The Socio-economic Role of Medieval Parisian Colleges Through the ‘Studium Parisiense’ Database
El papel socioeconómico de las universidades parisinas medievales a través de la base de datos Studium Parisiense
Jean-Philippe Genet, Thierry Kouamé and Stéphane Lamassé* LaMOP (UMR 8589), CNRS-Universite Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. Labex Hastec (ANR-10-LABX-85)
Recibido: 27/03/2021 Aceptado: 23/04/2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159
Abstract: Studium Parisiense is a data- Resumen: Studium Parisiense es una base which intends to identify all the students - and masters of Paris university. With nearly car a todos los estudiantes y maestros de la - base de datos cuyo objetivo es el de identifi ed this results in exploring the impact of the 20000college files,system it may in medievalbe half-way. Paris. We Ahave chrono test- Universidadse ha intentado de París. medir Aún el impacto por concluir, del sistema cuenta logical trend appears: the development of the hoy con 20000 fichas. En base a estos datos, college system in the 14th century is a more resultado logrado apunta a una tendencia - decronológica: colegios mayores el desarrollo en el delParís sistema medieval. de co El- ing academic population than the creation legios mayores en el siglo XIV resulta ser una efficientof the Augustinian solution to canons accommodate houses (12ththe grow cen- población académica que la creación de casas soluciónde canónigos más agustinoseficaz para (siglo acoger XII) a lay lacreciente de con- tury),international and of recruitment the mendicant and convents of literary (13th out- century). On the other hand, both in terms of tanto en términos de reclutamiento interna- ventos mendicantes (siglo XIII). Por otro lado, puts, Paris colleges were inferior institutions, with the exception of the Sorbonne. However, cional como de producción literaria, salvo la
* [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 ISSN: 1988-8503 - www.uc3m.es/cian THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 83 it helped to provide better conditions of study - and to discipline the student’s population on res parisinos no dejaban de ser instituciones excepción de la Sorbona, los colegios mayo- - creasedthe left bankstheir reputationof the Seine, and and attracted by the end again of de segundo nivel. Sin embargo, estas insti the fifteenth century, Paris colleges had in tuciones,de estudio situadas a la población en la riberaestudiantil izquierda y ayuda del- Kerywords: college; university; Paris; Sena, proporcionaron mejores condiciones Europeanmendicant students. convents; students. colegios mayores parisinos lograron mejorar ronsu reputación a disciplinarla. y atraer A finales de nuevo del sigloestudiantes XV, los europeos. Palabras clave: colegio; universidad; París; conventos mendicantes; estudiantes.
The aim of the Studium Parisiense project is to create for Paris schools and dictionaries for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge1 ofuniversity the technical a bio-bibliographical advantages of computerisation repertory on the in model terms of of Alfred data B.homogeni Emden’s- while benefitting2. It is es- sation, information retrieval, indexation and statistical approach sentialcathedral to schoolkeep in and mind extending the fundamental to 15003 fact that it is a work in progress: we have so far realised 19 268 individual files for a period starting with the , but we may expect that the final whichnumber value of files is to will be be attributed well beyond to our 40 results000. This which raises are immediately obviously provisio a doubt- about our use of statistics: since we are dealing with grossly incomplete data,- nal? There are two answers to this. The first one is that it will never be possi ble to consider our population as complete. As Oxford and Cambridge, Paris has not the unified system of matriculation we find in some Italian and in all German universities: matriculations are made at the level of nations (Arts), Faculties (Theology, Canon Law and Medicine) and colleges, but very little of 1 . A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford to 1500 A Biographical Register of the University of OxfordAlfred A.D. 1501 Brotherton to 1540 Emden Biographical Register of the (Oxford:University Clarendon of Cambridge Press, to 1957-1959),1500 3 vol.; Id., 2 Studium Parisiense (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1974) ; Id., édiévistique Occidentale (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1963). is a research program of the Laboratoire de M de Paris (LAMOP). It is funded by Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, the CNRS, the LABEX Hastec and has benefitted from anMedieval ERC Advanced Prosopography Program, SAS: see Jean-Philippe Genet, Hicham Idabal, Thierry Kouamé, Stéphane Lamassé, Claire Priol et AnneMémoires Tournieroux, de Paris “General et de introduction l’Île-de-France to the Studium project”, , 31 (2016), 155-170; Id., “L’université et les écoles parisiennesécoles et de l’universitéau Moyen Âge: de Paris”. un dictionnaire Annali di Storia numérique”. delle Università Italiane , 68 (2017),3 The program 331-354 will ; Jean-Philippe be later extended Genet to, “Studium the sixteenth Parisiense, century. un répertoire informatisé des , 21 (2017), 25-74. CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 84 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
Natio Gallica): there isthe no archives reason keptwhy theby these results institutions for 19 268 has would come differ down from to us. results The sources for 40 000 are extremely patchy (10 years for the largest nation, the
or more, especially if our strategy of exploration is coherent. On this second createdpoint, our records answer for has all toindividuals be more detailed. whose Christian name begins by letters A Generally speaking, we have followed an alphabetical strategy. We have Chartularium and Auctarium toUniversitatis F (standardised Parisiensis classical4 Latin form, e.g. “Aegidius” for “Egidius”,Chartularium, “Gilles”, “Gillot” etc.) in ourAuctarium, core sources, t. 5 have the already so-called been entirely dealt with and we are in the middle of Chartularium,. We are now working on letter G. The strategyt. 1 et 2, andwith the a group of publications which are indispensable complements to the core group: repertory of authorsIII. for Besides, the Faculties we have of artsfollowed5 the same Faculties of medicine6 and of canon law7 rotuli8 repertories of Palémon Glorieux9 and Thomas Sullivan10 , records of the the Fasti Ecclesiae Gallicanae11 , editions of the Parisian , the- , and the volumes of , to mention but the most important. The alpha 4 Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis et alii. Auctarium Chartularii Universita- tis ParisiensisHeinrich Denifle; Émile Châtelain. (Paris: Delalain, 1889-1897),5 Olga Weijers 4 vol.. Le; Heinrich travail intellectuel Denifle; Émile à la Châtelain Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca.1200-1500) (Paris: Delalain and H. Didier, 1894-1964), 6 vol. 6 Commentaires de la Faculté de médecine de l’Université de Paris (1395-1516) (Turnhout : Brepols, 1994-2012) 9 vol. Dictionnaire biographique des médecins en FranceErnest au Wickersheimer moyen âge , Dictionnaire biographique (Paris des médecins : Imprimerie en France nationale, au moyen 1915) âge. ; Id. Supplément, 7 (Genève: Droz, 1979 [1915]), 2 vol.La ;Faculté Danielle de Jacquart, décret de l’Université de Paris au XVe siècle (Genève : Droz, 1979). 8 Marcel Fournier, Léon Dorez,Rotuli Parisienses:Émile-Aurèle supplications Van Moé, to the Pope from the University of Paris, I, 1316-1349 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1895-1942) 4 vol. : analysis to letter J only.- WilliamRotuli Parisienses: J. Courtenay, supplications to the Pope from the University of Paris, II, 1352-1378 (Leiden-Boston:Rotuli Parisienses: Brill, 2002); supplications William J. Courtenay to the Pope and from Eric the D.Univer God- sitydard, of Paris, III, 1378-1394 (Leiden-Boston:9 Brill, 2004)Répertoire ; Id., des maîtres en théologie de Paris au XIIIe siècle La Faculté (Leiden-Boston: des Arts et ses Maîtres Brill, 2013) au XIII 2 evol. siècle : analysis to letter G only. 10Palémon Thomas Glorieux,Sullivan Parisian Licentiates in Theology, A.D. 1373-1500: a Biographical(Paris Regis: Vrin,- 1933),ter. Vol. 2 I, vol. The ; ReligiousId., Orders (ParisParisian : Vrin, Licentiates 1971). in Theol- ogy, A.D. 1373-1500: a ,Biographical Register. Vol. II, The Secular Clergy 2011). (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004); Id., 11 Fasti Ecclesiae Gallicanae Répertoire prosopographique des évêques, (Leiden-Boston dignitaires et : Brill,cha- noines des diocèses de France de 1200 à 1500 published so far. , (Turnhout : Brepols, 1996-2021), 22 volumes CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 85
- betical strategy is not exempt of bias, since Christian names have strong re fromgional A ties: to Z) most analysis Adam of someare from sources Picardy, containing Roger and lists Richard of masters from and Normandy, students Hervé and Yves from Brittany. To correct this, we have made a complete (i.e. records of collective payment of taxes for various reasons in 131312 which,133013 thoughand 1464 seldom14 complete, providerotuli us with sent great in 1403 numbers15 to pope of names:Benoît XIII when French universities returned to the Avignon papacy’s obedience., 1329- , and the collection of
Secular colleges
