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Canopy Dynamics of a Tropical Rain Forest in French

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Canopy Dynamics of a Tropical Rain Forest in French Canopy dynamics of atropica l rain forest inFrenc h Guiana De kronendak-dynamiek van een tropisch regenbos in Frans Guyana (met een samenvatting inhe tNederlands ) La dynamique de la canopée dans une forêt tropicale humide en Guyane française (avecu n résumé en français) CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0670 1276 Promotoren: Dr. Ir.M .Wessel , Hoogleraar ind etropisch e plantenteelt Dr. M.J.A. Werger, Hoogleraar ind ebotanisch e oecologie en evolutiebiologie Universiteit Utrecht Co-promotor: Dr.F .Bongers , Universitair docent tropische bosoecologie /jtio&io', '??</ P.J. van der Meer Canopy dynamics ofa tropica l rain forest inFrenc h Guiana Proefschrift terverkrijgin g van degraa d van doctor ind elandbouw - en milieuwetenschappen op gezagva n derecto r magnificus, dr. CM. Karssen, inhe t openbaar te verdedigen opvrijda g 20 oktober 1995 desnamiddag s omhal ftwe ei nd eaul a van deLandbouwuniversitei t te Wageningen. !j?v q^L{'^ ABSTRACT Meer, P.J. vande r (1995). Canopy dynamics ofa tropica lrai nfores t inFrenc h Guiana.Ph D thesis,Wageninge n AgriculturalUniversity , TheNetherlands ,x + 149pp. , 25figs, 1 7 tables. Dutch,Englis h andFrenc h summaries. ISBN 90-5485-453-7 The canopy dynamics (i.e. the formation and closure of canopy gaps) of a tropical rain forest inFrenc h Guiana are described. The formation of canopy gaps is investigated. The difficulties with gap size measurements are studied, and causes and consequences of treefalls and branchfalls are examined. It is concluded that canopy gap location is not random. Soil factors may make some areas in the forest hot spots of disturbances, whereas other areas are less frequently disturbed. Furthermore, the closure of canopy gaps and tree seedling performance in gaps are discussed. Recruitment ingap s is largely determined by the fortuitous occurrence of seedlingsan d saplingtha t were present before the gapwa sformed . Specialisation ofspecie s is discussed and its concluded that detailed information on micro-habitat availability (in gaps) and on micro-habitat needs of species may indicate which individuals at which location have the highest chance of survival. Finally, the potential application of these findings for application infores t practices are examined. WV~',''''-'TN'*."••'-' - CIP-DATAKONINKLIJK EBIBLIOTHEEK , DENHAA G Meer, P.J. van der Canopy dynamics ofa tropica l rain forest inFrenc h Guiana/ P.J. vande rMeer . - [S.l. : s.n.] ThesisLandbouwuniversitei t Wageningen -Wit hréf .- With summary inDutc h andFrench . ISBN 90-5485-453-7 Subject headings:tropica l rainforest s ;Frenc h Guiana/ forest ecology/ canopygap s Front Cover: Thepuzzlin g rainfores t (design byFli pva n Wijngaarden). Printed by: Grafisch Service Centrum Van GilsB.V. , Wageningen. ^MOÔZD',1?^ Stellingenbehorend ebi j hetproefschrif t getiteld "Canopy dynamicso fa tropica lrai nfores t in FrenchGuiana "va nP.J . vande rMeer , teverdedige n op 20 October 1995. 1. Openplekke nzij nnie t alleenvoo r plantenmaa roo k voor onderzoekers de "hot spots"va n tropischregenbos . 2. Bijhet vergeüjke n vanhe tontstaa nva nope nplekke ni ntropisch eregenbosse nword t vaak onvoldoenderekenin ggehoude n met (1) deinvloe dva nd egehanteerd e definitie van open plekken en(2 ) deonnauwkeurighei d vanhe tmete n(di t proefschrift). 