fragile recovery of cultural heritage in Kosovo 75 Memorials and dealing with the past 86 Contributors 89 Acknowledgements Considering the Future Considering the Future Preface Karmit Zysman and Abdullah Ferizi We owe respect to the living; to the dead we owe only truth. Voltaire (Première Lettres sur Oedipe, vol. 1, 1785) 6 Welcome. Consider the following: ‘dealing’ with the past can be utterly confounding and complex. Yet, what makes dealing with the past such a delicate and challenging process? To be sure, there is no dearth of elucida- tions and topics. At present, though, three major challenges come to mind. The first concerns the context in which the past is explored. Discussions about the past inevitably awaken in both the individual and the collective a deep sense of the ‘private’ versus the ‘public self’. There are definite views about what should be reserved for the private domain and what is appropriate for public consumption. The sanctity and dignity of the private space as opposed to the open, transparent, public space is very compelling, particularly in societies with tragic pasts where, at times, a ‘culture of silence’ may become a means to preserve and protect. Memories, and reflections on memories, traditionally have been considered part of the private domain, whether extremely private or just relatively private – within one’s own mind, one’s family, or perhaps within the discretion of one’s neighbourhood or village. However, such compartmentalisation is becom- ing blurred due to developments over the last 70 years in macro-societal structures such as technology and communication, as well as changes in daily interaction in the family, among friends, and within the workplace. Moreover, for scholars, practitioners and lay people alike, ‘memory, identity, and history’, are themselves debated and dissected in public spaces more noticeably than in the past. The gulf between private and public leads us to the second challenge in dealing with the past: particular- ism and universalism. Fundamentally, at which point does memorialisation and one’s private, particular, construction of ‘past’ transcend the ‘I’ to become that of the ‘we’? That is to say, which criteria determine the ‘we’? As a practical consideration, what might be the merits of a family-based or community-based memorial or tribute compared to a nation-wide commemoration (not that they are mutually exclusive, of course)? Who is responsible for contextualising ‘past’ and memorialising it and to what purpose? How is the importance of dealing with past determined, defined and presented in the present? Finally, the third theme coursing through this book, Considering the Future: Perspectives on Dealing with Considering the Future Considering the Future the Past in Kosovo, is one that is so very much a part of our present: globalisation. One might find it para- doxical to consider this phenomenon as part of dealing with the past. Lest we forget, dealing with the past, historical memory and related themes all are very much about the present and about defining the future. How is globalisation robbing us of our uniqueness, and how is it homogenising our universalisms – not to mention our particularisms – that are part of a shared past? Since the end of the Kosovo war there have been many initiatives dealing with the past from various perspectives and with specific foci: history curriculum development and the broader process of learning and teaching about history; transitional justice, war crimes, and the unresolved fates of missing people; 7 artistic expression, such as the production of the album,West or East (Perёndim a Lindje), by the Prishtina band, Jericho; cultural identity and the past; collective and individual trauma response in the mental health sector; nostalgia and the temptation to ‘break with the future’; published works by scholars, prac- titioners, and journalists from Kosovo and abroad; a series of debates by the Balkan Investigative Reports Network (BIRN) for television. In early 2008, Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst (forumZFD Kosovo) began cooperating with other, already- existing initiatives that were largely focused on human bereavement and economic inequity. Specifically, forumZFD has been working closely with Family Associations on Behalf of the Missing in Kosovo, as well as with organisations from all areas of former Yugoslavia, to establish a regional fact-finding commission. Later in 2008, forumZFD Kosovo, supported by the German Ministry for Development, embarked on an initiative called Thinkers’ Forum as part of an on-going process of Dealing with the Past (DwP) in Kosovo. Within this framework, on 16 May 2009, fifteen Kosovars were invited to the first of what would become a series of meetings to jointly look at ways to tackle this issue. The Thinkers’ Forum was initially convened to focus on loss as a collective experience, consequent societal needs and, the individual significance of ‘victimhood’ and suffering. With these experiences in mind, forumZFD and the Thinkers’ Forum began using the concept of ’social wounds‘ to identify, frame, and acknowledge the consequences of the omni- present grief still felt in contemporary Kosovo society. After exploring and analysing a variety of themes for over one year, seven members of the Thinkers’ Forum expressed a willingness to write about ‘dealing with the past’ through the lenses of their fields of interest and experience. The seven essays in the present anthology, Considering the Future: Perspectives on Dealing with the Past in Kosovo, are part of a work-in-process to encourage further public discussions around this topic, not only for the original participants but also, we hope, for many new voices and perspectives, especially 1 Concepts and usages for ‘victimhood’, victimisation, and victim vary. Their connotations are necessarily debated with frequency and fervour and are intrinsic to thinking about dealing with the past. Considering the Future Considering the Future those from societal sectors who did not participate in this first edition, e.g. women, youth, leaders from rural and other ethnic communities. The seven contributors to Considering the Future have shared some of the thoughts and insights gained from their personal worldviews that envision and interpret their dealing with the past and its impact. Each contribution has its own style, voice, spirit, and emphasis, with limited editorial intervention. Ferid Agani, a psychiatrist, and Minister of Health of the Republic of Kosovo, writes about the psychosocial effects of Kosovo’s recent violent past on today’s society, focusing particularly on family structure and on young people. As an architect, Valon Gërmizaj examines the role of monuments and memorials, and their 8 intent and messages in contemporary Kosovo society. Poet Ballsor Hoxha laments the changing trends in the exchange of ideas, particularly in the literature. The dynamic changes taking place in theatre in Kosovo today provide ample material for Jeton Neziraj, playwright and director. Destroying, manipulating or usurping cultural heritage for political, religious and economic motives oc- cupy Petrit Çarkaxhiu, looking back, and moreover, looking at the present and future. Historian Arbër Salihu raises important questions about the teaching of history and its goals, and the values and chal- lenges inherent in the methodology and philosophy of multi-perspective historical narration. Sali Shoshi looks at cultural heritage and appeals to us to heed the state of cultural preservation in Kosovo today, and challenges us to reflect on ‘past’ in the face of globalisation. Discourse about the past enables us to examine how we remember, enhance, and contextualise experi- ences of the past. Through these discussions we discover and develop new insights and perspectives useful and productive for today and tomorrow. forumZFD and the editors intend to facilitate thoughtful consideration of challenging questions, and may or may not agree with all views and positions contained in the contributions. Naturally, the
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