Modern Warfare Framework Duty First Exhibit This framework was created in partnership with Justin Riskus of York High School. It is intended as an educator’s guide to modern American military conicts (post-Vietnam). Those wishing to incorporate modern military warfare into their teaching can use this framework in parts or as a whole to help them determine what to teach and emphasize in the classroom.

BIG IDEA

In the complex global security environment since 1970, soldiers are asked to do more than ght wars.

BATTLE- Fighting the armed forces of another state.

STRATEGY TACTICS TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP LOGISTICS Post Vietnam-US military Recent and ongoing Airpower is one of the More and more soldiers in The logistical capabilities of planning has emphasized conicts have required the greatest advantages of the positions of leadership are the US are, in many ways, “shock & awe” (ie Panama, US military to adapt, American soldier. required to take on more unmatched by allies, rivals First Gulf War, Afghanistan, improve its ghting abilities complex roles and responsi- and enemies and allow it to Iraq) in urban settings and versus Armored warfare has been bilities outside combat, project its power and insurgencies. forced to take on less such as peacekeeping and protect its interests around The core function of the traditional roles. nation building. the globe. military is to ght a conventional war. American soldiers have In 2016, all combat some of the most advanced positions became open to Battle planning requires the weapons in the world. This women. consideration of many technology requires dierent factors. training and is eective because good training is The US has been committed used properly. to protecting its interests in the Middle East for decades.

CONNECT WITH US: rstdivisionmuseum.org COUNTER-INSURGENCY- Finding and confronting enemies hidden within a population.

STRATEGY TACTICS TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP LOGISTICS Following the end of the Successful counter Unmanned Arial Vehicles The quality of leadership Counter insurgencies Cold War, the US military insurgencies require forging (UAVs) have played an can easily determine waged across the world has been primarily focused close relationships with increasingly prominent role success or lack thereof in a require a long term on countering stubborn locals, often placing soldiers in COIN, as they are low risk mission. This is true from commitment. The sustain- insurgencies in Afghanistan in greater danger. Combat and eective. They squad level on up to ment of which can be and Iraq. This has led to is often waged in urban or represent one way the US Congress and the oce of eective, but costly. signi cant changes in rugged areas in which military achieves security the President. strategic planning and insurgents can be dicult objectives without having Bases must often be built forced the US to reevaluate to distinguish from to deploy troops. Leaders are developed and and sustained, national traditional modes of non-combatants. tested at all levels. The forces (ie Afghanistan and thinking. Relatively low tech decisions of even the Iraq) must be trained and COIN requires soldiers to insurgencies (utilizing newest Private at a equipped, and humanitari- Counter insurgencies are perform both hard civilian cover and IEDs) are checkpoint can have major an and nation building complex, requiring the (traditional ghting) and enough to erode support implications to the overall eorts (food aid, infrastruc- cooperation of local forces soft (non-combat) duties. for a conict in America. mission. ture projects, schools, etc) along with civilian These are not always require enormous amounts assistance and “buy-in”. distinct and could Technological advantages Political pressure and public of resources. transform from one to the provide US soldier with opinion play an increasingly Following the end of other. signi cant advantages over larger role in military Female Engagement Teams combat against convention- insurgents. decision making and have a (FETs) were necessary in al enemies, the US military COIN operations were great inuence on civilian dealing with women in Iraq fought a sustained initially conducted on an Insurgents use convention- and military leaders. and Afghanistan. counterinsurgency in Iraq ad-hoc basis but became al and improvised weapons and Afghanistan to protect codi ed. to inict casualties and COIN operations forced the US and its interests. disrupt daily life and women to take more active Snipers play an integral role military operations. roles in combat zones. Iraq and Afghanistan are in counterinsurgency dierent and had dierent missions. insurgencies.

DETERRENCE- Displaying military force to prevent attack.

