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RETRODIRECTIVE PHASE-LOCK LOOP CONTROLLED PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA FOR A SOLAR POWER SATELLITE SYSTEM A Thesis by SAMUEL JOHN KOKEL Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2004 Major Subject: Electrical Engineering RETRODIRECTIVE PHASE-LOCK LOOP CONTROLLED PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA FOR A SOLAR POWER SATELLITE SYSTEM A Thesis by SAMUEL JOHN KOKEL Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved as to style and content by: ______________________________ ______________________________ Kai Chang Robert Nevels (Chair of Committee) (Member) ______________________________ ______________________________ Frederick Strieter Alexandre Kolomenski (Member) (Member) ______________________________ Chanan Singh (Head of Department) December 2004 Major Subject: Electrical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Retrodirective Phase-Lock Loop Controlled Phased Array Antenna for a Solar Power Satellite System. (December 2004) Samuel John Kokel, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Kai Chang This thesis proposes a novel technique using a phase-lock loop (PLL) style phase control loop to achieve retrodirective phased array antenna steering. This novel approach introduces the concept of phase scaling and frequency translation. It releases the retrodirective transmit-receive frequency ratio from integer constraints and avoids steering approximation errors. The concept was developed to achieve automatic and precise beam steering for the solar power satellite (SPS). The testing was performed using a transceiver converting a pair of received 2.9 GHz signals down to 10 MHz, and up converting two 10 MHz signals to 5.8 GHz. Phase scaling and conjugation was performed at the 10 MHz IF using linear XOR phase detectors and a PLL loop to synthesize a 10 MHz signal with conjugate phase. A phase control loop design is presented using PLL design theory achieving a full 2π steering range. The concept of retrodirective beam steering is also presented in detail. Operational theory and techniques of the proposed method are presented. The prototype circuit is built and the fabrication details are presented. Measured performance is presented along with measurement techniques. Pilot phase detectors and PCL achieve good linearity as required. The achieved performance is benchmarked with standards derived from likely performance requirements of the SPS and beam steering of small versus large arrays are considered. iv DEDICATION Dedicated to my parents Milton & Sylvia Kokel. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Kai Chang, who has been very helpful and supportive during my graduate studies at Texas A&M. He has been the source of numerous opportunities for achievement. I would also like to thank all of my co-workers in the Electromagnetics and Microwave Laboratory at Texas A&M, especially Dr. Berndie Strassner, Dr. Christopher Rodenbeck, and Mr. Ming-Yi Li. Many thanks are also due to my thesis committee; Dr Fredrick Strieter, Dr. Alexandre Kolomenski, and especially Dr. Robert Nevels. Dr. Frank Little of the NASA Center for Space Power and Dr. Nobuyuki Kaya of Kobe University have also contributed greatly to my achievements in the field of space power. A NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory contract and National Science Foundation grant for the exploration of Solar Space Power have contributed greatly to the success of this research. I thank of all my family and friends who have supported me in my life and education. More than all others I especially thank my parents who laid the foundation of my character and sacrificed selflessly to provide me the opportunities to achieve. Soli Deo gloria. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 A. Microwave Wireless Power Transmission.............................................................1 B. Solar Power Satellite ...............................................................................................4 C. Retrodirective Beam Steering.................................................................................7 CHAPTER II RETRODIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES, THEORY AND IMPLEMENTATIONS....................................................................................................10 A. Retrodirective Concept.........................................................................................10 B. Retrodirective Advantages and Applications .......................................................12 C. Retrodirective Disadvantages...............................................................................13 D. Phased Array Review ...........................................................................................14 E. Phase Conjugation ................................................................................................18 F. Frequency Translation...........................................................................................19 G. Previous Retrodirective Implementations ............................................................21 Van Atta Reflector ...............................................................................................21 Heterodyne Technique .........................................................................................23 PLL Antenna Array..............................................................................................27 H. Proposed System ..................................................................................................29 I. Proposed Advantages and Disadvantages Comparison .........................................33 vii Page CHAPTER III PHASE CONTROL LOOP ANALYSIS ................................................36 A. The Phase Control Loop.......................................................................................36 B. Loop Components.................................................................................................38 VCO .....................................................................................................................39 Phase Detector......................................................................................................42 Loop Filter............................................................................................................44 C. Loop Transfer Function........................................................................................47 CHAPTER IV PHASE CONJUGATION DESIGN .......................................................49 A. Transceiver Architecture ......................................................................................49 B. Phase Detector ......................................................................................................51 Signal Shape.........................................................................................................53 Zero-crossing Detector.........................................................................................53 Flip-Flops and Frequency Division......................................................................54 XOR .....................................................................................................................56 Pulse Filter............................................................................................................56 Gain and Offset Adjustment.................................................................................57 C. VCO......................................................................................................................58 D. Loop Filter Design................................................................................................60 E. Fabrication Method...............................................................................................61 CHAPTER V PHASE CONJUGATION PERFORMANCE..........................................62 A. Measurement Setup ..............................................................................................62 B. PD Linearity .........................................................................................................63 Gain and Offset Adjustment.................................................................................63 Measurement Procedure and Results ...................................................................64 C. PCL Linearity .......................................................................................................67 D. Phase Conjugation Measurement .........................................................................71 E.

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