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Low Mass WIMP and Axion Searches with the EDELWEISS Experiement Thibault Main De Boissière

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Low Mass WIMP and Axion Searches with the EDELWEISS Experiement Thibault Main De Boissière Low mass WIMP and axion searches with the EDELWEISS experiement Thibault Main de Boissière To cite this version: Thibault Main de Boissière. Low mass WIMP and axion searches with the EDELWEISS experiement. High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex]. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2015. English. NNT : 2015PA112117. tel-01195586 HAL Id: tel-01195586 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01195586 Submitted on 8 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Universite´ Paris-Sud Ecole´ Doctorale 517 Institut de Recherche sur les lois Fondamentales de l'univers, CEA Saclay Th`ese de doctorat Specialit´ e´ Physique Soutenue le 3 juillet 2015 par Thibault Main de Boissi`ere Recherches de WIMPs de basse masse et d'axions avec l'exp´erienceEDELWEISS Composition du jury : Pr´esident du jury : M. R´ezaAnsari Universit´eParis-Sud Directeur de th`ese: M. Eric Armengaud CEA Saclay Rapporteurs : Mme Laura Baudis Universit´ede Zurich M. Jacques Dumarchez LPNHE Examinateur : M. Jules Gascon IPN Lyon i UNIVERSITE PARIS SUD Abstract Low mass WIMPs and axion searches with the EDELWEISS experiment Thibault Main de Boissiere In spite of the recent successes of observational cosmology, most of the universe remains poorly known. Known particles (which we call baryons) only make up 5% of the total content of the universe. The standard cosmological model contains two other compo- nents: Dark Energy and Dark Matter (respectively 70% and 25% of the total content). Dark Matter, which is generally believed to be a non-relativistic, charge neutral and non-baryonic new form of matter, is the central focus of this work. We studied two likely candidates, namely WIMPs and axions. Our analyses were carried out within the EDELWEISS collaboration which operates detectors sensitive to both WIMP and axion signals. Axions were first introduced to solve the strong CP problem. They can be produced in the Sun through a variety of processes and in some models, they may also contribute to the Dark Matter density. In this work, we used EDELWEISS data to search for axions through four distinct production-detection mechanisms. These mechanisms involve the coupling of axions to nucleons, photons and electrons. No excess over background was found. These null observations allowed us to set stringent constraints on the axion couplings and exclude several orders of magnitude of the axion mass within specific QCD axion models. On the other hand, WIMPs are the canonical dark matter candidate whose mass lies in the GeV-TeV range. With the motivation of recent theoretical developments and possible signal hints, we focused our effort on so-called low mass WIMPs (3 to 25 GeV). This thesis describes a new multivariate analysis specifically designed for this mass range, which we tuned using an unblinded fraction of the data set (35 kg.d) from a single EDELWEISS detector. No significant signal over background excess was found and we set an upper limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross section of 1:48 10−6 × pb at 10 GeV. ii UNIVERSITE PARIS SUD R´esum´e Recherches de WIMPs de basse masse et d'axions avec l'exp´erience EDELWEISS Thibault Main de Boissiere En d´epitdes r´ecents succ`esde la cosmologie observationnelle, la majeure partie de l'univers demeure m´econnue: la mati`ereusuelle, dite baryonique, ne repr´esente que 5% du contenu total de l'univers. Dans le mod`elecosmologique standard, deux autres com- posantes compl`etent notre description: l'´energienoire et la mati`erenoire (respectivement 70% et 25% du contenu total). Dans cette th`ese,nous nous int´eressons `ala mati`erenoire, une nouvelle forme de mati`erequi doit ^etrenon-relativiste, non-baryonique et neutre de charge. Nous avons ´etudi´edeux candidats : les WIMPs et les axions. Toutes nos anal- yses ont ´et´emen´eesau sein de la collaboration EDELWEISS, qui op`eredes d´etecteurs sensibles `aun ´eventuel signal de WIMP ou d'axion. Les axions ont d'abord ´et´eintroduits pour r´esoudrele probl`emede la sym´etrieCP en chromodynamique quantique. Ils peuvent ^etreproduits dans le soleil par des processus divers et, dans certains mod`eles,peuvent contribuer `ala densit´ede mati`erenoire. Nous avons utilis´eles donn´eesd'EDELWEISS pour la recherche d'axions suivant quatre modes de production-d´etectiondistincts. Ces m´ecanismesfont intervenir le couplage des axions aux nucl´eons,aux photons et aux ´electrons.Nous n'avons