3. Niet allevallend ebome nmake n eenope nple k(di t proefschrift). 4. Niet alleope nplekke nzij ngevorm d doorgevalle nbome n (dit proefschrift). 5. In het onderzochtebo si nNourague s ontstaan openplekke nnie tgehee lwillekeuri g verspreid: hunlocati e hangt samenme tbodemfactore n (dit proefschrift). 6. Randenva ngrot e openplekke nworde nregelmatige r verstoord door nieuwevallend e bomen entakke n danklein eope nplekke n (dit proefschrift). 7. Het bestuderenva n depopulatie-dynamie kva n(boom-)soorte n isessentiee lvoo rhe t beter begrijpen vanhe t functioneren vantropisch e bosecosystemen. 8. De snelheid enmanie rva nhe t ontstaan endichtgroeie nva nope nplekke ni n natuurlijk regenbosmoe t alsuitgangspun t dienenbi jhe t ontwerpenva necologisc h verantwoorde uitkapsystemen. 9. Het aantalwetenschappelijk e publicaties overtropisc hregenbo si spostitie f gecorreleerd met de omvangwaarme etropisc h regenbos verdwijnt. 10.Al she t tropischregenbo s omschrevenka nworde n alsd e "groenehel" , enhe t schrijven van eenproefschrif t alsd e "papieren hel", dani she t beterbrande ni n degroen e dani nd e papierenhel . 11.He t sterk groeiende aantalAIO' sleid tto t eensteed sgrote rwordend e probleemgroep op de arbeidsmarkt: debaanloz e doctoren. 12. Voorbome ni she t netz obelangrij k alsvoo r mensen omo phe tjuist e tijdstip op dejuist e plaatst e zijn. voorpa enma Voorwoord Mijmeringen van eenjonge doctor inspé.... En daar zit je dan, het concept proefschrift naast je, klaar, af ! Al die jaren heb je hier naar uitgekeken en inderdaad, het kan dus niet anders dan een beetje tegenvallen nu. Wel een lekker gevoel dat het af is maar toch blijft er iets knagen omdatj e het ideeheb t dat hettoc h beter, anders, leuker had gekund. Maar goed, dat ishe tkrui s datje denk ik alsperfectionist/twijfelaa r metj e meemoe tdragen . De basis voor dit proefschrift werd gelegd in November 1989, gedurende een "droomreis" naar Frans Guyana. Tijdens deze reis bestudeerden we met het kronendak-vlot detoppe n van het regenbos. Vervolgens bezochten we het diep in het oerwoud verborgen onderzoeksstation Nouragues, waar je slechts per helikopter kon komen. Diep onder de indruk raakte ik daar van wat volgens mij één van de mooisteplekke n op aarde is, en het was dan ook een perfecte plek voor eenpromotie-onderzoek . In de daarop volgendejare n heb ik metvee lplezie r inNourague s gebivakkeerd: het levenmidde ni nd enatuu r onder vrij primitieve omstandigheden was een zeerbijzonder e ervaring: degrootshei d van het oerwoud, deschitterend eplante n en deonverwacht e ontmoetingenme t dierenhebbe nvee l indruk opm egemaakt . Bc zal nooit het panorama vanaf de "inselberg" vergeten: zover het oog reikt onverstoord regenbos zonder ook maar een spoor van menselijke beschaving. De vele mede-onderzoekers in Nouragues, die een grote verscheidenheid aan onderwerpen onderzochten, maakten de veldwerk-perioden niet alleen leuk maar ook zeer leerzaam. Desondanks heb ik het verblijf in het bos ook weleens vervloekt: maandenlang opgesloten, levend in een klein kamp met continu dezelfde mensen omj e heen kan af en toe heelbenauwen d worden. Ook deeentonighei d brak me soms weleens op: dekoms tva n dehelikopte r was vaak demees t enerverende gebeurtenis van demaand , met als het meezat stapels post. En gelukkig zathe