Theodore Von Kármán
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Gustave Eiffel, a Pioneer of Aerodynamics
Int. J. Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation, Vol. 5, Nos. 1/2/3, 2013 3 Gustave Eiffel, a pioneer of aerodynamics Bruno Chanetz* Onera, 8 rue des Vertugadins, F-92 190 Meudon, France Fax: +33-1-46-23-51-58 and University Paris-Ouest, LTIE-GTE, EA 4415, 50 rue de Sèvres, F-92410 Ville d’Avray, France Fax: +33-1-40-97-48-73 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Martin Peter Laboratoire Aérodynamique Eiffel, 68 rue Boileau, F-75016 Paris E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, Gustave Eiffel contributes with Ludwig Prandtl to establish a new science: aerodynamics. He was going to study the forces to which he was confronted as engineer during his life: gravity and wind. Keywords: Eiffel wind tunnel; diffuser; laminar regime; turbulent regime; transition; drag of the sphere; Eiffel chamber. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Chanetz, B. and Peter, M. (2013) ‘Gustave Eiffel, a pioneer of aerodynamics’, Int. J. Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation, Vol. 5, Nos. 1/2/3, pp.3–7. Biographical notes: Bruno Chanetz joins Onera in 1983 as a Research Engineer. He was the Head of Hypersonic Group in 1990, Head of Hypersonic Hyperenthalpic Project in 1997 and Head of Experimental Simulation and Physics of Fluid Unit in 1998, then Deputy Director of the Fundamental and Experimental Aerodynamics Department in 2003. He was a Lecturer in Charge of the course ‘Boundary Layer’ at the Ecole Centrale de Paris from 1996 to 2003, then Associate Professor at the University of Versailles from 2003 to 2009. -
Brief History of the Early Development of Theoretical and Experimental Fluid Dynamics
Brief History of the Early Development of Theoretical and Experimental Fluid Dynamics John D. Anderson Jr. Aeronautics Division, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 2 Early Greek Science: Aristotle and Archimedes 2 As you read these words, there are millions of modern engi- neering devices in operation that depend in part, or in total, 3 DA Vinci’s Fluid Dynamics 2 on the understanding of fluid dynamics – airplanes in flight, 4 The Velocity-Squared Law 3 ships at sea, automobiles on the road, mechanical biomedi- 5 Newton and the Sine-Squared Law 5 cal devices, and so on. In the modern world, we sometimes take these devices for granted. However, it is important to 6 Daniel Bernoulli and the Pressure-Velocity pause for a moment and realize that each of these machines Concept 7 is a miracle in modern engineering fluid dynamics wherein 7 Henri Pitot and the Invention of the Pitot Tube 9 many diverse fundamental laws of nature are harnessed and 8 The High Noon of Eighteenth Century Fluid combined in a useful fashion so as to produce a safe, efficient, Dynamics – Leonhard Euler and the Governing and effective machine. Indeed, the sight of an airplane flying Equations of Inviscid Fluid Motion 10 overhead typifies the laws of aerodynamics in action, and it 9 Inclusion of Friction in Theoretical Fluid is easy to forget that just two centuries ago, these laws were Dynamics: the Works of Navier and Stokes 11 so mysterious, unknown or misunderstood as to preclude a flying machine from even lifting off the ground; let alone 10 Osborne Reynolds: Understanding Turbulent successfully flying through the air. -
Professionalizing Science and Engineering Education in Late- Nineteenth Century America Paul Nienkamp Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2008 A culture of technical knowledge: professionalizing science and engineering education in late- nineteenth century America Paul Nienkamp Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Other History Commons, Science and Mathematics Education Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Nienkamp, Paul, "A culture of technical knowledge: professionalizing science and engineering education in late-nineteenth century America" (2008). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15820. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15820 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A culture of technical knowledge: Professionalizing science and engineering education in late-nineteenth century America by Paul Nienkamp A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: History of Technology and Science Program of Study Committee: Amy Bix, Co-major Professor Alan I Marcus, Co-major Professor Hamilton Cravens Christopher Curtis Charles Dobbs Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2008 Copyright © Paul Nienkamp, 2008. All rights reserved. 3316176 3316176 2008 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION – SETTING THE STAGE FOR NINETEENTH CENTURY ENGINEERING EDUCATION 1 CHAPTER 2. EDUCATION AND ENGINEERING IN THE AMERICAN EAST 15 The Rise of Eastern Technical Schools 16 Philosophies of Education 21 Robert Thurston’s System of Engineering Education 36 CHAPTER 3. -
United States Rocket Research and Development During World War II