observ´eaucun exc`esde signal par rapport au bruit de fond. Ces constatations nous ont permis d'obtenir des contraintes fortes sur la valeur de chaque couplage d'axion et d'exclure plusieurs ordres de grandeur de la masse de l'axion dans le cadre de mod`elessp´ecifiquesde QCD. Les WIMPs font partie des candidats `ala mati`erenoire les plus ´etudi´es. Ce sont des particules interagissant faiblement avec une masse pouvant aller du GeV au TeV. Des mod`elesth´eoriqueset des r´esultatsexp´erimentaux r´ecents semblent converger vers des masses faibles (de l'ordre de quelques GeV). A la lumi`erede ces d´eveloppements, nous avons donc choisi de privil´egierl'´etudedes WIMPs de basse masse (de 3 `a25 GeV). Nous avons mis en place une analyse multivari´eeparticuli`erement adapt´ee`ala recherche de WIMPs de basse masse. Cette analyse a ´et´eoptimis´eesur une fraction de 35 kg.jour du jeu de donn´eesEDELWEISS complet. Nous n'avons pas observ´ed'exc`esde signal par rapport au bruit de fond attendu. Par cons´equent, nous avons calcul´eune limite sup´erieuresur la section efficace WIMP-nucl´eonspin-ind´ependante de 1:48 10−6 pb `a × 10 GeV. Contents Abstract i R´esum´e ii Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Tables xiii 1 In search of Dark Matter1 1.1 Dark Matter in the Standard Cosmological model..............1 1.1.1 Modern cosmology: an introduction.................2 1.1.2 Cosmological probes..........................6 1.1.3 The matter content: evidence for Cold Dark Matter........9 1.1.4 Dark matter candidates........................ 12 1.2 Detection of WIMP Dark Matter....................... 17 1.2.1 Production at colliders......................... 18 1.2.2 Indirect detection............................ 21 1.2.3 Direct Detection............................ 25 2 The EDELWEISS experiment 37 2.1 Expected backgrounds............................. 38 2.1.1 Muon-induced neutrons........................ 38 2.1.2 External radioactivity......................... 39 2.1.3 Germanium internal radioactivity................... 41 2.1.4 Guidelines for background rejection................. 42 2.2 The Germanium detectors........................... 43 2.2.1 General principle............................ 43 2.2.2 The Germanium detectors: EDELWEISS-II............. 46 2.2.3 The Germanium detectors: EDELWEISS-III............ 47 2.3 The EDELWEISS infrastructure....................... 50 2.3.1 Infrastructure: EDELWEISS-II.................... 50 2.3.2 Infrastructure: EDELWEISS-III................... 52 2.4 Cryogenics.................................... 53 iii Contents iv 2.4.1 Cryogenics: EDELWEISS-II...................... 53 2.4.2 Cryogenics: EDELWEISS-III..................... 53 2.5 Electronics and data stream.......................... 54 2.5.1 Electronics and data stream: EDELWEISS-II............ 54 2.5.2 Electronics and data stream: EDELWEISS-III........... 55 2.6 From EDELWEISS-II to EDELWEISS-III: a summary........... 56 3 Axion searches with EDELWEISS-II data 57 3.1 Axions: a theoretical introduction...................... 58 3.2 Possible axion sources: the Sun and the galactic halo............ 62 3.2.1 Axion production in the Sun..................... 62 3.2.1.1 Production by Primakoff effect............... 63 3.2.1.2 Production via 57Fe nuclear magnetic transition..... 64 3.2.1.3 Compton, bremsstrahlung and axio-RD processes.... 66 3.2.2 Axions as dark matter......................... 66 3.3 Axion interactions in EDELWEISS detectors................ 67 3.4 EDELWEISS-II data and backgrounds.................... 69 3.4.1 Data analysis for axion searches in EDELWEISS-II......... 69 3.4.2 Backgrounds for axion searches in EDELWEISS-II......... 72 3.5 Axion search: Primakoff solar axions..................... 75 3.5.1 Crystalline structure of Germanium................. 75 3.5.2 Event rate computation........................ 78 3.5.3 Statistical analysis: one detector................... 81 3.5.4 Statistical analysis: naive multi-detector analysis.......... 82 3.5.5 Statistical analysis: Monte Carlo procedure for multi-detector anal- ysis................................... 84 3.5.6 Validity of the results......................... 87 3.6 Axion search: 14.4 keV solar axions..................... 91 3.7 Axion search: Compton, bremsstrahlung and axio-RD........... 93 3.8 Axion search: dark matter axions....................... 95 3.9 Derivation of model dependent mass bounds................. 97 4 Low mass WIMP searches with EDELWEISS-III data 98 4.1 The EDELWEISS-III dataset......................... 99 4.1.1 Presentation of Run308........................ 99 4.1.2 EDELWEISS-III trigger........................ 100 4.1.3 EDELWEISS-III offline pulse processing..............
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