tmeesta lmee ,e nblijf t "Nouragues"ee n onvergetelijke ervaring. Na in totaal ongeveer anderhalf jaar in Nouragues geleefd te hebben krijg je het idee dat je de werking van het regenbos een heel klein beetje begint te begrijpen. Maar ook zie je steeds meer wonderlijke dingen waarvan de exacte werking of functie een raadsel is, en realiseer jej e steeds meer dat "het functioneren" van tropisch regenbos een zo complexe puzzel is dat het wel nooit volledig begrepen zal worden. In dit proefschrift licht ik enkele stukjes uit die puzzel en probeer te doorgronden hoe die stukjes werken. Ik hoop dat deze kennis iets zal kunnen bijdragen aan het vinden van goede manieren omhe t regenbost egebruike n ént ebehouden . ..ende bedankjes. Tijdens enbi j al dat wetenschappelijke gepuzzel heb ikhee l wat hulp van anderen gehad. Ten eerste natuurlijk vanDoor . Van al diemense n diei kverde r ganoeme n is zij verreweg debelangrijkst e geweest die ervoor gezorgd heeft dat dit boek hier nu zovoo r Uligt .Zeke r ind ebeginjare n waren de langdurige maar gelukkig tijdelijke "scheidingen" niet leuk, en voelden we ons vaak als een zeemans-paar. Ook de laatstemaande n warennie tmakkelijk , het leeke r soms weleen so p dati kme the tproefschrif t getrouwd was in plaats van met haar. Het is een cliché en het is dus echtwaar : zonder haar steun had ik ditnooi t kunnendoen . Van de wetenschappelijke vrienden en vriendinnen wil ik allereerst Frans Bongers bedanken: zijn tomeloze enthousiasme en energie, gekoppeld aan een zeer heldere blik op alle zakenmaakte n hemee n perfecte, zeer betrokken begeleider. Zonder hem had het proefschrift er toch wel wat anders uitgezien. Hij was altijd aanspreekbaar, en hij heeft ondanks devoo r hem ook hectische laatste maanden veel tijd voor het lezen van allehoofdstukke n gemaakt. Verder ben ikhe m ook als mens erggaa n waarderen,e n denk ik met veel plezier terug aan de perioden in Nouragues wanneer hij daar ook was. Een groot gedeelte van mijn tijd, zowel achter mijn buro als in het veld, heb ik samen met collega-AIO Frank Sterck doorgebracht. Ik denk dat ik ook met hem enorm geboft heb, vooral het gemak waarmee Frank onder de moeilijkste omstandigheden toch bleef doorgaan was voor mij een belangrijke inspiratiebron. Ook Professor Oldeman ben ik zeer erkentelijk als initiator van dit project: zijn motiverende hulp en kundig advies waren bijzonder belangrijk en heb ik zeer gewaardeerd. Mijn promotoren Professor Wessel en Professor Werger wil ik beiden bedanken voor hun support en hun adequate en snelle commentaar op devel e manuscripten. Tijdens het veldwerk in Frans Guyana werd ik geholpen door een aantal studenten: Lars Chatrou en Ad Koning; Job Engelage, Patrick Jansen en Lidewij van Katwijk; Andreas Hofinann; Yonke van Geloven, Jan Jansen en Kees Konings; Jan-Willem Gunnink,julli e wil ikgraa g hartelijk bedanken voor de samenwerking en gezelligheid. Ook Peter Leersnijder, Door, Joep en Marian wil ik bedanken dat ze het aangedurfd hebben mij te bezoeken in Frans Guyana en te helpen met het vaak saaie veldwerk. Daragh Littlebe n ikerkentelij k voor deanalys e eninterpretati e van eengroo t aantalfish-eye foto's . Je voudrais exprimer ma gratitude au directeur de la station "Les Nouragues", Pierre Charles-Dominique (CNRS-Ecotrop de Brunoy), pour son assistance et pour m'avoir autorisé à travailler aux Nouragues.
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