- However, given the theme chosen for the HELOISE meeting at Lisbon, we have collected specific data about the Paris colleges (both secular and reli mustgious). be The made details of the of thesenew collegespecific studies sources derived is given from in each thesis individual initiated bio- by bibliography, and it is impossible to list them here in full. But special mention 16 17 18 and of a group of Jacques Verger: they provide as complete as possible surveys of the scholars of the colleges of Navarre , Dormans-Beauvais , Laon 12 History of Universities 13 William J. Courtenay,Parisians “Foreign Scholars Scholars in at the Paris Early in Fourteenth the Early Century:Fourteenth A Social Century: Portrait the Crisis of 1313”, , 15 (1997-1999) : 47-74. computus. 14 William J. Courtenay, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) for the 1329-1330’Beihefte zum Zentralblatt für BibliothekswesenMax Ludwig Spirgatis, “Personalverzeichnis der Pariser Universität von 1464 und die darin aufgeführten Handschriften-und Pergamenthändler”, - et al,., I (1888): Sur les 1-52 pas de (http://www.archive/org); Lanfranc, du Bec à Caen. Recueil see Jean-Philippe d’études en Genethommage, “Les à membresVéronique deGazeau l’université de Paris et la collecte de 1464 : quelques remarques”, in Pierre Bau duin,15 Pierre éd., Chartularium, géographique des universités(Caen : Cahier françaises des Annales au début de Normandie,du XVe 2018), 279-289. MélangesDenifle d’archéologie et Châtelain, et d’histoire de l’Écolet. 4, n° française 1786 à 1799. de Rome See Jacques Verger, “Le recrutement Les universités françaises au Moyen Âge siècle d’après les suppliques de 1403”, 16 Le collège de Navarre de sa fondation, 82 (1305) (1970), au 855-902,début du reprintedXVe siècle in(1418) Id., : histoire de l’institution, de sa vie intellectuelle (Leiden, New et York,de son Köln: recrutement Brill, 1995), (Paris: 122-173. Honoré Nathalie Gorochov, Joannis Launoii Constantiensis, Parisiensis theologi, Regii Navarrae gymnasii Parisiensis historia Champion,been used systematically. 1997); Jean de Launoy, 17 Le collège de Dormans-Beauvais(Paris: apud viduam à la finEdmundi du Moyen Martini, Âge. Stratégies1677) has poli not- tiques et parcours individuels à l’Université de Paris 18 CécileThierry Kouamé, e et XVe siècles (Paris: 2005). (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005). Fabris, Étudier et vivre à Paris au Moyen Âge : le collège de Laon aux XIV CIAN, 24/1 (2021),École 82-125. des DOI: Chartes https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159For material reasons, this thesis has not been fully 86 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
19. All other mentions of college membership come from the Chartularium and the Auc- tariumNorman colleges (Harcourt, Maître-Gervais, Justice, Trésorier) 20. Unfor- procuratores and receptores names , ofsupplemented students and by masters a thesis in on Chartularium the “small” colleges’and Auctarium libraries tunately,references to colleges: an exceptional’s case registers, is that our of themain procurator sources for of the , make few- liation of twelve of the 35 bachelors for 148021. The Chartularium contains onlyNation some of Picardy, 50 colleges’ Cornelius documents Adriani after de Goes,1286 22who. mentions the college affi
As a matter of fact, the first college created in Paris, the ‘College des Dix- thisHuit’, is founded also true by of thethe merchantcolleges created Jossius by of someLondon Paris in 1180chapters at his (Saint return Thomas from Jerusalem, was structured on the hospital model to house poor students, and-
appearedand Saint moreNicolas than du halfLouvre, a century Saint Honorélater with …) the until Sorbonne the middle (see of Table the thir123 teenthwith students century. forming The college a community conceived sharing as a the specific same educationalreligious and institution moral va- lues24 ),
. By the end of the fourteenth century, these colleges organized lectures, opened as those of the mendicant convents to an external public, and they Studium Parisiense
analyzed:deduced from at the the moment, statutes. there are only 191 files of Laon scholars in , while Cécile19 Fabris has identified 368 scholars,Les collèges roughly normands half the àtheoretical Paris à la numberfin du Moyen which Âge. she Hishas- toire institutionnelle et étude prosopographique de leur recrutement - ral diss.Marion 2018). Bernard-Schweitzer, 20 Les livres des étudiants et des petits collèges (Paris-Sorbonne, à Paris aux doctoXIVe et XVe siècles 21 AUPKarine Klein-Rebmeister, 22 (Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, doctoral diss., 2005). - , II, col. 236-239. Die universitären Kollegien im Europa des MittelaltersThierry und Kouamé, der Renaissance/Les “L’édition des sources collèges médiévales universitaires des encollèges Europe parisiens. au Moyen Bilan Âge et et pers à la Renaissancepectives”, in (Univ.Andréas Paris Sohn 4/Univ. et Jacques Paris 13), Verger, Décembre ed., 2008
Publications de la Sorbonne, 2017)CIAN, 33-59. 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 87 of the Dormans-Beauvais College25 raising new funds by this system. They addedreceived to payingthe scholars external holding younger bursae students, such as the so-called “martinets”
a teaching staff, recruiting masters of arts as regent masters. These appointments were first temporary, but26. theyThis soon became permanent: in the sixteenth century, the Faculty suppressed its anown important schools, andconsequence the teaching for us:duties scholars were became entirely more left to and the more colleges frequently was a very important step in the birthbursae of the collegesmodern collegeaccording system, to their but needs it has (an artist bursa in one college and later a theology bursa in another) while attached to several colleges, getting - man27 serving as regent-masters in other colleges. A good example is Johannes Lant elected, a rector doctor by in thetheology Faculty (1496) of Art who in 1489: came hefrom also Basel became – where a socius he had of thegot his B.A. – who resided and taught in the Collège de Bourgogne when he was regent-magister at the Domus puerum Alemannorum. It is not surprising that Collège de Navarre in 1491 and of the Sorbonne in 1493, and he was also a in the fifteenthThe creation century, of many newly new elected colleges rectors in thehad fourteenth to specify publicly century to led which to a rapidof the increaseseveral colleges in the number they had of some bursae link with they wanted to be “attached”. bursae were added to the primi- offered to students, as detailed in the foundation statutes. Later on, many new centurytive numbers, by a certain generally stability by rich28 masters and/or ecclesiastics in their wills. Graphdepression 1 shows caused this by quick the consequencesrise from 1240 of to the 1360, Hundred followed Year in Wars the fifteenth and the : less new creations, balanced by the economic bursaepolitical crisis which led to the creation of potential rivals, Poitiers (1431), Caen (1432), and Bourges (1463). This gives a number of some 750 available until the end of the fifteenth century: but all students did not belong to colleges, and a majority was always hiring lodgings from Parisian houses’ owners which makes it impossible to deduce the number of students in Paris 25 Le collège de Dormans-Beauvais
26 Kouamé, , 146, note 915: “chascun enfant forain, appelé- martinet,ment public qui (XII viente-XVI a l’escolee oudit college, doit chascunCollegiate an III s.p.”. Learning in the Middle Ages and beyond.Thierry 2 ndKouamé, Coimbra “Les Group collèges Birthday de l’université Seminar de Paris : de la charité privée à l’enseigne 27 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/7095-johanneslantman siècle)”, in Antonio Savini, dir., ; see Sulli- Parisian Licenciates … The Secular Clergy (Milano: Cisalpino, 2012), 25-34. 28 van, , 315-316. For the making-up of this graph, see Thierry Kouamé, “Les collèges de l’université de Paris”,CIAN, 24/1 30-31. (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 88 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
from the number of bursae - gogies29” grouping students under the aegis of a master rather than in indivi- , though a tendency to reside in hostels or “péda
dual lodgings (a solution which was finally forbidden by University statutes) is perceptible: this is for instance the origin of the Collège Sainte-Barbe,30. a boarding hostel for students which Geoffroy Lenormand, previously master of the students of the Collège de Navarre transformed into a full college
Graph 1. The number of bursae according to the Paris colleges’ statutes (1180-1600).
The number of bursae of the colleges. But there is no correlation between the theoretical number of bursae in a given college and gives the a number clear indication of masters on andthe studentsrespective who sizes is bur- sae known to us. There may be some discrepancies between the number of differences and the arereal best number explained of students, by the amountespecially of sourcesin time ofleft crisis, by each for collegeinstance31. Withafter theTable Black 1 we Death may compareor during the the number occupation of bursae of Paris (B) by with the theEnglish. members But the of the secular colleges present in Studium Parisiense (S).
29 La rive gauche des escholiers (XVe siècle)
30 See SimoneLes Roux, collèges français (Paris: Éditions Christian, 1992),31 19-21. Compère, , 339. - The LAMOP and the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de la Sorbonne (BIS) have initiated since 2020 a new project, ORESM, 3which is developed by Lucie Veillon (BIS) and Stéphane La massé (LAMOP) to prepare the digitization of the archives of Paris University in the Archives Nationales, shelfmarks M, S and H CIAN,, and 24/1in the (2021), Sorbonne 82-125. DOI:Library. https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 89
Table 1. The secular colleges.
College Founded Founders Suppressed Bursae Studium Allemands Bef. 1348 7 Arras 1332 4 Autun 1341 Cardinal Pierre Bertrand 15 9 Saint-Vaast Abbey, Arras 1336/1339 1 6 1 Hubant the chamber of inquiries of the Ave Maria Jean de Hubant , president of Bayeux 1309 12 6 Parliamentof Bayeux of Paris, canon of Rouen Boissy 1359 Guillaume Bonnet (Bouvet), bishop 12 2 Boncourt 1357 8 21 Godefroy of Boissy, clerk of King John Bef. 1250 ? 1430 d’Arras Pierre Bécoud, knight Bons Enfants 1209 13 18? St.Honoré Bons Enfants Bef. 1248 Chapter? of St. Honoré, Paris 9 1? St.Victor BourgogneBons Enfants 1332 20 15
Calvy Bef. 1271 Queen Joan of Burgundy 6 Cambrai 1348 19 5 [controlled by the Sorbonne] (7) Hugues de Pomare, bishop of Langres; Hugues d’Arcy, bishop of CambraiLaon then then archbishop Autun of Reims; Cardinal 1302 Guillaume d’Auxonne, bishop of 20 15
Cholets 1295 Cardinal Jean Lemoine 36 49 Lemoine Constantinople 1204/1289 ? 1362 1 Cardinal Jean Cholet Coquerel Bef. 1463 2 7 Cornouaille 1321/1379 22 Nicolas Coqueret , canon of Amiens Dacie 1284 Nicolas Galeran, clerk; Jean de 3 1429 11 Guistry, royal physician Dainville 1380 12 1 HouseholdPetrus Arnfast, canon of Roskilde Dix-Huit 1180 Jean de Dainville, steward of the 18 19
Donjon Bef.1412 Josse de Londres, merchant returning from Jerusalem Dormans 1370 Bertrand Donyou,4 Master-Regent of 24 642 theFrance Faculty of Canon Law 1326/1333 Jean de Dormans , chancellor of 4
1Écossais http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/8055-johannesdehubantoDavid de Moravia, bishop of Moray 2 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/indaividus/18439-nicolauscoquerel 3 4 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/50252-johannesdedormans http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/24248-petrusarnfast (Elisabeth Mornet).
CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 90 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
College Founded Founders Suppressed Bursae Studium Fortet 1391 8 5
Dame)Pierre Fortet, canon of Paris (College Harcourt 1280/1311 placed under the patronage of Notre- 40 93 councillors 1353 Raoul and Robert d’Harcourt, royal 12 111 Karembert Bef. 1421 1 Justice Jean de Justice, canon of Paris 1362 12 15 BeuveÉonet de KérembertWinville La Marche 1314/1324 Jean and Guillaume de La Marche/ 16 161 Chapelle (royal palace’s chapel) and (368) Laon Guy de Laon, Treasurer of the Sainte- legist 1317 Raoul de Presles, Lord of Lizy, royal 1449? 8 1336 24 12 Linköping Chapter of Linköping 1334 11 15 Lisieux Guy of Harcourt, bishop of Lisieux Lombards Andrea Ghini, Master of Requests of the Household, François de l’Hôpital, clerk of the Royal Crossbowmen, ? ?Renier Jean, apothecary of Queen 1 Joan of Burgundy Bef. 1323 ? 1371? Lyon 1349 1371 Maclou 1371 Gervais Chrétien5 24 114 Maître Clément Robert Clément, master 1343/1353 1584 12 2 Maître Gervais Chamber of Accounts, royal physician Mignon 1314 Jean Mignon, master clerk 6of the 12 20 of the Seal Montaigu 1317 GillesBernard Aycelin de Farges de Montaigu7 , Keeper 9 11
Narbonne 1305 , archbishop of 70 817 Narbonne Plessis 1323 40 8 Navarre Queen Joan of Navarra (25) Geoffrey du Plessis, councilor of King Presles 1314/1324 Philip IV, also8 founder of the College 13 8 ofSainte-Chapelle Marmoutier (royal palace’s Guy de Laon , Treasurer of the
Reims 1409 chapel)Guy de Roye and Raoul9 de Presles, Lord of 1444 Lizy, royal legist Reims and 1444 King Charles VII 7 Rethel , archbishop of Reims Rethel Bef. 1444 ? 1444
5 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/2994-gervasiuschristiani 6 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/50823-aegidiusaycelindemontaigut1 7 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/17272-bernardusdefargis 8 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/3405-guidodelauduno 9 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/50068-guidoderoya
CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 91
College Founded Founders Suppressed Bursae Studium St. Barbe 1460 10 17 e 1338/1348 GeoffroyGuillaume Lenormand de Chanac11, regent- 12 1 (Chenac) masterParis and of Patriarchthe College of of Alexandri Navarr a St. Michel 1186/1187 , bishop of 4
St. Nicolas du L. Robert I, Count of Dreux, brother of 19 St. Thomas du L. King Louis VII Sées 1404/1428 6 1 RobertRequests I, Countof the ofHousehold Dreux 1292 Grégoire Langlois, Master of 12 12 SkaraSorbonne Ca. 1257 MagisterRobert de Hemphastus, Sorbon13 canon of 19 456 Väjxö and Skara Tonnerre Bef. 1406 Abbot Richard de Tonnerre and 2 , royal chaplain Tou (Thou) Bef. 1393 ? 1 convent of St. Jean en Vallée Tournai 1295 ? 4 Tours 1334 archbishop of 6 3 Tours Tréguier 1325 ÉtienneGuillaume de deBourgueil, Coatmohan 14 8 6 s Trésorier 1268 Guillaume de Saane15 , cantor of 24 56 Tréguier,Rouen canon of Pari Uppsala 1280 , Treasurer of16 1354 12 6
10 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/2578-galfredusnormaniAndreas And, provost of Uppsala 11 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/4197-guillelmusdechanaco1 12 13 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/11020-robertusdesorbona. 14 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/23221-guillelmusdecoetmohan.http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/15779-hemphastus (Elisabeth Mornet). 15 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/3653-guillelmusdesaana. 16
http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/611-andreasand (Elisabeth Mornet).
We have included among the colleges members both socii and hospites and even in some cases people who were regularly procurators or auditors , colleges who have the best archival sources (and consequently have been of the accounts. Even with such a wide definition, the contrast between the- varre has 70 bursae best studied) and those which have left fewer records is striking. bursaeTrue, Na (a ratio of nearly 27): andbut wethe knowdatabase the namecontains of 817 only scholars 93 scholars (a ratio from of 11.7)Har- courtwhile (40we bursaeknow 647 scholars for Dormans-Beauvaisbursae for only 24 bursae , ratio 2,3), 49 from Cholets (36 : ratio 1,4), or 8 from Plessis (40 bursae: ratio 0,2) and only one for Dainville and Saint-Michel (12 CIAN, 24/1 each:(2021), 82-125. ratio DOI: 0,08). https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 This gives a good, though alarming, measure of our 92 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
Graph 2. statutory bursae and scholars in Studium parisiense.
presents the data for two religious colleges because they exceptionally had bursaesources deficiencies. Graph 2 charts these differences. However, the graph- ted within the University of Paris or on its fringes. , and we must now turn to the religious establishments which opera
Convents, religious colleges and communities
1217The real establishing “invention” small of the houses college which as anwere educational converted institution in due time has in to vast be credited to the mendicant orders, who were introduced in Paris in 1216-- - convents (the “Cordeliers” for the Franciscans,32. They the “Jacobins” were later for joined the Domiby the nicans). They attracted many scholars – those having graduated before beco- ming friars have not been taken into account Carmelites (ca. 1259: they built later their great convent on the Place Mau 32 Vivarium 73-82. On the word ‘college’, and the similarities and differences between Mendicant convents and secular colleges, see Olga Weijers, “Collège, une institution avant la lettre”, , 21 (1983), CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 93 of Rome33 got from Philip the Fair buildings and lands to erect the Grands- bert)Augustins and the in 1293-1295.Austin Friars, We also have present therefore in Paris included since 1259,these forfour whom Paris Gilescon- studium generale vents, each of which was considered as the of its order, in our survey: nonetheless, it must be kept in mind that many friars are not Universitynaturalia scholars. In most convents, there are two courses of study, one for the academic grades, and another one to prepare friars to become lectors (in arts,same is true of, orthe theology) many preachers in their order’swho resided convents. there. All But these the are information students, atbut our only disposal the first does ones not are allowproperly a clear speaking distinction members between of the University.these different The groups: all friars have therefore been included in the following tables as stu-
- tiondents, of ifsome they bibliographicalhad not graduated. items To34 prepareand databases the present35. paper, as in the case of the colleges, we have followed the alphabetical strategy, but with the addi
The traditional orders followed the Mendicants’ lead, and have36 (Saint- been dealt with in a similar fashion, the usual A-F letters, supplemented by the full Clunyanalysis congregation of an additional37 (Cluny bibliography, College). Aespecially special mention for the Cistercians must be made of a Bernard College, or Bernardines College) and for the Benedictines of the- small order which made education one of its chief commitments, the Augus thetinian Faculty canons of ofTheology the Val des for Écoliers,a long time which38. Other created orders a college had colleges in Paris, suchSainte- as Catherine, initially for the order’s “écoliers”, but managed to hold a chair in- the33 canons http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/50875-aegidiusromanus of Prémontré, and several important abbeys had also small : colle
the first toconvent, acquire in the Montmartre, site of the wasGrands-Augustins. transferred to Saint-Victor Street in 1288-1289, until Giles, using the 34money brought by the sale of the suppressed convent of the Brothers of the Sack was able Speculum 35 For ainstance general the approach, invaluable William database J. Courtenay, Franciscan “Between authors Pope 13th-18th and King. centuries: The Parisian a cata- logueLetters in of progress Adhesion of 1303”, , 71 (1996), 577-605.
36 , a co-productionLes maîtres of Maarten et étudiants Van der du CollègeHeijden Saint-Bernard and Bert Roest, à Paris now de at 1224 the Radboudà 1494 University Nijmegen, see: https://applejack.science.ru.nl/franciscanauthors/. - Caroline Obert-Piketty,Cîteaux 37 , diss. École des chartes,Benedectine Paris, Monks 1985; at “Les the lectures University et œuvresof Paris desA.D. pensionnaires 1229-1500. A Biogradu Col- phicallège Saint-Bernard”, Register (1989), 245-291. 38 Thomas Sullivan, Les écoliers du Christ. L’ordre canonial du Val des Écoliers 1201-1539 (Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1995). Catherine Guyon, , (Saint-ÉtienneCIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125.: Publications DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 de l’Université de Saint-Étienne, 1998). 94 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
have observed in compiling the biographies of Studium Parisiense that some gesreligious for lodging communities their novices had among while their they memberswere students so many in Paris. scholars However, that they we were de facto colleges: this is obviously the case of the two great abbeys of 39 (which had its own school) and Sainte-
whichAugustinian was the canons, place whereSaint Victor the Faculty of Arts elected the Rector of the Uni- versityGeneviève and and where of the the convent University’s of the congregation Trinitarians (calledfrequently Mathurins met. The in Paris)small house of the Antonines (Hospitalers of Saint Antoine) has also been inclu-
40 ded, but we might as well consider the Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Germain-- des-Prés and the Cluniac priory of Saint-Martin des Champs . Besides, the ofmonks the Bonshommes of the order of of Grandmont, Vincennes: severalwho were of them transferred graduated in the as Collègebachelors Mig of non (afterward Collège de Granmont) in 1584, probably resided in the Priory- ligious houses associated in one way or another with the University. theologyThere in the is veryfifteenth little century. overlap Table between 2 gives table an 1idea and of table the spectrum 2. Donatus of rede
residingPuteo de in Mediolano the Cordeliers’ was convent: an Italian he Franciscanwas also from who 1447 became onwards successively the prin- bachelor, “licencié” and doctor in theology from 1432 to 1436, presumably 41; he is an exception to the rule. There cipalwere (“provisor”)also some transfers of the Collège from one des order Lombards to another. in which But thehe founded case of Gerardus a chapel with the agreement of pope Nicholas V socius Martelli shows that things might be less clear-cut: this master42 . ofIt isarts perhaps was a of the Sorbonne, probably because he was a student even a bachelor in theology,proportion but of at those some religious stage he members became a of canon the university of Saint-Victor who remain hidden even more difficult than in the case of the secular colleges to estimate the-
to us. Generally speaking, it seems obvious that the presence of the univer sity39 led religious houses’école de toSaint-Victor increase dans their la première size to moitiéaccommodate du XIIe novices entre éco of- le monastique et école cathédrale L’école de Saint-Victor de Paris : influence et rayonne- ment duCédric moyen Giraud, âge à “ l’époqueL moderne, colloque international CNRS 2008 siècle, 2010): 101-119. ”, in 40 The chapter of Cluny wanted that the Priory receives Parisian novices(Turnhout: who had Brepols, too few bursae La rive gauche des escholiers 41 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/2018-donatusdeputeodemediolano. 42 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/21541-gerardusmartelli at their disposal: Simone Roux, , 31. . Le registre de prêt de la bibliothèque du Col- lège de Sorbonne See Jeanne Vielliard and Marie-Henriette Jullien de Pommerol, (Paris: CNRS Éditions,CIAN, 2000), 24/1 (2021), 595. 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 95
Table 2. Convents, religious colleges and communities. Mendicant convents Institution Founded Designation and founder Bursae Studium Dominicans 1218 424
Franciscans 1325 Couvent des Jacobins, or Couvent Saint- 330 Jacques Carmelites Ca. 1259 267 Couvent des Cordeliers, or Grand Couvent Augustinians 1293 Grands Augustins 165 Couvent of Maubert place 1186 Religious colleges Canons of the Val des 1228 Sainte Catherine 34
O.S.B. Saint-Denis 1229 Collège de Saint-Denis 8 Écoliers Cistercians 1246 20 215
Collège du1 Chardonneret, later des Canons of Prémontré 1252 CollègeBernardins, de Prémontré founded by Stephen of 6 Lexington , abbot of Clairvaux O.S.B. Cluny 1258-1259 40 72
O. Servorum Beatae 1258/1277 Collège desde Cluny, Servites: founded convent by Yves(Blancs- de 10 2 Vergy, abbot of Cluny 1329 17 AbbeyVirginis (Tours) Mariae Manteaux) gift of St. Louis O.S.B. Marmoutier founderCollège de of Marmoutier,the College du Geoffrey Plessis du Ca. 1335 Plessis, councilor of King Philip IV, also Vignes (Soissons) O.S.A. Saint-Jean des Before 1367 Collège Saint-Jean des Vignes
O.S.B.O.S.B., ClunyTrinité de ? Collège de Vendôme (suppressed 1441) Vendôme 362 Collège de Vézelay Religious communities Canons O.S.A. 502/1108 Sainte-Geneviève 48 Canons O.S.A. 1108 52 Guillaume de Champeaux3 Trinitarian Brothers 1209 Saint-Victor, founded by the magister 11 Hospitalers of St. 1361-1371 4 Anthony (Antonines) Couvent des Mathurins Petit Saint-Antoine, founded by Charles V 115
1 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/15292-stephanusdelexington. 2 3 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/50929-guillelmusdecampellis. The order was officially approved by the papacy in 1249, but suppressed in 1274, to be restored in 1277.
