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Croatia, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo/UNMIK

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Croatia, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo/UNMIK SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Edited by Elke Dall Reports of the Information Office of the Steering Platform on Research for Western Balkan Countries ISBN 978-3-200-01190-8 All rights reserved. The right of reproduction is not violated when the source is properly mentioned. The publication was supported by the European Commission within the framework of the project see-science.eu (Contract Number: 031770). The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the European Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. © By the authors Date of publication: April 2008 First edition Print run: 500 copies Editor: Elke Dall Compilers: Elke Dall, Maruška Bračić Language Editors: Sylvia McCarthy, Chloe Blackmore Design, Typesetting & Cover Illustrator: Thomas Reitmayer printed by Společnost pro odbornou literaturu - Barrister & Principal, CZ-602 00 Brno, www.spol.org Contact: Elke Dall Information Office of the Steering Platform on Research for Western Balkan Countries Western Balkan Countries INCO-NET www.see-science.eu / www.wbc-inco.net c/o Centre for Social Innovation Linke Wienzeile 246, A-1150 Vienna. Austria. ZVR: 757405110 Tel: 0043-1-49 50 442 62 Fax: 0043-1-49 50 442 40 [email protected] [email protected] Acknowledgements I would like to thank the reviewers of this book for their contributions, including: Edmond Agolli, Emira Bečić, Salvator Bushati, Biljana Camur, Gjergji Gjinko, Florian Gruber, Tatjana Knežević, Đuro Kutlača, Andrea Mayr, Peter Mayr, Ammar Miraščija, Stanka Petkovska, Miroslav Polzer, Klaus Schuch, Carmen Siller, Veronika Simonovska, Pero Šipka, Sreten Škuletić, Viktor Stefov, Katerina Sumanovska, Jadranka Švarc, and Jure Zrilič. Many thanks also to Tania Friederichs and Philippe Froissard, our main contact persons at the European Commission. Also I would like to thank Chloe Blackmore and Sylvia McCarthy for the proof reading, as well as Thomas Reitmayer for the layout. And finally I would like to address special thanks to all the colleagues at the Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI) who enabled me to realise the publication of this book - especially Martina Lindorfer and Mojca Nemgar for the ultimate revision and editorial support. Foreword This publication consists of seven reports compiled by the Information Office of the Steering Platform on Research for the Western Balkan countries, reviewing the condition of Science & Technology (S&T) in the Western Balkans: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo/UNMIK. The objectives of these studies are to enhance our understanding of the innovation systems and to give an overview of the modern input and output indicators in the S&T systems, to identify significant S&T institutions and other key players important for S&T policy making, and to present relevant S&T policies and strategies. Although all the Western Balkan countries (WBC) are challenged by similar issues, every country has an individual approach to S&T policy making due to historical experiences, cultural and public understanding of science, general economic development of the country, or current political situation. In general, the S&T systems are hampered by the overall lack of resources, and the fact that S&T policy is not high on the list of priorities of the respective country policy agendas. The main deficiences in the area of research, innovation and technological development that can be recognised in all of the Western Balkan countries are: - the domination of the public sector over the private sector in S&T - a focus on academic basic research - a frequent lack of integration between research agendas and other policies - the lack of funds directed at research - an insufficient involvement of the private sector - the inefficient development and implementation of strategies and laws in this field. The European Union (EU) plays an important role in the process. On the road to joining the EU, the Western Balkan countries are striving to meet the standards and objectives that are a prerequisite of this membership. The accession to the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) is an important step in this process (at the time of writing of this report, Albania, Croatia, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia are Associated Countries to FP7 and Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the process to negotiate the accession). In addition, other European Union programmes provide opportunities for financial support of the economies of the Western Balkans countries and in particular, their research, science and technology sector. The Instrument for Pre-Accession (IPA) is one of these funds, which