United States Rocket Research and Development During World War II Unidentified U.S. Navy LSM(R) (Landing Ship Medium (Rocket)) launching barrage rockets during a drill late in the Second World War. Image courtesy of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. and jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) units for piston-pow- Over the course of the Second World War, rockets ered attack fighters and bombers. Wartime American evolved from scientific and technical curiosities into rocket research evolved along a number of similar and practical weapons with specific battlefield applications. overlapping research trajectories. Both the U.S. Navy The Allied and Axis powers both pursued rocket re- and Army (which included the Army Air Forces) devel- search and development programs during the war. Brit- oped rockets for ground bombardment purposes. The ish and American rocket scientists and engineers (and services also fielded aerial rockets for use by attack their Japanese adversaries) mainly focused their efforts aircraft. The Navy worked on rocket-powered bombs on tactical applications using solid-propellant rockets, for antisubmarine warfare, while the Army developed while the Germans pursued a variety of strategic and the handheld bazooka antitank rocket system. Lastly, tactical development programs primarily centered on both the Army and Navy conducted research into JATO liquid-propellant rockets. German Army researchers units for use with bombers and seaplanes. Throughout led by Wernher von Braun spent much of the war de- the war, however, limited coordination between the veloping the A-4 (more popularly known as the V-2), armed services and federal wartime planning bodies a sophisticated long-range, liquid-fueled rocket that hampered American rocket development efforts and led was employed to bombard London and Rotterdam late to duplicated research and competition amongst pro- in the war. -
A Method That Lends Wings
FLASHBACK_Aerodynamics A method that lends wings Mathematician Irmgard Flügge-Lotz was one of the first female researchers in the field of aerodynamics and automatic control. While working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow Research, she succeeded in simplifying the calculations required for aircraft construction. Flügge-Lotz was later appointed the first female Professor of Engineering at Stanford University. In the U.S., her work is still held in high esteem. In Germany, however, she has been all but forgotten. TEXT KATJA ENGEL Goettingen, 1931. Leading flow researcher could only be tested by means of complex Ludwig Prandtl was astonished. His colleague, wind tunnel measurements. Ludwig Prandtl, at 28 just half his age, had just handed him who is generally thought to be the founder of the solution to a mathematical puzzle that no- aircraft aerodynamics, and his team in Goet- body had been able to crack for more than ten tingen carried out pioneering work on the years. This conundrum was on his “menu”, as theoretical description of lift. However, math- he called his list of uncompleted research ematical calculations of his wing theory tasks. The result went down in the history of turned out to be difficult. In 1919, Albert Betz, aerodynamic research together with the a doctoral student in Goettingen who was young researcher's name. The "Lotz method" later to become Prandtl’s successor at the In- makes it possible to calculate the lift on an air- stitute, finally succeeded in the describing lift plane wing with comparative ease. by means of differential equations. However, Prandtl soon made the woman who had so his formulae were too complex for practical impressed him an (unofficial) Head of Depart- use when constructing new profiles. -
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department 2007-2008 Engineering HENRY SAMUELI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE Research Highlights Professor Y. Sungtaek Ju, with graduate students Youngsuk Nam and Stephen Sharratt, with RFID devices. Photo by Alexander Duffy. Y. Sungtaek Ju and his team win DARPA grant to conduct innovative research and development in the area of electronics cooling BY Y. SUNGTAEK JU An interdisciplinary team of researchers led by UCLA As electronic system technology advances, there has been professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, increasing pressure on the thermal engineering and heat Sungtaek Ju, recently received a $3.8 million award rejection technologies used. Despite efforts to achieve from the Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency dramatic reductions in power consumption in specific (DARPA) to conduct innovative research and development electronic devices, the need for performance inevitably in the area of electronics cooling. DARPA is an agency leads to operation of most electronic systems at the limits of the U.S. Department of Defense responsible for the of the available thermal management technology. development of revolutionary technology for military and DARPA has asked the research team to come up with military-commercial dual applications. Other participants technology that would enhance the cooling of electronic of the research program include Professors Ivan Catton devices to improve the performance of their military (MAE, UCLA), Bruce Dunn (MSE, UCLA), and Massoud electronics. RF and microwave circuits that are used in Kaviany (ME, University of Michigan); and engineers radar and communications devices and systems are the from Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc. based in primary applications of interest. -