their order from all over the Christian world who flocked to Paris to study. appealThe mendicant to the council convents against offer pope a good Boniface example, VIII especiallyhave been becausepreserved: most from of the letters of adhesion required by the king of France in 1303 to support his CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 96 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
43 Franciscans at the Cordeliers44 45 at these letters, Willliam Courtenay has reckoned that there were46 at least 173 being still few at that stage (apparently, about the their same adhesion number was of Dominicansnot even requi- the Jacobins, while the Austin Friars were around 50 or 60 , the Carmelite the religious colleges and the houses of the religious communities on the red). In any case, the master and students of the convents on the one hand, of the secular colleges. other, are two groups whose weight may be compared with the population
Colleges and religious establishments: a chronology
It is possible to extract chronological information from Studium Parisiense. -
gradeThe chief or appear difficulty on oneis that of the we rotuli know very little about the lives of most stu dents and masters: very often one or two dates, for instance when they get a sent to the pope, or when they take part in a money collection. The date of death scarcely appears, and dates of birth are extremely rare. We have therefore taken the decision to attribute a single date to each scholar, the mean date of activity, that is the mean between the first date of appearance in a university context and the last one, eventually his date of death when known. Late us take the case of Giles of Rome, born ca. 1245, died in 1316: the mean between 1265 (1245 + 20) and 1316 (his death) is 51/2 = 26 (25½ being rounded up to 26), which gives a mean date of 1265 + 26 = 1291. This mean date is automatically produced, and enables- us to group the scholars in demographical cohorts. In table 3, the cohorts have been defined on a 25 years basis. The numbers for the three last pe- riods are of decreasing value, since because of the present47. The terminal global datecolumn for inclusion in the database (1500), we have not yet been able to make a sys tematic43 use of the essential works of James K. Farge 44 - William J. Courtenay, “Between Pope and King”. Franciscan StudiesThere were 68 adherents,https://www.jstor.org/stable/41975172 and 87 nonadherents. The lists are printed). Very few and of comment them are alreadyed upon present in William in the J. Courtenay,Studium Parisiense “The Parisian database. Franciscan Community in 1303”, 45 , 53 (1993): 155-173 ( Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 46 The list is edited by Antoine Dondaine, “Documents pour servir à l’histoire de la province- de FranceAnalecta : l’appel Augustiniana au concile (1303)”, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44992715, 22 (1952), 381-439.). 47 See William J. Courtenay,Biographical “The Augustinian Register of CommunityParis doctors at ofParis theology, in the Early 1500-1536 Fourteeth (Toron Cen- tury”, , 51 (2001), 219-229 ( Students and James K. Farge, to: Pontifical Institute of MediaevalCIAN, Studies 24/1 (2021),Subsidia 82-125. Mediaevalia DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 10) 1980, and THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 97
concerns all the people included in the database:Chartularium among the or 19 Auctarium 268 files areor masters 1464 “external” of foreign files university of people who who have are never mentioned set a foot in our in Pariscore sourcesbut are (forincluded instance in Glorieux’s princes, sorcerersrepertory orof masterscardinals of in arts) without being members, members but for whom we have no decisive proofs of attendance at Paris. of the University, and 950 files for “uncertain” people who might have been secular colleges alumni48 - Thelong real to Parisian number religious of university colleges members or establishments. is 16854. Of these, roughly 16% are , 7% mendicant friars, and a little less than 3% be-
To analyze the evolution of the university’s population, we shall con centrate upon the column “Members”. Globally, it reveals an increase in the abruptlynumber ofwith university the century members, quarter but 1225-1250. this increase The is reasons not a regular of this one. sudden We stagnationhave first a are century easy toof discover:exponential it is increase most probably from 1125 a result to 1225, of the which great stopscrisis 49. theof 1229-1231 Queen-Regent which Blanche is analyzed of Castile’s with great soldiers precision on the by 27 Nathalieth of February Gorochov 1229 Following the murder of students (one chronicler speaks of 320 clerks) by- ters decided to stop teaching and most masters and students left the town. to repress disorders caused by drunk students the preceding day, the mas in 1231 (13th Pa- rensThanks Scientiarum to the intervention of Pope Gregory IX, peace came back but only others places in of France: April), withAngers the and fulmination Orléans which of the later famous became papal universi bull - . In the mean times, masters and students had migrated to ties in their own right, Toulouse, where a university had been created this- same year 1229 by count Raymond VII to fight heresy in the South, or even Reims, Amiens or Beauvais. They also migrated outside France, in Spain (Pa lencia, Léon), in Italy (Vercelli, Bologna) but the most important transfer was to Oxford, essentially because many masters and students were English and teachers at the University of Paris: the generation of 1500: a critical edition of Bibliothèque de l’Université de Paris (Sorbonne), Archives, Registres 89 and 90
48 (Leiden-Boston: Brill, Education and Society un the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 25) 2006. numberIn aof synthesis colleges’ ofstudents Jacques in Verger Studium and Parisiense Jean Favier’s estimates, Simone Roux supposesLa thatrive gaucheroughly des 25% escholiers of the students had bursae in the Paris colleges: this points to the fact that the 49 Naissance de l’université. Lesis probably écoles de underestimated: Paris d’Innocent Roux,III à Thomas d’Aquin (v. 1200-v. 1245), 32. Nathalie Gorochov, CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: (Paris: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 Honoré Champion, 2012) 397-459. 98 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
Table 3a. The chronological evolution.
Period Secular Colleges Convents Religious communities Members Global Before 1100 1 1101-1125 6 11 1126-1150 4 16 25 1151-1175 9 33 58 1176-1200 15 6 50 92 1201-1225 7 115 172 1226-1250 1 24 12 110 247 1251-1275 13 77 11 241 453 1276-1300 60 100 20 413 784 1301-1325 129 148 17 817 1172 1326-1350 265 137 33 1793 2146 1351-1375 290 78 32 1145 1339 1376-1400 667 180 59 2189 2374 1401-1425 432 77 43 2820 2975 1426-1450 248 142 69 1655 1796 1451-1475 294 84 106 3682 3767 1476-1500 211 120 34 1541 1618 1501-1525 62 19 15 221 230 1526-1550 2 7 7 Total 2696 1186 477 16854 19268
50
went back home : some came back to Paris, but most of them remained in andOxford, it lasts the developmentuntil the middle of which of the really 14th starts in 1229. The exponential increase starts again in the next quarter century, century, when the quarter century 1351-1375 shows a sharp decrease, by at least one third: this is certainly a consequence of the Black Death. The exponential increase starts again in is1376-1400, also probably but it a slowsresult down of the quickly fading andinternational there is a newprestige sharp of decrease Paris after in 1426-1450: it is obviously a consequence of the English occupation, but it
the departure of many masters and students leaving for urbanist countries, combined with the takeoff of the German universities which had begun with the Great Schism and with the creation of rivals in the traditional zones of beParis dealt students’ with cautiously: recruitment, it is mainly largely Caendue to(1432) an exceptional and Louvain document (1425).51 The recovery is obvious from 1451 onwards, but the peak in 1451-1475 must 50 Ibidem , the 51 See note 14 above. , 418-423. CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 99 list drawn up for the collection of a tax in 1464: it gives the name and title (Magister, Frater, Dominus
…) of those who gave their contribution to the intendedsums needed to retain to fund the an ecclesiastics’ embassy to goodsKing Louis at their XI todeath gain and his tosupport deprive against them pope Pius II who, following the revocation of the “Pragmatique Sanction”, of the right to make wills. Unfortunately, the document is incomplete, some- names seem to appear twice, and the status in relation to the university of someinterpretation people appears is impossible dubious, for while the two graduates last periods. and students whose presen ce is attestedThe table in enablesParis are us not to interpretmentioned. the For respective reasons weights indicated of theearlier, secular the -
(tablecolleges, 3B). the We mendicant can discern convents, three differentand the religious stages. During establishments the twelfth in thecentury evo thelution global of the increase number of of the Parisian scholars scholar. was partially For this, due we mustto two turn religious to percentages commu- and those of Sainte-Geneviève (4). These two communities have a complicated storynities, in essentially relation with the canonsthe schools of Saint-Victor of Paris which (15 mayfor the have period had some1126-1200) conse- quences on their ambiguous integration in the University’s structure. Once it had become a house of regular canons (with canons drawn from Saint-Victor -
Sainte-Genevièvein 1146-1147), Sainte-Geneviève and his chancellor’s played capacity a crucial to conferpart in the the licencia schools’ docendi devel opment, since its chancellor was responsible for the schools of the Montagne- and to organize examinations was an important element in the scholars’ strug gle against the other chancellor, that of Notre-Dame de Paris. It may have had- a school, but though it kept its central role in the running of the examinations of the Faculty of Arts, its chapter had relatively few graduates: they had some times to hire external chancellors, since they had no masters of arts among them, this grade being a requisite to hold this office. Saint-Victor derived from the hermitage founded by Guillaume de Champeaux when he left his official teaching position: in a way, it always remained close to the University, but penitentialneither in or role out. of However,the canons the in canonsthe university had a school52. It also and had were one authorized of the largest by librariesthe pope into Paris. have aBut master if the ofimportance theology: theof the pope regular justified canons this is privilege obvious by in the
- twelfth century, it slows down quickly, despite the foundation of a new house of regular canons, that of Sainte-Catherine du Val-des-Écoliers, and of the col 52 Chartularium,
CIAN, 24/1Denifle (2021), et 82-125. Châtelain, DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 t. 1, 159 (n° 111). 100 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
Table 3b. The chronological evolution: percentages.