STRATEGY TACTICS TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP LOGISTICS A US show of force can be Eective deterrence To maintain military At the higher level, US Maintaining the world’s an eective method of requires elements of US supremacy, the US typically presidents often play an most eective military in a maintaining peace. This is forces to be combat ready devotes half of its discre- outsized role in their state of constant readiness true on a global level (ie at all times. This is true at all tionary annual budget to approach to using requires signi cant NATO or the South China levels, from a patrol in defense spending, much of deterrence to curb the amounts of resources but Sea) or in embattled Afghanistan to the US this going to the develop- inuence of rival powers (ie helps curb rivals and nations (Afghanistan, Iraq) nuclear arsenal (ie the ment of new weapons, Reagan vs. the “Evil enemies from taking or in peacekeeping triad). vehicles and technology (ie Empire”). The robustness of military action. missions (the Balkans). F22, F35). US deterrence often vary In many scenarios restrain- based on a variety of US allies play a critical role Nations and individuals ing and limiting use of force Proponents argue that such political and economic in deterrence, allowing the often take notice of a US is often necessary to win spending is necessary for factors. US to project its power military presence and make over local populations. Ie, the US to maintain its around the globe. strategic decisions (to the debate on the use of military edge, while critics On the ground, ocers and support, resist, etc) based UAV strikes balances their argue that the government other leaders must often Deterrence needs to be on it. eectiveness at killing can aord to spend much make critical decisions that credible to be successful. terrorists vs. alienating less, still maintain suprema- balance the use of force (Ex. During the Cold War the US military alliances around civilians. cy, and devote those funds with that of diplomacy. professionalism and the globe play a key role in to domestic projects. training increased military deterring conict. There are 5 components to power.) deterrence: Show of force Preventing war is as (Reforger exercises), important as waging war. Training (NTC), Equipment Integration (big 5), and Deterrence missions can strategic positioning (1ID last so long they become Forward in Germany). the status quo (ie Cold War). MILITARY ASSISTANCE- Training and helping the armies of friendly foreign countries.

STRATEGY TACTICS TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP LOGISTICS Equipping and training the US forces are often Providing allies with At the higher level, Logistical support is often a militaries of allied nations embedded with foreign military equipment presidents and Congress key form of assistance and governments is seen as units to train and equip represents one of the determine who gets what provided by the US military a necessary and viable them in various ways. (Ex. largest aspects of military based on a variety of to our partners (ie US aerial alternative to the use of US Military Transition Teams, assistance (and its budget). political and sometimes refueling in the Libyan Civil ground troops. MiTT, of 10-15 soldiers train One can often determine economic factors. Histori- War, UK & France or US and advise local forces on US allies from the hardware cally, the decision to arm airstrikes and supply In many instances, particu- intelligence, communica- they use (ie F16s, M16 ries, certain groups has been convoys to Iraqi security larly following the failures tions, re support, logistics etc). controversial (ie Contras, forces). of Vietnam and diculties and infantry tactics. Mujahedeen) in hindsight. in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Closer and more trusted The military uses more than American public is much Special Forces other play an allies (ie the UK, Israel) The role played by US weapons and armored more willing to accept outsized role in military receive higher grade military trainers is often vehicles on military involvement in foreign assistance programs (ie technology than others complex and can be assistance missions. These conict if largely local forces Syrian Civil War). (Pakistan). dangerous (ie Blue on missions require a lot of are used. Green violence, Afghani- equipment. Often times, US forces will stan). They must balance The size of an all-volunteer, accompany foreign units in cultural norms and social professional force in the US specialized roles, such as customs with eective discourages the use of large operating new weapons training. number of personnel in systems or calling in various actions. airstrikes (ie Afghanistan 2001-Northern Alliance). The US military participates in military assistance missions around the world to establish a secure environment that protects US security interests.

PEACEKEEPING- Enforcing peace agreements between hostile groups.

STRATEGY TACTICS TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP LOGISTICS Since the end of the war in US peacekeepers receive In addition to lethal The decision to embark Peacekeeping missions Vietnam, US forces have additional training as their weapons, peacekeeping upon a peacekeeping often involve multi-national played an extensive role in ability to use force can forces may also be mission often comes from forces that may or may not various peacekeeping often be restricted in the equipped with a variety of the executive and legisla- require additional support. missions around the world. interest of the mission and non-lethal weapons tive branches. These missions reect collateral damage. This can, designed for various America’s status of global at times, place US peace- purposes (ie crowd control, leader and its inuence keepers in precarious incapacitating an attacker, around the world. situations. etc).

The involvement of US Deterrence play a key role forces in peacekeeping in keeping peace, convinc- missions is often depen- ing would-be aggressors dent on a combination of that the price would not be interests, humanitarian worth the cost. needs and recent events. For example, the US Peacekeeping requires intervention in Mogadishu soldiers to do a variety of deterred involvement in the non-violent tasks; including Rwandan Genocide. patrols, policing, con scat- ing weapons, and educat- Peacekeeping forces are ing civilians about mines to often multi-national keep them safe. coalitions.

There are complex geopo- litical factors involved in deciding when to deploy the US military as peace- keepers.