My Father, Frank Joseph Malina (1 ), Was Born a Hundred Years Ago on October 2 1912 in Brenham,Texas.The Son of Czech Immigrants
My father, Frank Joseph Malina engineering practice. (1 ), was born a hundred years Engineering was often a trial ago on October 2 1912 in and error affair; Von Karman Brenham,Texas. The son of believed that you could make Czech immigrants, his parents things scientifi cally. My father were music teachers, but had went on to become a leading run grocery stores and a hotel; pioneering of American they wanted their son to be a Rocketry and, with Von Karman, musician. Music was a founder of NASA's Jet respectable profession; my Propulsion Lab. The team led by father went on to become a my father is credited with rocket scientist, a field that was launching the first human-made not respectable did not exist object into space. when he was born. When my father started working Brenham was a small farming on rockets he was a student; community and my father tells of his fellow students were all his boredom and finding refuge headed for the booming in the town library. There, among aeronautics industry, the other books, he read Jules internet of its ti me; they couldn't Verne and became infected with believe he would waste his the dream of space travel. And education on a field as absurd to go to space you had to make as rockets. Rockets were in things, invent things. such bad repute that they use the word Jet Propulsion rather My father majored in mechanical than the word Rockets. My engineering atTexas A and M father and a motley group of and went on to study students started making aeronautics at the California rockets. -
Archives 2014.013.0051 ===Enclosure, Presentation Pamphlet, Humphreys Tribute: [Photo Portrait] ALEXANDER CROMBIE HUMPHREYS M
Archives 2014.013.0051 ==== Enclosure, presentation pamphlet, Humphreys tribute: [photo portrait] ALEXANDER CROMBIE HUMPHREYS M.E., E.D., Sc.D., LL.D. ==== AS A RESULT of nearly two decades of untiring labor and remarkable achievement the name of Humphreys today stands beside those of Stevens and Morton in the eternal gratitude of the men of Stevens Institute of Technology. Just forty years ago Alexander C. Humphreys was graduated from Stevens. While carrying the course of studies at the College he was superintendent of a gas company in a nearby town and was married and maintaining his home. The great energy, the high character and the marked ability which enabled him to carry these responsibilities led him in the next twenty years to the highest place in the gas industry of this country. From this high station he was unanimously called in 1902 by his old professors and his brother alumni and by many friends of Stevens to take the presidency of the College, and he accepted! Witness today the phenomenal progress of Stevens under President Humphreys: Increased attendance came without seeking and is more than trebled. Teaching methods have been advanced to new and original standards that are at the forefront of educational work, including student self-government and physical training. The college grounds have been extended in the face of trying circumstances and are enlarged by nearly twenty acres; five new buildings have been constructed or acquired excluding the Castle and several other buildings which have been adapted for general use. The same characteristics that carried Dr. Humphreys to the top of his branch of the engineering profession and to the leadership of Stevens have led to his being drafted in other great works of national scope. -
Astronautique
Astronautique par Jean CHEYMOL * Le mot et la chose ne surprennent plus les jeunes d'aujourd'hui. Télévi sion, journaux et surtout romans d'anticipation les ont saturés de ces faits qui n'épatent guère plus que les gens de notre génération. En allait-il autrement il y a cinquante ans ? A cette époque, même après avoir lu Jules Verne les allusions aux voyages dans la Lune ne faisaient pas sérieux ! Pour ma part je dois faire amende honorable à cause de mon incrédulité moqueuse. Parcourant vers 1928 un journal d'information scientifique, j'y découvris avec effarement la création d'un prix international d'Astronautique [Esnault-Pelterie (1)] devant être attribué par la Société Astronomique de France « au meilleur travail scientifique original, théorique ou expérimental, capable de faire progresser l'une des questions dont dépend la réalisation de la navigation intersidérale ou d'augmenter les connaissances humaines dans l'une des branches touchant à la science astronautique ». Fusée pour aller dans les astres ! Pourquoi pas pour entrer en contact avec leurs habitants ! Vous voyez d'ici l'ironie facile en salle de garde envers les lunatiques de la Société Astronautique de France et les créateurs d'une telle récompense (2). Et cependant en notre temps la prospection vers les planètes progres sent d'année en année : (*) Séance de la Société Française d'Histoire de la Médecine du 22 avril 1972, jour de l'alunissage d'Apolo XVI. (1) Le mot « astronautique » fut donné par J.H. Rosny aîné, alors Président de l'Académie Goncourt et membre du Comité d'attribution du prix. -