Period Colleges Convents- Religious communities 1101-1125 1126-1150 25 16,6 1151-1175 1176-1200 32 12 27,3 1201-1225 1226-1250 6,1 1251-1275 5 32 0,9 21,8 10,9 1276-1300 24 4,5 1301-1325 18 2 14,5 4,8 1326-1350 15,8 1351-1375 14,8 7,6 1,8 1376-1400 25,3 6,8 2,8 1401-1425 30,5 8,2 2,7 1426-1450 15 15,3 2,7 1,5 1451-1475 8 8,6 4,2 1476-1500 2,3 2,9 13,7 7,8 2,2
thatleges of of the the members Cistercians, of secular the Cluniac colleges and and the to canons those ofof the Prémontré: mendicant from orders 125153. onwards, their part in the university population remains always inferior to their number swelled rapidly since many magistri and students decided to enter theThe orders mendicants of St. Francis came early and inSt. Paris,Dominic. but These they were have apparentlynot been coun few:-
ted as Franciscans or Dominicans, since it is difficult to know with certainty ofwhich both role orders they meant played that after from their 1230 conversion, onwards since Franciscan many of and them Dominican left Paris to work in the orders’ convents. But the rapid development of the convents 1231 crisis gave them the opportunity to get two chairs in the Faculty of masters and teachers were present in increasing numbers, while the 1229-- ched a violent campaign to put an end to what they saw as an unfair com- Theology. Their prominence was such that in the fifties secular masters laun
petition: but this was to no avail and the papacy finally arbitrated in favour of the friars. Their convents continued to grow, they gained new chairs and attracted more and more students, reinforced by the Augustinian Friars and 53 Fratres - Except in 1451-1475: it is because in the 1464 collection, all members of the regular orders are described as ‘ ’, while the Cistercians of the ‘Collège des Bernardins’ are iden tified, though not by their own name,CIAN, but 24/1 by (2021), their 82-125.monastery’s DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 name. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 101 the Friars’ number became one of the chief components of the University’s the Carmelites. In the second half of the thirteenth century, the increase of growth, the proportion of friars reaching 32% ininfra 1251-1275.). But institutionally They were completely integrated in the Universitystudium machinery generale and, in as its is own well right known, for provided some of its most famous Masters (see - speaking, each Mendicant convent was a his order, and funded by him by a complicated system involving all his pro- cultiesvinces throughoutof Paris University! Europe. The Once convents’ the convents priority accommodated was to satisfy theirthe number orders’ needs in competent lectors, not to solve the educational and housing diffi grow: and the proportion of friars began to decrease regularly since the uni- of students necessitated for reaching their own objective, they stopped to versity population continued to swell, to a modest proportion of 7/8% in the thefifteenth prominent century. sources The very for thislow period:proportions the overwhelming for 1401-1425 statistical and 1451-1475 weight ofmust the not 1403 be rotuli taken into account, since they can be explained by the nature of them containing practically no names of mendicants. , and that of the list of the contributors to the 1464, both of - Secular colleges, as mentioned earlier, had appeared at the end of the- twelfth century: exceptionally, we know the names of the first eighteen scho lars of the ‘Collège des Dix-Huit’, but after that we have practically nothing un- setil thementioned foundation54. The of proportionthe Sorbonne, of scholars when many from names the secular can be colleges retrieved already from the house cartulary, though many doubts remain about the real status of tho the 14th reaches 14,5% in the quarter century 1276-1300 and increases throughout century to more than 30%: this is a minimum, since many orth perhapscentury even most of the secular scholarsth whose affiliation is unknown to us could be- memberstions in Paris. of these The colleges.proportional As table decrease 1 reminds which us, the the table end showsof the 13 for the 15th and the first half of the 14 century make the great century of college founda 55. It may be a century may not reflect a real loss of importance of the colleges, though the- period 1411-1436 is undoubtedly a very difficult one for them consequence54 of the terminalAux origines dates de la ofSorbonne. the thesis I, Robert we dehave Sorbon, used: l’homme, 1418 le for collège, Na les documents Aux origines de la Sorbonne. II, Le Cartulaire 1965 Palémon. Glorieux Glorieux, tends to consider most if not all procurators of the Sorbonne as members or (Paris : Vrin, 1965); Id., (Paris : Vrin, 55° Le collège de Dormans-Beauvais thefuture case members of Dormans-Beauvais of the Sorbonne, College. which is possible, but far from certain. Kouamé, , “Le collège dans la tourmente”, 138-144 for CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 102 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
Graph 3. The scholars of secular colleges, convents and religious communities compared with global university numbers.
andvarre, most 1458 of forthe Dormans-Beauvais, religious. The rotuli 1480 for Laon. It is therefore a probable- consequence of the specificities of the sources, as for the Mendicant Friars- of 1403 rarely mention college affilia tions, as well as the list for the 1464 collection, which only makes an excep K.tion Farge’s for some publication students explains of the collegethat we decannot Navarre. read Thein the fact table that what the weterminal could date of our research, 1500, has prevented us so far to make full use of James 56 which required a call the fourth stage in Paris developments: the fact that, perhaps as a belated consequence of the Statutes of the Cardinal d’Estouteville 56 Chartularium, http://studium-parisiense. univ-paris1.fr/individus/4230-guillelmusdeestoutevilla2 Denifle et Châtelain, t. 4, 713-734 (n° 2690): Les Uni- . See Jacques Verger, “La réforme du cardinal d’Estouteville (1452): l’universitéCIAN, 24/1 de (2021), Paris 82-125. entre DOI:Moyen https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 Âge et modernité”, in THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 103 reinforced and stricter control on Parisian secular colleges and pédagogies - , educationseveral colleges and gaining were reformed a new international and recovered recognition: a long lost one prosperity, may mention integra the ting from the 1480 onwards many more students, providing57 (principal a muchfrom better1483) with the creation 72 bursae - reform of the Montaigu College by Jean Standonck 58 for poor students, the renovation of the Bourgog 1531)ne College59 after the legacy of his principal, Jean de Martigny , in 1491, or the reform of the Boissy College by Michel Chartier, his principal from 1482 to . Scholars continued to flock to Paris from all over Europe: but, as we shall see, they now came to the Paris colleges, not to the Paris convents. Elements of prestige and international influence schools and university can also be measured by the information provided byThe the problems Studium of Parisiense the international database. influence These problems and of the are prestige not simply of the cultural Paris matters: the influx of foreign students increases the town’s population and the consumers’ number, while the literary output of the scholars stimulated- laumethe multiplication Fichet60 of bookshops 61and scribal activity. And it is well known that the first printing press in Paris was established in the Sorbonne by Guil and Jean Heynlin . This printing press produced the first magistriprinted book in Paris in 1470. But62 how to measure all this ? In Table 4, we havenumber selected of authors. two quantitative These data indices.are tabulated The first in Tableis the 4repartition (percentages between have not been, graduatescalculated andif the “students” number of inscholars each institution. is inferior Theto ten). other one, is the versités en Europe (1450-1814), (Paris : Bulletin de l’Association des Historiens modernistes
57 des 58Universités http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/8142-johannesdemartignaco française, 2013), 55-76. 59 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/7539-johannesstandonckLes collèges français. . See http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/indi- vidus/20760-michaelquartier ? 60 Compère, ,105 . 61 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/5824-johannesheynlindelapide. 62 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/3488-guillelmusfichetiIn Studium Parisiense -
, we use the word “student” to describebursae both holders people in who the areCollèg de- scribed as such in the sources and are students in the modern sense of the word, and people whose later grade is unknown (this is probably the case of many es de Dormans, Laon and in the Norman colleges) and people whose affiliation to colleges and CIAN,nations 24/1 is (2021), unknown. 82-125. This DOI: mayhttps://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 have to change. 104 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
-
As regards the number andmagistri proportion may of simply masters, be ita resultmust notof the be forfact gotten that, when the institution’s sources have notmagistri been systematically (and gradua- tes)scrutinized, mentioned a high in rotuliproportion or graduation of documents63 studentsthat most who of those never whose graduated name can is known only be to discovered us are the by a close study of the , whereas the names of
accounts: this is what make the data for the colleges of Dormans-Beauvais- and Navarre especially valuable. Navarre has a higher proportion of masters otherthan Dormans-Beauvais, college’s candidates. and And we Dormans-Beauvais know that in the Faculty masters of are theology’s mostly mas exa- minations, the rank of Navarre’s candidates is constantly better than that of
ter of arts, while Navarre has many Masters of theology. Dormans-Beauvais, though founded by a chancellor of France, is therefore not so different from the typical diocesan colleges, founded by a bishop mostly for students coming allfrom members the founder’s ought diocese to be at (in least that masters case Soissons). of arts andThe engagedSorbonne in (74% theology’s of the studiesscholars but are the masters) attribution is also of debatable:a grade of masteraccording of theology to the college’s generously statutes, bes- hospites and socii of the college has been con- tradicted by Thomas Sullivan on such a scale that we have preferred to be cautioustowed by64 Jeanne Vielliard to result shown on the table is the relatively high proportion of magistri in the . Let us simply say that 74% is a minimum. Another interesting 65 mendicant convents and in some of the religious establishments, between 40 anda university 60% . This graduation. is quite Thissignificant, relatively since high we score know is that also many found of in the some orders’ reli- students were engaged in the lectorate cursus, and were not expected to get-
gious establishments, and here the difference between the college of the Ber 63 magistri) and of the college
This seems to be the case of the college of Harcourt (78% of des Cholets (73%). The high scores of the collegesbursae du Trésorier (78,5)bursae and of were Maître-Gervais, reserved to studentswhere the whose archives accession have been to the studied grade ofby magisterMarion Bernard-Schweitzer is more complexbursae were and maygiven be to a scholars testimony who to thewere good already working magistri of the. system: “small” 64 Parisian was Licentiates facilitated, in Theology while “great” …, passim -
The biographies compiled by Sullivan, , demon strates65 that many of those described by Jeanne Vielliard as “perhaps doctor of theology” were at most graduates (bachelors?) in theology, not doctors or masters. The Carmelite score (70%) must be considered with suspicion: the grade seems to be ofattributed the convent’s by internal school. sources such as Johannes Trisse’s repertory of Paris Carmelite masters, written in 1360-1363, repeated by later historians of the order, to all those who were masters CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 105
Table 4. Graduation and authorship.