plays a beneficial role in assisting these countries. Further financial support is provided by the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, and so on. The Information Office of the Steering Platform (www.see-science.eu) attempts to act as an information point, which provides updates from several programmes and projects, disseminates event announcements, calls for papers and proposals and other relevant news items. Further resources include reports on mobility, on innovation infrastructures and a so- called needs-offer-matrix which discusses the most pressing needs of the countries and the different funding sources on offer. The project see-science.eu received funding from the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) and ends in April 2008, but the activities of the Information Office will be continued on an even larger scale: the Western Foreword | 4 Balkan Countries INCO-NET (www.wbc-inco.net) is a follow-up project with 26 partners lasting till December 2011. We invite the reader to contact us in order to provide additional information and updates. The following reports were originally designed to summarise the main available resources in 2006 and have been brought up to date by local actors on a continuous basis. But as the field is rapidly developing and the Western Balkans are undergoing permanent institutional and structural changes we discover new features on a daily basis. We would like to thank our local cooperation partners for the precious support provided and we hope to play a similarly useful role in the ongoing S&T processes in the Western Balkan countries. Elke Dall Vienna, March 2008 5 | Foreword Contents Foreword 4 Albania 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Albania - A Brief Profile 12 1.2 Relations between Albania and the EU 14 2 Contemporary Institutional Landscape 15 2.1 Main Stakeholders Involved in Policy Making in Albania 15 2.2 International Cooperation 19 3 The Input Side of the National Innovation Systems 23 3.1 Development of Financial Resources Allocated to R&D 23 3.2 R&D Infrastructure 24 3.3 Human Resources in R&D 25 4 The Output Side of the National Innovation Systems 30 4.1 Patenting Activities in Albania 30 4.2 Publication Activity in Albania 39 5 National R&D Strategy and Legal Framework 40 5.1 Legal Framework for National R&D System 41 5.2 Main Documents Reflecting National Innovation Strategies 42 5.3 Main Fields of Intervention and Research Priorities 43 6 Summary and Draft Conclusion 47 7 References 47 8 List of Acronyms 51 Annex 53 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Introduction 58 1.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina - A Brief Profile 58 1.2 Relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the EU 61 2 Contemporary Institutional Landscape 63 2.1 Main Stakeholders Involved in Policy Making in Bosnia and Herzegovina 63 2.2 International Cooperation 67 3 The Input Side of the National Innovation Systems 70 3.1 Expenditure on R&D 70 3.2 R&D Infrastructure 72 3.3 Human Resources in R&D 74 4 The Output Side of the National Innovation Systems 75 4.1 Patenting Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina 75 5 National R&D Strategy and Legal Framework 76 5.1 Legal Framework for the National R&D Strategy 77 5.2 Main Documents Reflecting National Strategies for Research, Development and 78 Innovation 5.3 Main Fields of Intervention and Research Priorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina 81 5.4 Guidelines for the Future S&T Framework 82 6 Summary and Draft Conclusions 84 7 References 85 8 List of Acronyms 88 Contents | 6 Croatia 1 Introduction 94 1.1 Croatia - A Brief Profile 94 1.2 Relations between Croatia and the EU 95 2 Contemporary Institutional Landscape 97 2.1 Main Stakeholders Involved in Policy Making in Croatia 98 2.2 International Cooperation 103 3 The Input Side of the National Innovation Systems 107 3.1 Development of Financial Resources Allocated to R&D 107 3.2 Government Sector Expenditure on R&D 109 3.3 Business Sector Expenditure on R&D 110 3.4 Higher Education Sector Expenditure on R&D 111 3.5 R&D Infrastructure 112 3.6 Human Resources in R&D 113 4 The Output Side of the National Innovation Systems 118 4.1 Patenting Activities in Croatia 118 4.2 Publication Activity in Croatia 120 5 National R&D Strategy and Legal Framework 122 5.1 Legal Framework for National R&D System 122 5.2 Main Documents Reflecting National Innovation Strategies 125 5.3 Main Fields of Intervention and Research Priorities 130 6 Summary and Draft Conclusion 133 7 References 134 8 List of Acronyms 138 Annex I - Main Institutions in Croatia 140 FYR of Macedonia 1 Introduction 146 1.1 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - A Brief Profile 146 1.2 Relations between the FYR of Macedonia and the EU 147 2 Contemporary Institutional Landscape 148 2.1 Main Stakeholders
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