February 2021 | Page 1
Featured Stories "You’re not on sabbatical or vacation. It’s an unusual situation where you’re involuntarily isolating," says Science Writer Jay Thompson. Facing a Pandemic By Yourself By Celeste Hoang Weary of the company in your pandemic bubble? Imagine if the only company were you. When even those with loved ones feel lonely, when thousands die and thousands more risk their lives to save some, the alone are easily overlooked. There isn’t exactly an ad one can place to seek a friend for what sometimes feels like the end of the world. For the many JPLers living alone through this pandemic, admitting to hardship can feel embarrassing when compared to the struggles of healthcare workers or parents with young children. But while a physical bubble of one is safe and quiet, the mind knows no rest. JPLers have coped in different ways. Some dove into therapy and self-reflection. Some said hello and goodbye to relationships—sometimes doing both during lockdown. Others ran marathons as metaphors to keep moving. Universe | February 2021 | Page 1 For the most part, they just endured, safely staying within their own homes—and privately navigating the highs and lows on their own—until the world sees this through. These are a few of their stories. Eric Oij on a recent solo trip to Lake Mono, California. Eric Oij It’s no surprise that Eric Oij—jolly, gregarious, and easy to laugh—is a self-described extrovert. That personality type, of course, has been a source of torment for the 37-year-old software engineer during the pandemic. -
IGNITION! an Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants by John D
IGNITION! U.S. Navy photo This is what a test firing should look like. Note the mach diamonds in the ex haust stream. U.S. Navy photo And this is what it may look like if something goes wrong. The same test cell, or its remains, is shown. IGNITION! An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants by John D. Clark Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. George Santayana RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS IS New Brunswick, New Jersey Copyright © 1972 by Rutgers University, the State University of New Jersey Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-185390 ISBN: 0-8135-0725-1 Manufactured in the United Suites of America by Quinn & Boden Company, Inc., Rithway, New Jersey This book is dedicated to my wife Inga, who heckled me into writing it with such wifely re marks as, "You talk a hell of a fine history. Now set yourself down in front of the typewriter — and write the damned thing!" In Re John D. Clark by Isaac Asimov I first met John in 1942 when I came to Philadelphia to live. Oh, I had known of him before. Back in 1937, he had published a pair of science fiction shorts, "Minus Planet" and "Space Blister," which had hit me right between the eyes. The first one, in particular, was the earliest science fiction story I know of which dealt with "anti-matter" in realistic fashion. Apparently, John was satisfied with that pair and didn't write any more s.f., kindly leaving room for lesser lights like myself. -
Ludwig Prandtl and Boundary Layers in Fluid Flow How a Small Viscosity Can Cause Large Effects
GENERAL I ARTICLE Ludwig Prandtl and Boundary Layers in Fluid Flow How a Small Viscosity can Cause large Effects Jaywant H Arakeri and P N Shankar In 1904, Prandtl proposed the concept of bound ary layers that revolutionised the study of fluid mechanics. In this article we present the basic ideas of boundary layers and boundary-layer sep aration, a phenomenon that distinguishes stream lined from bluff bodies. Jaywant Arakeri is in the Mechanical Engineering A Long-Standing Paradox Department and in the Centre for Product It is a matter of common experience that when we stand Development and in a breeze or wade in water we feel a force which is Manufacture at the Indian called the drag force. We now know that the drag is Institute of Science, caused by fluid friction or viscosity. However, for long it Bangalore. His research is was believed that the viscosity shouldn't enter the pic mainly in instability and turbulence in fluid motion. ture at all since it was so small in value for both water He is also interested in and air. Assuming no viscosity, the finest mathematical issues related to environ physicists of the 19th century constructed a large body ment and development. of elegant results which predicted that the drag on a body in steady flow would be zero. This discrepancy between ideal fluid theory or hydrodynamics and com mon experience was known as 'd' Alembert's paradox' The paradox was only resolved in a revolutionary 1904 paper by L Prandtl who showed that viscous effects, no matter how'small the viscosity, can never be neglected.