Dubious or College Mag % Gr. Stud. Total Authors % unknown
Convents of the mendicant orders Austin Friars 119 50 95 3 267 47 Carmelites 115 70 36 11 2 164 52 44,6 17,6 Dominicans 227 81 101 15 424 192 31,7 Franciscans 186 56 42 98 5 331 157 53,5 45,3 Total 647 40 209 305 25 1186 47,4 Religious communities Bernardines 88 52 72 3 215 44 Cluny 20 21 29 2 72 5 7 20,4 St. Victor 28 - 18 5 52 20 St. Geneviève 21 3 21 3 48 4 8 38,5 St. Catherine 22 4 8 34 8 5 3 5 4 17 1 5 23,5 5 4 2 11 1 9 Marmoutier Servites 5 3 2 10 2 20 Mathurins St. Denis 4 4 8 1 Prémontrés 4 1 5 1 Antonines 2 2 4 Secular Colleges 288 35 26 503 817 38 Dormans1 113 43 463 21 642 6 Navarre 4,6 Sorbonne 341 74 29 84 2 456 65 17,6 1,5 67 2 91 1 161 3 14,2 34 78 4 76 114 1 Laon 41,6 1,9 67 2 46 113 3 Justice 0,8 Harcourt 73 78 1 19 93 10 Maître Gervais 78,5 2,6 Trésorier 44 2 10 56 4 7 5,2 Cholets 36 73 2 11 49 5 78,5 1 10,2
Kouamé, Le collège de Dormans-Beauvais, gives the names and careers of 12 servants or assistants of the College (« suppôts ») of the officers of the College and of the chapel’ staff. abbeysnardines of (40%) regular and canons the college (both membersof Cluny (27,7)of the achievementsVictorine congregation) is especially of telling, as well as that which is observed to a lesser extent between the two
Saint-Victor (53,8) and that of Sainte-Geneviève (43,7). But we have another statistical indicator for an estimate of the intellectual activity of the colleges,- conventscator of intellectual and religious activity communities, and prestige the numberswhich can of be authors. combined with other The number of authors is indeed another significant statistical indi CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 106 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
numerical indicators, such as the number of manuscripts and of the early printed editions of their works. Here, secular colleges, even the Sorbonne- (14,2%), are not in the class of the mendicant convents (from 17,6% for the Augustinians, to 47,4% for the Franciscans) and of some religious commu- nities, such as Saint-Victor (38,5%) and even Sainte-Catherine (23,5%). The- scores of the secular colleges are rather low, from 0,8% for the Justice Colle- bersge to whoa surprising can be described high of 10,2 as authors. for the “Collège But the desauthors Cholets”. of real Surprisingly, importance des are pite its academic excellence, the Navarre College has only 4,2% of its mem their achievement and celebrity which draws the most brilliant students to Paris.those whoTo list have the an great impact authors on the of culturethe Dominicans of mediaeval (Albert western the Great Europe:66 it is- nas67 68 69 70 Kilwardby71 72 or Guillelmus Peraldus73 to name but, aAqui few , Hugo de Sancto Caro , Herveus Natalis , Johannes Quidort , Robert Hales74 , Master Eckhart 75 76 77 among the most fertile and78 influential writers),79 Franciscans (Alexander 80of , Bonaventura81 of Bagnoreggio , Roger Bacon ,82 Johannes Pecham -, Matthewcona83 of Acquasparta 84, Johannes Wallensis , Johannes Duns85 ) Scotus is equi-, Nicolaus de Lyra …), Augustinians (Aegidius Romanus , Augustinus de An not forget, Jacobus that generally de Viterbo Paris …) was and not Carmelites the only (Johnuniversity Baconthorpe they attended: the valent to draw a list of the greatest European theologians, though we must 66 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/385-albertusmagnus 67 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/12000-thomasdeaquino: the larg-
68 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51240-hugodesanctocaro. est file69 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/5097-herveusnatalis in the database. . 70 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51520-johannesquidort. 71 . 72 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/18949-echardusdehocheim 73 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/23409-guillelmusperaldushttp://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51775-robertuskilwardby . 74 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/476-alexanderdehales. 75 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/1533-bonaventuradebagnoregio. 76 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51826-rogariusbacon 77 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/5905-johannespecham 78 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51497-matthaeusdeacquasparta 79 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/52074-johanneswallensis 80 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51367-johannesdunsscotus 81 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51944-nicolausdelyra 82 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/50875-aegidiusromanus 83 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/1101-augustinusdeancona 84 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51363-jacobusdeviterbo 85 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51820-johannesbaconthorpe
CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 107
86 probablyOxford-Paris had coupling to set aside is frequent his projected for all orders,Paris master as the graduation Cologne-Paris to rush for the to Dominicans. William of Ockham is the only major name missing , since he
Avignon to defend himself against the attacks of the Oxford chancellor, Henry authors.of Harclay Few (another authors Oxford-Paris from secular student). colleges canThe betwo compared canons of with Saint-Victor, the great Hugo and Richard, are also two of the most widely read and copied medieval- me87 88 th mendicantsof Ghent89 and the Victorines in terms of influence:th perhaps Nicolas Ores90. , Pierre d’Ailly and Jean Gerson for the 15 century at Navarre, Henry- , Godfrey of Fontaines and for the 15 century, Albert of Saxony - With the possible exception of Gerson, the mendicant authors are also outs tanding in terms of manuscript copies: we know of more than 4Postillae 000 manus. The cripts containing the works of Aquinas, more than 1600 for those of Giles of Rome and there are more than 1 100 manuscripts for Lyra’s works of these three authors have also been continuously printed. - It is also noteworthy that there are only three natives of the kingdom of France in the list of the91 most famous mendicant authors, Herveus Nata lis (Nédellec) from Britanny, Johannes Quidort (maybe from Paris) and the- Norman Nicolaus de Lyra . Richard of Saint-Victor is probably a Scot, Hugo- nedcertainly in rotuli a German and in fromlists ofSaxony. graduation: However, it is the the analysis diocese ofin thewhich scholar’s he became geo graphical origin is riddled with difficulties. The scholar’s diocese is mentio - a clerk, not that of his place of birth. The two coincide most often, but not always, and clerics may change for another diocese when it appears profita caseble to we their always beneficial record career. in Studium When Parisiense we have no indication of the diocese, we can make a guess from topographic names, but this is guesswork, and in that an interrogation mark. This is infor Italy instance than especially jumping toadventurous the conclusion for Italian that they scholars were called born ‘dein theRoma’, dioce ‘de- Florentia’, ‘de Venetia’ or ‘de Milano’, for the diocesan network is so dense
86 -
87 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/21498-nicolausoresmehttp://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/21496-guillelmusdeockham2. , clas sified88 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/13574-petrusdealliaco1as uncertain. 89 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/4904-henricusdegandavo 90 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/421-albertusdesaxonia 91 Guillelmus Peraldus and Hugo de Sancto Caro were respectively born in the dioceses
France. of Viviers and Vienne when their territories had not yet been integrated into the kingdom of CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 108 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
ses of Roma, Florence, Milan, not to mention a fictitious diocese of Venezia (for Carole, Castello, Torcello and Equilio) very risky. But it is also difficult to deduce the region from the diocese: for instance, the diocese of Soissons is mainly situated in Île-de-France (the Soissonnais), but it has a small part in Champagne (Dormans and Château-Thierry), and another one in Picardy the(Compiègne), denomination while and the delimitation diocese of Langresof these isregions divided for between medieval Champagne times: for (Langres and Chaumont) and Burgundy (Dijon, Beaune). Another problem is 92. All this explains instance, we have created a region of ‘Alemania’, which includes the dioceses of Strasbourg, Constance, Basel, Ulm/Augsburg and Chur why an exact correspondence between ‘region’ and ‘diocese’ is impossible, andas it establish is impossible as strict with a distinctionmodern countries. as possible The between next tables those use who the are ‘region’ born variable, since the diocese is very rarely mentioned for the regular clergy, Table 5a contrasts the recruitment of the mendicant orders with that inside the kingdom and those who were born outside.
of the secular colleges inside the kingdom. The Mendicants come from all French regions, though Berry and Touraine have very low scores. The four regions best represented are Flanders (25 friars), Brittany (24), Normandy (22) and Burgundy (21), but Languedoc (18), Picardie (17) and Champagne secular(16) have colleges also a93 fairly good representation. However, it is noteworthy that- sityLanguedoc seems mainlyand Aquitaine due to the are mendicant practically convents. absent from The onlythe selected French provincepanel of which is much better, and represented the presence in of the men secular from collegesthese parts than in inParis the Univermendi-
- cant convents is Auvergne (corresponding to the dioceses of Clermont, Tulle and Le Puy). As regards the secular colleges, only two bring together indivi duals of markedly different regional origins, the Sorbonne and Navarre. But even in the Sorbonne, 76% of the students whose geographical origins are known and who were born inside the kingdom come from only five regions, Normandy (34%), Flanders (13,8%), Picardy (11,6%), Champagne and Île- de-France (10,1% each), and there are very few people originating from South of the Loire, Limousin and Auvergne excepted: none from Languedoc, 92 - K.H.Alemania Burmeister, Studens, ‘… Mitteilungender in fremden des landen Vereins were für Vorarlbergeruff der schuol’. Bildungs- Die Baccalaurei und Student und- Magistrien-Geschichte in artibus der Universität Paris aus dem Bistum Konstanz und dessen näherer Umge bung,93 , 11, (2003): 23-90. Though we must not forget theCIAN, existence 24/1 (2021), of 82-125.the College DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 of Narbonne. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 109
Table 5a. Regional origins: inside the kingdom. Maître-Gervais Augustinians Dominicans Franciscans Carmelites Sorbonne Trésorier Dormans Harcourt Navarre Cholets Justice Total Laon
Anjou 2 2 2 5 1 Aquitaine 9 1 1 11 Artois 2 2 1 1 6 2 5 1 Auvergne 6 6 7 7 1 Berry 1 1 3 3 Brittany 4 12 6 2 24 4 12 1 Burgundy 3 16 2 21 3 20 6 1 1 Champagne 7 9 16 14 75 77 Flanders 7 9 7 2 25 19 9 1 2 Île-de-France 4 1 4 9 14 32 99 1 1 1 2 8 3 5 18 1 1 3 2 5 5 2 Languedoc 2 13 4 3 22 47 40 4 1 55 98 60 39 Limousin Orléanais 4 1 5 1 5 1 1 Normandy Picardie 4 5 4 4 17 16 2 41 130 1 32 Poitou 1 1 2 1 Quercy 3 3 Touraine 1 1 2 2 55 85 32 23 195 138 221 229 133 58 98 65 40 33
94 -
Poitou, Aquitaine or Quercy . The same is true95. forThe Navarre, other secular though thecolleges pro vinces are somewhat different: Champagne (33,9%), Normandy (17,3%),- clesiasticsÎle-de-France reserving (13,9%) the andbursae Burgundy (9%) illustrate this Parisian specificity, that of colleges founded by bishops or ec- to their diocese, their family or their village:- they recruit their students form one region only. This is the case for the Nor man colleges (Harcourt, Maître-Gervais, Trésorier and Justice) which, in con 94 Annales du Midi Cadres de vie et société dans le Midi médiéval:This corroborates hommage the à Charles conclusions Higounet of Jacques Verger, “Les étudiants méridionaux à Paris au Moyen95 Âge: quelques remarques”, , 189-190, students by dioceses and by regions which shows (1990), that 359-366. the geographical recruitment drastical- Nathalie Gorochov gives a detailed analysis of the geographical origins of the Navarre ly changed from one period to another,Le favouring collège de for Navarre a time Champagne, Normandy or Paris, whereas the founder, Queen Joan of Burgundy had expressly wished to have students coming fromCIAN, 24/1all French (2021), 82-125. dioceses: DOI: see https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 Gorochov, , 156, 239-246, 344-352, 433-443. 110 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
96 andformity of the with Cholets their97 founders’ for Picardy. wishes, This provincialappear exclusively recruitment reserved helped to the Norman colle- students (252 on 261 between the four of them), or for the colleges of Laon - - ges to function within the Nations structure of the Faculty of Arts. As men tioned earlier, the College of Dormans is not so different, despite its reparti heterogeneitytion between three of the regions, diocese Île-de-France of Soissons98 (43,4%),. But the Champagne difference between(33,8%) andthe Picardy (18%), since this is at least for a part a consequence of the regional
mendicant convents and the secular college is even more striking if we turn- toceiving the scholars students originating from Scandinavia from outside99 the kingdom. It is true that there are several ‘national’ colleges in Paris, which are re (colleges of Dacia, Uppsala, Linköping), Germany (the House of the poor German Students), Scotland, or Italy (College- bonneof the Lombards).are exceptional But itin is this obvious respect: that whereas most Paris the secularselected colleges secular receivedcolleges very few students from abroad. The Colleges of Navarre and above all the Sor
have practically no scholars coming from a region outside the kingdom (a maximum of 3 for Dormans-Beauvais), the Sorbonne has 100 (21,9% of its- members), and Navarre 10 (only 1,2%). The Sorbonne is clearly in the same class than the convents of the Mendicant orders for the proportion of fore foreignign students students. and Butmasters: the regional 19,5% ofdistribution the Carmelites, of the 22,9 Sorbonne’s of the Dominicans, scholars is 36,5% of the Franciscans and 32,6% of the Augustinians may be described as Countries100 quite different from that of the friars: 39% of them are coming from the Low 96 , and 23% of the regions which are close to the kingdom’s borders the Soissons bursae Laon was created in 1314 for students of two dioceses, Laon and Soissons, but in 1324 formed the College de Presles and Laon was reserved to students from the 97 diocese of Laon alone. The only exceptions are some theologians from the diocese of Saint-Malo in Brittany: seeLes Fabris, collèges Étudier français et vivre à Paris. 98 Also created for students of two dioceses, Beauvais and Amiens, with no separation in that case: see Compère, , 138. Le collège de Dor- mans-BeauvaisThe repartition by dioceses is: Soissons 54%, Paris 12%, Reims, 11,5% and Meaux (10,4%),99 all the other French dioceses accounting for 11,5%: Kouamé, , 200. Die universitären Kollegien Elisabeth Mornet, “Piété et honneur.Studium Profil des Parisiense fondateurs. des collèges nordiques à Paris au Moyen100 Âge”, in Sohn et Verger, ed., , 59-75. Elisabeth Mornet is responsible for the Scandinavian files in States’ borders coincide neither with those of provinces, nor with those of dioceses. In these tables, the dioceses of Thérouanne and Tournai are considered as “Flanders”, that is inside the kingdom, Cambrai and Liège are considered with Utrecht as Low Countries, outside the kingdom. CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 111
Table 5b. Regional origins: outside the kingdom. Augustinians Dominicans Franciscans Carmelites Sorbonne Dormans Harcourt Navarre Justice Total Total
20 5 12 2 39 4 4 Scotland 3 4 7 5 1 1 6 England Ireland 2 5 2 1 1 5 9 5 2 46 25 3 28 2 2 2 2 Low Countries Sweden 5 13 18 1 2 Denmark Finland 3 3 Germany 12 15 4 18 49 17 1 18 Alemania 5 6 1 12 6 1 7 Bavaria 1 1 4 6 Rhineland 1 2 1 5 9 5 5 Saxony 5 4 1 2 12 3 Bohemia 1 1 Bosnia 1 1 1 1 Poland 1 1 Moravia Dalmatia 1 1 Slovenia 1 1 1 Hungary 2 2 1 1 Italy 37 23 6 56 122 8 2 1 11 Campania 1 1 4 2 2 6 14 1 1 2 8 1 4 15 1 1 Emilia Romagna 3 3 1 1 Latium 1 2 1 5 9 2 2 Liguria 4 7 11 Lombardy Umbria 5 2 6 13 Marches Piedmont 3 1 1 1 6 1 1 Apulia 1 1 Tuscany 8 9 1 17 35 1 1 2 Veneto 2 1 6 9 2 2 Iberian Penins. 24 18 2 1 45 23 3 1 27 Aragon 4 2 6 2 2 Catalonia 5 6 1 12 8 2 1 1 1 11 Castile 6 2 8 9 9 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 Majorca Portugal 7 3 10 1 1 Navarra
CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 112 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ Augustinians Dominicans Franciscans Carmelites Sorbonne Dormans Harcourt Navarre Justice Total Total
Valencia Crete 1 1 Cyprus 2 2 Burgundy (Ct.) 1 2 3 2 2 Provence 2 3 2 2 9 Savoy 1 4 5 2 2 6 6 1 2 15 4 1 5 Total 121 106 32 87 100 10 3 Lorraine
(Lorraine, County of Burgundy, Savoy, Provence). In the mendicant convents, Italians are by far the wider group of foreign students, even for the Carmelites (18,7%): 64,3% for the Augustinians, 30,6% for the Franciscans, and 21,7% for the Dominicans. For the Dominicans, the Iberian Peninsula (17%) comes immediately after Italy, followed by Germany (14,1%) and, quite remarkably, Sweden (12,2%). British Isles is the second place of origin for the Franciscans (19,1%), followed by the Iberian Peninsula (18,3%) and Germany (9,2%). The Carmelites give first place before Italy to the students of England (37,5% Theseeach), proportionsfollowed by thedid Lowvary Countriesfrom one period(15,6%), to andanother for the as theAugustinians, decline of the numberGermans of is Britishthe only students other group shows: of butimportance they are (20,7%)a structural behind element the Italians. closely
(i.e. French) proportion following the lectorate course or participating in cam- linked to each order’s organisation. In each convent, there was a “national” ought or could send (and fund) a given number of students to follow the gra- duationpaigns of course predication in Paris. and The in the importance administration of the of Italians the house, is due but to each the provincefact that there were many Italian provinces especially in the Augustinian and Francis-
can orders. In the four orders, the number of scholars born abroad was largely superior to that of the scholars born inside the kingdom. It is only at the end of the fifteenth century that the colleges opened their doors to foreign students. Finally, we may take into consideration another indicator, the number- of students who have attended other universities. Once again, the contrast is complete: this time, even the Sorbonne appears cut off from the other Eu ropean universities, though it is worth noting the presence of some scholars having attended central EuropeCIAN, 24/1 universities, (2021), 82-125. DOI: such https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 as Krakow, Vienna and THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 113
Table 6. Other universities. Maître-Gervais Total Convents Total colleges Augustinians Dominicans Franciscans Carmelites Sorbonne Trésorier Dormans Harcourt Navarre Justice Laon
Orléans 1 1 11 14 1 1 1 1 29 Angers 1 2 2 5 Toulouse 8 7 3 1 19 1 1 2 2 6 2 10 1 1 Caen 1 1 2 1 1 4 Montpellier Avignon 1 7 2 10 20 1 1 Oxford 15 4 7 26 1 1 Cambridge 2 2 4 1 1 St.Andrews 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 Louvain Cologne 12 1 13 3 1 4 Bâle 2 2 4 2 2 Greifswald 1 1 Erfurt Heidelberg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Leipzig Tübingen 1 1 Rostock Vienne 1 1 2 1 1 Prague 1 1 2 2 Cracovie 1 1 Bologne 5 7 1 4 17 Florence 2 2 3 3 1 1 Padoue 1 1 2 Naples Pavia 1 1 1 1 Pérouse 1 2 1 4 Rome 1 1 1 3 Alcala 1 1 1 1 Salamanca 1 Lerida Valencia 1 1 Coïmbra 1 1
Prague. The only “other” universities which appear to admit a significant- léansnumber and of Angers Parisian were students probably are ParisianOrléans bachelorsand at a lesser and masters degree Angers,of arts and/ and this number is certainly underestimated, since many civil law students in Or CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 114 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
or students of canon law. The friars also attended other French universities, but neither Orléans nor Angers, rather Avignon, Toulouse, and Montpellier. highBut the intellectual most salient achievement. feature of table 6 is the importance of the links with the three universities of Oxford, Bologna and Cologne, indeed other places of
The colleges in the town
Masters and students are also important as inhabitants of the city of Paris. The problem of scolars’ accommodation was of crucial importance,101 not only for the students and masters themselves, but alsotaxationes for the burgesses domorum owners dating fromof houses 1281-1283 or flats.102 Atand some 1286-1288 time in103 the thirteenth century , a system had been set up, which we know thanks to surviving : a committee, associating burgesses of deParis, Gulyn Masters104 of arts and two or three Masters of theology (usually105 a secular clericArlotus and de a Prato mendicant106 friar, some of them being quite famous, such as Adam- xed maximum for 1281,rents forthe housesfuture Cardinalopened toHugo students Aycelin (including de Billom schools, O.P., and , O.F.M., for 1282 and Giles of Rome, O.E.S.A. for 1287) fi
aftercolleges). house Nearly by the all collectors these houses of a taxwere for situated the defence on the of lefta student bank of accused the Seine of and in 1329-1330, when all members of the university were visited house same107 - the rape of a young girl, the localisation of students’ lodgings was exactly the . Apart from some colleges founded in the vicinity of the Louvre pa lace (the Bons Enfants Saint Honoré, Saint-Thomas du Louvre, Saint-Nicolas du Louvre) and the ‘Collège des Dix-Huit’ in the City island close to Notre- Dame’s cloister, all colleges were in the same part of the city. In fact, many- colleges foundations started by the legacy of his house(s) by the founder, and since many of the founders were academics, it is quite natural that the colle 101 Chartularium, taxationeThe hospitiorum right to control scholarium”. rents is the first royal privilege conferred to the university on the 23rd102 of February 1270 by Chartularium,Saint Louis: Denifle et Châtelain, t. 1, n° 429, “De 103 Chartularium, 104 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/87-adamdegulynDenifle et Châtelain, t. I, 597-600 (n° 511). 105 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/51233-hugoaycelindebillomDenifle et Châtelain, t. 2, 28-32 (n° 556). 106 http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/individus/16800-arlottusdeprato 107 Parisians Scholars, 59-80.
Courtenay, CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 115
sometimesges were situated distributed there. along Many the colleges two opposite remained sides simple of a street houses, (as in or the rather case groups of houses more or less connected between them, the buildings being- of HarcourtMagna College). aula Most of them were not very different from the surroun commonding houses, life theof their only specificitymembers. inGraph most 4 cases gives being a good the idea existence of the ofColleges’ a large hall, the : collegesQuartier were d’Outre-Petit-Pont first and foremostQuartier places latindevoted” is a to XIX theth theconcentration mendicant in orders the “ and the religious establishment:” (“ the Cordeliers and phrase): and to the Colleges seen on the map, one must add the convents of Geneviève while Saint-Victor was just outside the city walls108. the Jacobins being delimited by Paris’s fortified wall, as the abbey of Sainte-- ural choice to acquire new buildings in the schools district. The executors When the houses proved inadequate, they were sold and it was a nat of the will of Queen Joan of Navarra chose to build Navarre College close to the schools on Sainte-Geneviève’s mount, disregarding the place intended by- structthe Queen. the new Since college this was buildings a royal ex foundation, nihilo and theyon a werewide ablespace not from only 1309 to buy to 1315houses,109 but also to get others by expropriation: they could therefore con-
. Jean de Dormans, the founder of Dormans-Beauvais College had an butother he strategy, may have similar begun to to that accumulate of Robert lands de Sorbon and rents a century as early earlier, as 1354. because And his foundation was a life affair for him: the foundation’s official date is 1370, Maison des Ymages” which was intended to be the core of the future college) andhe began the Collège to buy dehouses Presles in 1365, which when had movedhe got fromto new the sites Collège and dehad Laon vacated (the them“ 110 adapted than a simple house or a group of houses to the functions which were . On these wider spaces, it was possible to construct buildings better111. wasthose demolished of a college, as with late a asrefectory, 1877112 a library, a chapelSainte and laterChapelle classrooms’ provided aThe model best forexample the colleges of a Parisian who could college’s afford library to erect was a thatchapel of andNavarre, new whichbuild- . Saint Louis’s ‘
108 Atlas de Paris au Moyen Âge. Espace urbain, habitat, société, religion, lieux de pouvoir 109 See the map in PhilippeLe collège Lorentz de andNavarre Dany Sandron, 110 Le collège de Dormans-Beauvais(Paris: Parigramme, 2006) 140, 145, 147, 172. 111 Nathalie Gorochov,L’architecture des collèges, 153-154. parisiens au Moyen Âge (Paris: Presses de Kouamé, , 39-52. 112 XIXAurélieth Perraut, Atlas de Paris au Moyen Âge l’université Paris-Sorbonne, 2009). CIAN, 24/1 (2021), century 82-125. photography DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 in Lorentz and Sandron, , 173. 116 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
Graph 4. Bursae geographical distribution in 15th century Paris.
ings113
. The Sorbonne got its chapel in 1328, and the executor of the will of college.Jean de Dormans,The chapel his was nephew also intended Miles de to Dormans, become acommissioned family sanctuary the shelterfamous- royal architect, Raymond du Temple, to build the still surviving chapel of the
ing its members’ graves, but Miles de Dormans went further than his uncle’s intentions,salle basse and entrusted the famous architectchambre to haute erect a college integratingsalle hautein a beautiful two-story hostel of vast dimensions a kitchen and a refectory the(“ second one”) built114. If over even a cellar,the largest a hall Parisian(“ colleges”) did and not a librarycreate (“a new ”) on the first floor, and the scholars’ bedrooms (four in each room) on
architectural paradigm as those of Oxford, especially since the construction of William113 of Wykeham’s New College, they gradually modified the aspect of 114 Le collège de Dormans-Beauvais This is not a Parisian specificity: see the chapel of Exeter College in Oxford, for instance. Kouamé, CIAN, 24/1 (2021),, 52-57. 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 117
Quartier d’Outre-Petit-Pont” a specif- scholarsParis’ left in bank the city’s and conferredstreets by enormousto the “ (sometimes as many as 4 000 par- ic visual identity, which was reinforced by the symbolic intervention of the 1492) university processions115. ticipants,Paris according scholars wereto a chronicler) present and and active frequent in the (330city’s betweenlife. The defence1393 and of their privileges was a constant preoccupation. They relied on the royal courts
- and above all on the Parliament of Paris for this defence: Serge Lusignan has reckoned that between 1277 and 1448 there were116 633. These trials privileges in the Parlia were ment involving universities (78%) or college (22%): most of them concern- the university of Paris (71%) and its colleges (92%) an efficient weapon against the university’s adversaries. On the whole, the re lations with Paris citizens were not too bad, with the possible exception ofPré the- vôtébutchers of Sainte-Geneviève’s Mount, whose smelly garbage was a nuisance thefor theuniversity’s colleges. participationThe relations inwith the the economic sergeants and and social the lifeguards of the of thecity. “ The de Paris” were more difficult. But what is the most important is perhaps- - scholars privileges enabled them to benefit of fiscal and commercial privile especiallyges, for instance vigilant to in import the defence fish or ofwine these in therights city117 without. The university paying taxes, controlled a po tential source of frauds: the Sorbonne, which was also a wine producer, was- universitymany activities: was also the responsiblelibrarians, the for paperthe control and parchment of medical dealers,practice the in the school city: masters and schoolmistress, were all sworn members of the university. The - those who had no Paris graduations were to be prevented to work in the city, dangerousbut it also implied spices and some astrologers control – notwere without prosecuted conflicts and – delivered of apothecaries, to the royal sur geons and barbers, while quacks, bonesetters, sorcerers, grocers dealing with - courts. A special attention was paid to these matters in Colleges’ statutes, and atroyal night and to civic prevent authorities prostitutes’ took carepromiscuity of the preservation with the students of the students’118. mora lity: for instance, in 1358, the future Charles V had the “rue du Fouarre” closed
115 L’honneur des universitaires au Moyen Âge. Étude d’imaginaire so- cial 116 Antoine Destemberg,“Vérité garde le roy”. La construction d’une identité universitaire en France (Paris: (XIII PUF,e-XV e2015) siècle) 161-170. 117 Serge Lusignan, Le livre des Prieurs de Sorbonne, 1431-1485 (Paris: Aux amateurs de (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1999), 26-41. 118 Robert Marichal,L’honneur des universitaires livres, 1987). CIAN, 24/1Destemberg, (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159, 311. 118 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
Conclusion
-
By the fifteenth century, the integration of the university in the city was com professionalplete. In the early practices thirteenth which century, set them masters apart from and thestudents rest of constituted the town’s populaa group- of individuals united by a set of shared values, a common culture and specific
andtion. the As thefoundation crisis of by1229-1239 migration demonstrates, is for instance they the chiefcould cause leave ofand universities’ migrate to another city. This was not a Parisian feature: it happened elsewhere in Europe, - creation in Italy. Once the colleges had been set up, migration was impossible: the university was tied to the town. And in the case of Paris, this town hap Deathpened andto be again also atthe the capital end ofof thethe 15kingdomth century. of FranceIt meant as thatwell the as oneColleges the most had populated of western Europe, with some 200 000 inhabitants before the Black pédagogies” or an unlimited access to potential external students, whereas most of them were childrenoffering 119bursae to provincial scholars: graduates could set up “ negotiate contracts with citizens trying to give a good education for their male Parliament. Amongof Paris: these a university clients were education the citizens was more and burgessesand more ofunderstood Paris, but asalso the the indispensable staff of the royal requisite administration for a career and in theof the fast royal growing courts, royal such adminis as the-
only option opened to students. Studium Parisiense is especially useful to stu- tration, a new alternative to the ecclesiastical careers, which were initially the people who are neither masters nor students but have ties and contacts with dy this aspect because it contains files (in the category “External”) of many- supra the university, and files of people who are under the control area of the uni versity (librarians, schoolmastersStudium etc. Parisiense as detailed appears as, buta useful also toolmessengers, to inter- venebeadles, in the and vexed college’s question servants) of the and number are identified of the universityin the “Suppôt” members category. and of Generally speaking,
their proportion in Paris total population. Jean Favier in the detailed study he 119 La rive gauche des escholiers
Roux, , 68-70, details the very good example of a contract (1446)écuyer between Geoffrey Le Normand, the future founder of the Sainte-Barbe College, then rector of Saint-Benoît-le-Bestourné and provisor of Navarre College, and Robert de Buymont,- “ ” – whose father andÀ l’écubrother de Boulognewere ushers of the ParliamentAux Deux of Paris Lions – and his wife, Agnès d’Auvergne (heiress of a butcher’s dynasty): he rents two houses they own behind Na varre’s College (the house “ ” andécu the”. house “ ”), but he gets special conditions since he will board in his “pédagogie” the couple’s son for two years. The cost of this free boarding is estimatedCIAN, at 24/1 20 (2021),gold “ 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF MEDIEVAL PARISIAN COLLEGES THROUGH THE ‘STUDIUM PARISIENSE’ DATABASE 119
120. But his method is questionable. He mainly usehas devotedthe graduation to this problemrecords asgives well a finalas the evaluation numbers of of probably available around bursae 4. This000 people, perhaps 5 000 at most declare themselves in the rotuli may work for the higher faculties, though it takes no account of those who as students in decree, medicine or theology whichand who obviously appear todo have not mentionnever graduated. those students But it cannotwho never work completed for the Faculty their courses.of Arts, for And which these the appear graduation rarely listsin the are documentation: very far from being the registers complete, of andthe to some of these students who were nichil habentes and disappear from view Anglo-German nation, by far the best we have in Paris, contains references - tionwithout of the graduating, status of presumablythe clerical studentby lack ofbased financial upon resources. the strict Butprohibition before the of armsreform wearing of the andCardinal the necessity d’Estouteville to produce and thethe signetenforcement of the college of a new where defini the student is registered (whether as bursa holder or as external student)121 vast majority of the Faculty’s members is totally ignored by academic sources. Studium Parisiense integrates all those who appear to have been members, the of the Paris schools form the grammar school level to the higher Faculties:
- it intends to put at the disposal of the researchers a new statistical tool, the ratio between graduates (the categories “Master” and “Student”) and stu describeddents (the ascategory those who “Student”). have no Tograduation achieve this, records many but difficulties which aggregates have still too to be solved. One is probably a redefinition of the category “student”, hitherto overwhelming presence in our data of uncertainty: we are currently engaged inmany a research different program profiles: with a new statisticians typology has and to computer be devised. scientists Another to one improve is the 122. But in the the efficiency of data analysis in case of uncertain information 120 Nouvelle histoire de Paris Paris au XVe siècle (Paris: Association pour
121 Jean Favier,La rive gauche des escholiers , IV : l’Histoire122 de Paris, 1974), 68-76. Roux, , 145-148. The Daphne research project, sponsored by the French National Agency of Research, directed by Cédric du Mouza and Stéphane Lamassé. Seend theHawaii two Internationalworking papers Conference on HAL: Jacky Akoka, Isabelle Comyn-Wattiau, Stéphane Lamassé and Cédric du Mouza, “Modeling- historical social networks databases. HICSS 2019”, 52 - on System Sciences, Jan 2019, Hawaii, United States (hal-02283278); and Jacky Akoka,ER 2020: Isa 39thbelle InternationalComyn-Wattiau, Conference Stéphane on Lamassé Conceptual and Modeling Cédric du Mouza, “Contribution of conceptu (al10.1007/978-3-030-62522-1_12 modeling to enhancing historians’). (hal-03023837 intuition: application). to prosopography”, in , Nov 2020, Vienna, Austria, 164-173, CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 82-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6159 120 JEAN-PHILIPPE GENET, THIERRY KOUAMÉ, STÉPHANE LAMASSÉ
- nomic and social weight of the university population in the capital town of end, we hope to be able to offer a more comprehensive evaluation of the eco
France in the Middle Ages Databases
— Franciscan authors 13th-18th centuries: a catalogue in progress and . , — StudiumMaarten Parisiense Van der Heijden: Bert Roest, Radboud University and Nijmegen : https://applejack.science.ru.nl/franciscanauthors/ http://studium-parisiense.univ-paris1.fr/Genet, Jean-Philippe, Thierry Kouamé, Stéphane Lamassé, LAMOP (CNRS-Université Paris 1-Panthéon- Sorbonne, Bibliography
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